Dodge, J.
The parties seem not to controvert the proposition that under the law of Illinois, as under that of Wisconsin, a judgment 'entered upon cognovit under power of attorney, and without service of process or other notice to the defendant, is subject to review either by direct attack on motion, by suit in equity, or by defense when the judgment is made the basis of an action. Brown v. Parker, 28 Wis. 21; Lake v. Cook, 15 Ill. 353; Wyman v. Yeomans, 84 Ill. 403. Nor do they disagree upon the proposition that the judgment of the Illinois court must be accorded exactly the same faith and credit by our courts as it would be given by the courts of Illinois, by virtue of the provisions of the fed[381]*381eral constitution. Brown v. Parker, supra. A further proposition as to wbicb there is and can be no dispute is that, however irregular may have been the procedure resulting in the judgment on'cognovit, it will be disturbed collaterally only in case of meritorious equitable defense thereto. Brown v. Parker, supra.
Plaintiffs principal contention is that this is a negotiable promissory note on either of two theories: First, that, by reason of the provision in the power of attorney embodied in the note that judgment may be confessed in favor of the holder, the silence of the promissory part of the note itself as to' a payee is supplied, and the note becomes, by its terms, a note payable to bearer; secondly, that omission of the name of the payee is, in practical effect, the leaving of a blank which any person having possession of the note is thereby impliedly authorized to fill up; the further contention being that, if this is a negotiable promissory note, the defendant has no meritorious defense based upon the agreement, at the time it was given, that it should be used only for a special purpose, since the very purpose of the law merchant is to give such currency and certainty to negotiable paper that equities existing only between the original parties cannot affect subsequent bona fide holders for value. Young v. Ward, 21 Ill. 226.
The first ground on which plaintiff asserts negotiability, we deem untenable. The part of the entire writing which seeks to express the promise made clearly shows an intent that it be payable only to some person or that person’s order, and thus negatives intent to make it payable to whoever may happen to acquire possession, without indorsement from the original payee. The two conceptions are antagonistic. *We cannot think the mere authority to confess judgment in favor of the holder sufficient to overcome that clear declaration in the promissory portion. That would be an entirely proper and enforceable provision if some person had been in fact named as payee. It surely would not then suffice to transform the [382]*382.noto into one payable by its terms to bearer. Nat. Exch. Bank v. Wiley, 25 Sup. Ct. 70. We cannot avoid the conclusion that the paper on its face shows that a payee was intended to be named but by mistake was not named. That this was the intent is confirmed by the evidence, which shows clearly that both parties to the making of the instrument intended to make it payable to the order of the People’s Bank of Bloom-ington, and supposed they had done so. A promise to pay, ■other than to bearer, which is not certain as to the payee, is not negotiable, with certain well-defined conventional exceptions not at all applicable here. McIntosh v. Lytle, 26 Minn. 336, 3 N. W. 983; Alexander v. Thompson, 42 Minn. 498, 44 N. W. 534; Brown v. Gilman, 13 Mass. 158. No evidence of any different rule in Illinois was introduced, hence presumption of identity arises. Slaughter v. Bernards, 88 Wis. 111, 59 N. W. 576.
