1 2 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF NEVADA 3 4 Snow Covered Capital, LLC, Case No. 2:22-cv-01181-CDS-DNW
5 Plaintiff Order Denying Defendant Jodi Fonfa’s Appeal of the Magistrate Judge’s Order 6 v. Denying Her Motion for a Protective Order and Granting Plaintiff’s Countermotion to 7 Jodi Fonfa, et al., Compel and For Sanctions
8 Defendants [ECF No. 121]
9 10 Defendant Jodi Fonfa objects1 (ECF No. 121) to Magistrate Judge Brenda Weksler’s order 11 (ECF No. 116) denying her motion for a protective order (ECF No. 104) and granting the plaintiff 12 Snow Covered Capital, LLC’s (SCC) countermotion to compel (ECF No. 107), which included a 13 request for sanctions. In sum, Jodi2 argues that Judge Weksler’s order denying her motion for a 14 protective order was clearly erroneous because: (1) the decision failed to consider that she had 15 already answered questions regarding whether or not she controlled certain assets (the 16 “Assets”) relevant to this litigation; (2) the determination that the location and status of those 17 assets was relevant is incorrect; and (3) disclosure of such personal, financial information (about 18 the Assets) should be subject to a protective order. See generally Obj., ECF No. 121. Jodi also 19 argues that granting SCC’s motion for sanctions was contrary to the law because Jodi’s actions 20 in not answering additional questions regarding the location and status of the Assets were 21 substantially justified. Id. SCC filed a response to the objections, arguing they should be rejected 22 in full because the order properly denied Jodi’s request for a protective order and properly 23 granted its countermotion to compel Jodi to complete her deposition and answer questions 24 1 Fonfa objects to an order resolving non-dispositive pretrial motions, not a report and recommendation 25 (R&R). See Order, ECF No. 116. There is a distinction between orders and R&Rs: magistrate judges’ orders are subject to a lower, clearly erroneous or contrary to the law standard of review, whereas R&Rs 26 are subject to de novo review. Compare LR IB 3-1(a) with LR IB 3-2(b). I thus apply the appropriate standard of review in resolving Fonfa’s objections. 2 I refer to defendant has “Jodi” throughout this order because there is a second Fonfa defendant (Evan) who is not a party to the pending objections. 1 regarding the Assets. See generally Resp., ECF No. 129. SCC also argues that Judge Weksler 2 properly granted their request for sanctions, and Jodi’s argument to the contrary is unsupported 3 by applicable points and authorities. Id. at 11–13. For the reasons set forth herein, Jodi’s 4 objections are overruled. Judge Weksler’s order denying Jodi’s motion for a protective order and 5 granting SCC’s countermotion to compel and request for sanctions is affirmed in full. 6 I. Legal Standard 7 Where, as here, a magistrate judge issues a pre-trial order regarding a non-dispositive 8 matter, any party may seek review by filing specific objections to the order. 28 U.S.C. § 9 636(b)(1); Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a); Local Rule (LR) IB 3-1. The district judge in the case must 10 consider timely filed objections, but the court cannot modify or set aside any part of the order 11 unless it is “clearly erroneous or is contrary to law.” See Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a); Doe v. Kamehameha 12 Sch., 596 F.3d 1036, 1041 n.4 (9th Cir. 2010). A magistrate judge’s order is “clearly erroneous” if 13 the court has “a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” United States v. 14 U.S. Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395 (1948); Burdick v. Comm’r, 979 F.2d 1369, 1370 (9th Cir. 1992). A 15 magistrate judge’s order is “contrary to law” if the order applies the incorrect legal stand or 16 misapplies applicable law. Na Pali Haweo Cmty. Ass’n v. Grande, 252 F.R.D. 672, 674 (D. Haw. 2008); 17 see also UnitedHealth Grp., Inc. v. United Healthcare, Inc., 2014 WL 4635882, at *1 (D. Nev. Sept. 16, 18 2014) (“An order is contrary to law when it fails to apply or misapplies relevant statutes, case 19 law[,] or rules of procedure.”). 20 II. Discussion 21 Jodi’s objections are overruled because she fails to demonstrate that the magistrate 22 judge’s order is clearly erroneous or contrary to the law. The court first addresses Jodi’s 23 objections to the order denying her motion for a protective order and granting SCC’s 24 countermotion to compel, and then addresses the award of sanctions against Jodi. 25 26 1 A. The order denying Jodi’s motion for a protective order is neither clearly 2 erroneous nor contrary to the law. 3 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(c) “confer[s] ‘broad discretion on the trial court to 4 decide when a protective order is appropriate and what degree of protection is required.’” Phillips 5 ex rel. Ests. of Byrd v. Gen. Motors Corp., 307 F.3d 1206, 1211 (9th Cir. 2002) (quoting Seattle Times Co. v. 6 Rhinehart, 467 U.S. 20, 36 (1984)). Jodi argues that Judge Weksler’s order denying her motion for 7 a protective order and granting SCC’s countermotion to compel was clearly erroneous because 8 she “failed to consider that [she] already answered that she still controls the assets forming the 9 basis of SCC’s claims.” ECF No. 121 at 3. But this is belied by the order specifically addressing 10 this argument. Indeed, Judge Weksler rejected this same argument raised by Jodi in her motion 11 to compel,3 writing “[t]he essence of [Jodi’s] argument is that [SCC] is improperly seeking post- 12 judgment discovery. That is especially so, she argues, given she has testified she still has the 13 assets from the postnuptial agreement.” Order, ECF No. 116 at 2. But Jodi misses the point. As 14 explained by Judge Weksler 15 “[Q]uestions that relate to the alleged fraudulent transfers from Andrew Fonfa to Jodi Fonfa are relevant, even if these questions delve into the location and status of 16 those assets. The information sought is not only relevant to Plaintiff’s ability to request the appropriate equitable remedy; it is relevant to its ability to trace the 17 transfers in question. In turn, it follows that such questions are proportional to the 18 needs of the case—indeed, that is what this case is all about.” 19 Id. at 4 (emphasis added). 20 Jodi further argues that the SCC’s interest in obtaining more information about the 21 Assets is “premature” and therefore the order requiring that Jodi answer questions regarding the 22 Assets was contrary to the law. ECF No. 121 at 8–9. While not stated as “premature” in her 23 motion for a protective order, Jodi advanced similar arguments therein, writing that “even if 24 SCC were to succeed on one or more of its claims, that does not entitle SCC to discovery into 25 3 Compare Mot. for a Protective Order, ECF No. 104 at 7 (citing Hetter v. Eighth Judicial Dist. Court of State in 26 and for Cnty. of Clark, 110 Nev. 513 (1994) to argue that Nevada does not allow discovery of personal financial information of a party without the requesting party to first demonstrate a factual basis for needing that information) with Obj., ECF No. 121 at 9 (same). 1 her current assets as addressed in the Deposition Questions.” Mot., ECF No. 104 at 8.
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1 2 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF NEVADA 3 4 Snow Covered Capital, LLC, Case No. 2:22-cv-01181-CDS-DNW
5 Plaintiff Order Denying Defendant Jodi Fonfa’s Appeal of the Magistrate Judge’s Order 6 v. Denying Her Motion for a Protective Order and Granting Plaintiff’s Countermotion to 7 Jodi Fonfa, et al., Compel and For Sanctions
8 Defendants [ECF No. 121]
9 10 Defendant Jodi Fonfa objects1 (ECF No. 121) to Magistrate Judge Brenda Weksler’s order 11 (ECF No. 116) denying her motion for a protective order (ECF No. 104) and granting the plaintiff 12 Snow Covered Capital, LLC’s (SCC) countermotion to compel (ECF No. 107), which included a 13 request for sanctions. In sum, Jodi2 argues that Judge Weksler’s order denying her motion for a 14 protective order was clearly erroneous because: (1) the decision failed to consider that she had 15 already answered questions regarding whether or not she controlled certain assets (the 16 “Assets”) relevant to this litigation; (2) the determination that the location and status of those 17 assets was relevant is incorrect; and (3) disclosure of such personal, financial information (about 18 the Assets) should be subject to a protective order. See generally Obj., ECF No. 121. Jodi also 19 argues that granting SCC’s motion for sanctions was contrary to the law because Jodi’s actions 20 in not answering additional