The next contention rests upon a perfectly well-established rule, that the delivery of a negotiable instrument containing a blank space for any of the material elements thereof implies authority to fill up such blank in the hands of any one to whom it may come. Snyder v. Van Doren, 46 Wis. 602, 1 N. W. 285; Johnston H. Co. v. McLean, 57 Wis. 258, 15 N. W. 177; Johnson v. Weed & G. Mfg. Co. 103 Wis. 291, 295, 79 N. W. 236; Angle v. Northwestern M. L. Ins. Co. 92 U. S. 330; Dinsmore v. Duncan, 57 N. Y. 573. This rule is based on implied agreement with any one who may become the owner, and is not to be confused in principle or application with those cases, some of which are cited above, where an incomplete instrument is delivered to one, not as payee, but as agent, with authority to make it complete, and whore the agent exceeds his authority; for the insertion of plaintiff’s name in this paper was not made by defendant’s agent, but by plaintiff himself, under his claimed rights as owner. This implied authority depends, however, on the very existence of [383]*383a blank. There is xlo right in the holder of a contract, negotiable ox otherwise, to rewrite it or insert omitted provisions, except where the signer, by leaving a blank, obviously delivers it with such intention. In the instrument before us there was no blank; the writing joined to the printed portion without physical break or separation. True, there was an hiatus in sense, but that does not carry with it any authority to supply the missing term. ,
We must 'therefore reach the conclusion that this instrument is not negotiable. Whether it is absolutely void as a contract, either originally, because containing no promise to pay to any one, or subsequently, because of illegal alteration by plaintiff, for both which contentions there is authority, we need not decide. Being nonnegotiable, the plaintiff could gain none of those technical protections or advantages which run with that class of contracts. He can, at most, rely on equitable doctrines of estoppel, if he was misled to his hurt by defendant’s act. Defendant, of course, had a perfect right to make his own contract. He had the right to say he would be liable to the Bloomington bank for money to be loaned to his son, personally, and to refuse to become liable for preexisting debts of the corporation of which his son was president. He did agree to the former, and not to the latter, to which, however, the judgment subjects him, obviously to his injury, for the corporation is'bankrupt and out of existence, and he can have no hope of reimbursement from it. His defense, therefore, to the liability asserted is not technical, but meritorious and equitable. It is that he never agreed to assume it.
Notwithstanding all this, however, he might still be equitably estopped to deny liability if plaintiff had been induced •to change his position in reliance upon acts of defendant which the latter intended to have such effect, or ought reasonably to have anticipated would do so. Gove v. White, 20 Wis. [384]*384425, 437; Anderson v. Coburn, 27 Wis. 558, 566; Kingman v. Graham, 51 Wis. 232; Simonsen v. Stachlewicz, 82 Wis. 338, 52 N. W. 310; Brothers v. Bank of Kaukauna, 84 Wis. 381, 397, 54 N. W. 786; Mygatt v. Tarbell, 85 Wis. 457, 467, 55 N. W. 1031; Loizeaux v. Fremder, ante, p. 193, 101 N. W. 423. The plaintiff does not claim that there was any express representation to him by L. G. Willing that defendant had given any authority to use the note as collateral to the corporation’s debts; hence, if misled at all, such misleading must have been by the instrument itself.
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Dodge, J.
The parties seem not to controvert the proposition that under the law of Illinois, as under that of Wisconsin, a judgment 'entered upon cognovit under power of attorney, and without service of process or other notice to the defendant, is subject to review either by direct attack on motion, by suit in equity, or by defense when the judgment is made the basis of an action. Brown v. Parker, 28 Wis. 21; Lake v. Cook, 15 Ill. 353; Wyman v. Yeomans, 84 Ill. 403. Nor do they disagree upon the proposition that the judgment of the Illinois court must be accorded exactly the same faith and credit by our courts as it would be given by the courts of Illinois, by virtue of the provisions of the fed[381]*381eral constitution. Brown v. Parker, supra. A further proposition as to wbicb there is and can be no dispute is that, however irregular may have been the procedure resulting in the judgment on'cognovit, it will be disturbed collaterally only in case of meritorious equitable defense thereto. Brown v. Parker, supra.
Plaintiffs principal contention is that this is a negotiable promissory note on either of two theories: First, that, by reason of the provision in the power of attorney embodied in the note that judgment may be confessed in favor of the holder, the silence of the promissory part of the note itself as to' a payee is supplied, and the note becomes, by its terms, a note payable to bearer; secondly, that omission of the name of the payee is, in practical effect, the leaving of a blank which any person having possession of the note is thereby impliedly authorized to fill up; the further contention being that, if this is a negotiable promissory note, the defendant has no meritorious defense based upon the agreement, at the time it was given, that it should be used only for a special purpose, since the very purpose of the law merchant is to give such currency and certainty to negotiable paper that equities existing only between the original parties cannot affect subsequent bona fide holders for value. Young v. Ward, 21 Ill. 226.