questions regarding the location and status of the Assets were 21 substantially justified. Id. SCC filed a response to the objections, arguing they should be rejected 22 in full because the order properly denied Jodi’s request for a protective order and properly 23 granted its countermotion to compel Jodi to complete her deposition and answer questions 24 1 Fonfa objects to an order resolving non-dispositive pretrial motions, not a report and recommendation 25 (R&R). See Order, ECF No. 116. There is a distinction between orders and R&Rs: magistrate judges’ orders are subject to a lower, clearly erroneous or contrary to the law standard of review, whereas R&Rs 26 are subject to de novo review. Compare LR IB 3-1(a) with LR IB 3-2(b). I thus apply the appropriate standard of review in resolving Fonfa’s objections. 2 I refer to defendant has “Jodi” throughout this order because there is a second Fonfa defendant (Evan) who is not a party to the pending objections. 1 regarding the Assets. See generally Resp., ECF No. 129. SCC also argues that Judge Weksler 2 properly granted their request for sanctions, and Jodi’s argument to the contrary is unsupported 3 by applicable points and authorities. Id. at 11–13. For the reasons set forth herein, Jodi’s 4 objections are overruled. Judge Weksler’s order denying Jodi’s motion for a protective order and 5 granting SCC’s countermotion to compel and request for sanctions is affirmed in full. 6 I. Legal Standard 7 Where, as here, a magistrate judge issues a pre-trial order regarding a non-dispositive 8 matter, any party may seek review by filing specific objections to the order. 28 U.S.C. § 9 636(b)(1); Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a); Local Rule (LR) IB 3-1. The district judge in the case must 10 consider timely filed objections, but the court cannot modify or set aside any part of the order 11 unless it is “clearly erroneous or is contrary to law.” See Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a); Doe v. Kamehameha 12 Sch., 596 F.3d 1036, 1041 n.4 (9th Cir. 2010). A magistrate judge’s order is “clearly erroneous” if 13 the court has “a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” United States v. 14 U.S. Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395 (1948); Burdick v. Comm’r, 979 F.2d 1369, 1370 (9th Cir. 1992). A 15 magistrate judge’s order is “contrary to law” if the order applies the incorrect legal stand or 16 misapplies applicable law. Na Pali Haweo Cmty. Ass’n v. Grande, 252 F.R.D. 672, 674 (D. Haw. 2008); 17 see also UnitedHealth Grp., Inc. v. United Healthcare, Inc., 2014 WL 4635882, at *1 (D. Nev. Sept. 16, 18 2014) (“An order is contrary to law when it fails to apply or misapplies relevant statutes, case 19 law[,] or rules of procedure.”). 20 II. Discussion 21 Jodi’s objections are overruled because she fails to demonstrate that the magistrate 22 judge’s order is clearly erroneous or contrary to the law. The court first addresses Jodi’s 23 objections to the order denying her motion for a protective order and granting SCC’s 24 countermotion to compel, and then addresses the award of sanctions against Jodi. 25 26 1 A. The order denying Jodi’s motion for a protective order is neither clearly 2 erroneous nor contrary to the law. 3 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(c) “confer[s] ‘broad discretion on the trial court to 4 decide when a protective order is appropriate and what degree of protection is required.’” Phillips 5 ex rel. Ests. of Byrd v. Gen. Motors Corp., 307 F.3d 1206, 1211 (9th Cir. 2002) (quoting Seattle Times Co. v. 6 Rhinehart, 467 U.S. 20, 36 (1984)). Jodi argues that Judge Weksler’s order denying her motion for 7 a protective order and granting SCC’s countermotion to compel was clearly erroneous because 8 she “failed to consider that [she] already answered that she still controls the assets forming the 9 basis of SCC’s claims.” ECF No. 121 at 3. But this is belied by the order specifically addressing 10 this argument. Indeed, Judge Weksler rejected this same argument raised by Jodi in her motion 11 to compel,3 writing “[t]he essence of [Jodi’s] argument is that [SCC] is improperly seeking post- 12 judgment discovery. That is especially so, she argues, given she has testified she still has the 13 assets from the postnuptial agreement.” Order, ECF No. 116 at 2. But Jodi misses the point. As 14 explained by Judge Weksler 15 “[Q]uestions that relate to the alleged fraudulent transfers from Andrew Fonfa to Jodi Fonfa are relevant, even if these questions delve into the location and status of 16 those assets. The information sought is not only relevant to Plaintiff’s ability to request the appropriate equitable remedy; it is relevant to its ability to trace the 17 transfers in question. In turn, it follows that such questions are proportional to the 18 needs of the case—indeed, that is what this case is all about.” 19 Id. at 4 (emphasis added). 20 Jodi further argues that the SCC’s interest in obtaining more information about the 21 Assets is “premature” and therefore the order requiring that Jodi answer questions regarding the 22 Assets was contrary to the law. ECF No. 121 at 8–9. While not stated as “premature” in her 23 motion for a protective order, Jodi advanced similar arguments therein, writing that “even if 24 SCC were to succeed on one or more of its claims, that does not entitle SCC to discovery into 25 3 Compare Mot. for a Protective Order, ECF No. 104 at 7 (citing Hetter v. Eighth Judicial Dist. Court of State in 26 and for Cnty. of Clark, 110 Nev. 513 (1994) to argue that Nevada does not allow discovery of personal financial information of a party without the requesting party to first demonstrate a factual basis for needing that information) with Obj., ECF No. 121 at 9 (same). 1 her current assets as addressed in the Deposition Questions.” Mot., ECF No. 104 at 8. But Jodi 2 fails to cite binding or even persuasive points and authorities in support of her argument. 3 Instead, she again relies upon Hetter v. Eighth Judicial District Court4 and Fosbre v. Las Vegas Sands 4 Corp.5 As noted by Judge Weksler, Jodi’s reliance on the Hetter case is misplaced. That case 5 addresses limitations on discovering tax information and discusses when a party can obtain 6 discovery as it relates to punitive damages. But Jodi’s taxes (or an attempt to discover them) and 7 punitive damages are not at issue here: SCC is seeking discovery relating to the transfer of the 8 Assets. As for the Forsbe decision, it is actually contrary to Jodi’s argument. There, the court held 9 that a party’s financial condition can be obtained through discovery if it is relevant to a claim or 10 defense. 2016 WL 54202, at *4; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1) (The “scope of discovery” 11 encompasses “any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party’s claim or defense and 12 proportional to the needs of the case[.]”). Indeed, courts consistently reach this conclusion. See 13 Dinkins v. Schinzel, 2018 WL 456876, at *2 (D. Nev. Jan. 17, 2018) (collecting cases reaching same 14 conclusion). 15 This action alleges defendants were “insiders” connected to the alleged fraudulent 16 transfers of the Assets. See generally Second Am. Comp., ECF No. 147. “The Uniform Fraudulent 17 Transfers Act (UFTA)… ‘is designed to prevent a debtor from defrauding creditors by placing the 18 subject property beyond the creditors’ reach.’” Donell for J.T. Wallenbrock & Assocs. V. Braun, 2010 19 WL 11635980, at *2 (D. Nev. Apr. 6, 2010) (quoting Herup v. First Bos. Fin., LLC, 162 P.3d 870, 872 20 (Nev. 2007)). Under the UFTA, “[a] transfer made or obligation incurred by a debtor is 21 fraudulent as to a creditor, whether the creditor’s claim arose before or after the transfer was 22 made or the obligation incurred, if the debtor made the transfer or incurred the obligation . . . 23 [w]ith actual intent to hinder, delay[,] or defraud any creditor of the debtor[.]” Nev. Rev. Stat. § 24 112.180(1) (emphasis added). While it is helpful to know that Jodi still controls the Assets in 25 26 4 874 P.2d 762 (1994). 5 2016 WL 54202, at *4 (D. Nev. Jan. 5, 2016). 1 question, SCC is entitled to know what happened to the Assets both before and after the 2 alleged fraudulent transfers as part of its claims. 3 I find that Judge Weksler properly utilized her broad discretion in denying Jodi’s motion 4 for a protective order and in granting SCC’s countermotion to compel. Jodi’s objections fail to 5 cite new, binding, or even persuasive authority to support an argument that Judge Weksler’s 6 order was clearly erroneous or contrary to the law. Consequently, her objections are overruled, 7 and the order denying Jodi’s motion for protective order and granting SCC’s countermotion to 8 compel is affirmed. 9 B. The magistrate judge’s order granting SCC’s motion for sanctions is sound and is 10 affirmed. 11 The court has broad discretion as to whether and what type of sanctions should be 12 awarded under Rule 37. See Falstaff Brewing Corp. v. Miller Brewing Co., 702 F.2d 770, 784 (9th Cir. 13 1983). The court may decline to award sanctions when the conduct at issue was either 14 “substantially justified” or “other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust.” Fed. R. Civ. 15 P. 37(b)(2)(C). “Before awarding sanctions under its inherent powers, ... the court must make an 16 explicit finding that counsel’s conduct ‘constituted or was tantamount to bad faith.’” Primus 17 Auto. Fin. Servs., Inc. v. Batarse, 115 F.3d 644, 648 (9th Cir. 1997) (quoting, in part, Roadway Express, 18 Inc. v. Piper, 447 U.S. 752, 767 (1980)). A party exhibits bad faith “by delaying or disrupting the 19 litigation or hampering enforcement of a court order.” Id. at 649. This is a high threshold, 20 meaning “mere recklessness, without more, does not justify sanctions under a court’s inherent 21 power.” Fink v. Gomez, 239 F.3d 989, 992 (9th Cir. 2001). 22 Further, under Rule 37(b), when addressing a motion for sanctions, the opposing party 23 (the party to be sanctioned) carries the burden of demonstrating the existence of mitigating 24 factors. See Liew v. Breen, 640 F.2d 1046, 1050 (9th Cir. 1981) (citing David v. Hooker, Ltd., 560 F.2d 25 412, 419 (9th Cir. 1977)). An otherwise sanctionable action could be “substantially justified” if 26 “reasonable people could differ” over the appropriateness of the conduct. See Reygo Pac. Corp. v. 1 Johnston Pump Co., 680 F.2d 647, 649 (9th Cir. 1982); see also Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565 2 (1988) (noting the “substantially justified” standard in Rule 37 does not mean “justified to a high 3 degree of certainty” but rather “satisfied if there is a ‘genuine dispute’” about the propriety of the 4 conduct at issue). 5 Jodi fails to meet her burden showing the existence of mitigating factors. She argues that 6 she was substantially justified in refusing to answer questions about the Assets based on the 7 Hetter decision. But as addressed above, that case is inapposite. Moreover, Jodi provides no 8 explanation or anything else explaining her decision to walk out of the deposition, instead of 9 lodging an appropriate objection and allowing the deposition to continue as required by Rule 10 30. Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(c)(2) (instructing a party believing a question is improper to lodge the 11 objection “on the record, but the examination still proceeds; the testimony is taken subject to 12 any objection.”). The only time counsel may instruct a deponent not to answer the question is 13 “when necessary to preserve a privilege, to enforce a limitation ordered by the court, or to 14 present a motion under Rule 30(d)(3). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(c)(2); see also Nathalie Thuy Van v. 15 Steakhouses, 2018 U.S. Dist. Lexis 243951 (N.D. Cal., Sept. 26, 2018) (declining to impose 16 sanctions where deponent was instructed not to answer questions based on assertion of 17 attorney-client privilege). None of those exceptions apply here, yet counsel and Jodi walked out 18 of the deposition and refused to answer any more questions. Jodi fails to cite or advance any 19 other points and authorities demonstrating that her behavior was justified, much less that Judge 20 Weksler’s order granting sanctions was either contrary to the law or clearly erroneous. 21 Accordingly, Judge Weksler’s award of expenses, including attorney’s fees, was sound and Jodi’s 22 objection thereto is overruled. 23 24 25 26 ITI. Conclusion 2 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Jodi Fonfa’s objections to Judge Weksler’s order [ECF No. 121] are OVERRULED. 4 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Judge Weksler’s August 11, 2023 order [ECF No. 116] is 5] AFFIRMED and ADOPTED in its entirety. Jodi Fonfa must comply with all the requirements 6]| set forth in the order. 7 Dated: June 26, 2024 // : ahh — Cristi . Silva 9 Unie States District Judge 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26