The first ground on which plaintiff asserts negotiability, we deem untenable. The part of the entire writing which seeks to express the promise made clearly shows an intent that it be payable only to some person or that person’s order, and thus negatives intent to make it payable to whoever may happen to acquire possession, without indorsement from the original payee. The two conceptions are antagonistic. *We cannot think the mere authority to confess judgment in favor of the holder sufficient to overcome that clear declaration in the promissory portion. That would be an entirely proper and enforceable provision if some person had been in fact named as payee. It surely would not then suffice to transform the [382]*382.noto into one payable by its terms to bearer. Nat. Exch. Bank v. Wiley, 25 Sup. Ct. 70. We cannot avoid the conclusion that the paper on its face shows that a payee was intended to be named but by mistake was not named. That this was the intent is confirmed by the evidence, which shows clearly that both parties to the making of the instrument intended to make it payable to the order of the People’s Bank of Bloom-ington, and supposed they had done so. A promise to pay, ■other than to bearer, which is not certain as to the payee, is not negotiable, with certain well-defined conventional exceptions not at all applicable here. McIntosh v. Lytle, 26 Minn. 336, 3 N. W. 983; Alexander v. Thompson, 42 Minn. 498, 44 N. W. 534; Brown v. Gilman, 13 Mass. 158. No evidence of any different rule in Illinois was introduced, hence presumption of identity arises. Slaughter v. Bernards, 88 Wis. 111, 59 N. W. 576.
The next contention rests upon a perfectly well-established rule, that the delivery of a negotiable instrument containing a blank space for any of the material elements thereof implies authority to fill up such blank in the hands of any one to whom it may come. Snyder v. Van Doren, 46 Wis. 602, 1 N. W. 285; Johnston H. Co. v. McLean, 57 Wis. 258, 15 N. W. 177; Johnson v. Weed & G. Mfg. Co. 103 Wis. 291, 295, 79 N. W. 236; Angle v. Northwestern M. L. Ins. Co. 92 U. S. 330; Dinsmore v. Duncan, 57 N. Y. 573. This rule is based on implied agreement with any one who may become the owner, and is not to be confused in principle or application with those cases, some of which are cited above, where an incomplete instrument is delivered to one, not as payee, but as agent, with authority to make it complete, and whore the agent exceeds his authority; for the insertion of plaintiff’s name in this paper was not made by defendant’s agent, but by plaintiff himself, under his claimed rights as owner. This implied authority depends, however, on the very existence of [383]*383a blank. There is xlo right in the holder of a contract, negotiable ox otherwise, to rewrite it or insert omitted provisions, except where the signer, by leaving a blank, obviously delivers it with such intention. In the instrument before us there was no blank; the writing joined to the printed portion without physical break or separation. True, there was an hiatus in sense, but that does not carry with it any authority to supply the missing term. ,
We must 'therefore reach the conclusion that this instrument is not negotiable. Whether it is absolutely void as a contract, either originally, because containing no promise to pay to any one, or subsequently, because of illegal alteration by plaintiff, for both which contentions there is authority, we need not decide. Being nonnegotiable, the plaintiff could gain none of those technical protections or advantages which run with that class of contracts. He can, at most, rely on equitable doctrines of estoppel, if he was misled to his hurt by defendant’s act. Defendant, of course, had a perfect right to make his own contract. He had the right to say he would be liable to the Bloomington bank for money to be loaned to his son, personally, and to refuse to become liable for preexisting debts of the corporation of which his son was president. He did agree to the former, and not to the latter, to which, however, the judgment subjects him, obviously to his injury, for the corporation is'bankrupt and out of existence, and he can have no hope of reimbursement from it. His defense, therefore, to the liability asserted is not technical, but meritorious and equitable. It is that he never agreed to assume it.
Notwithstanding all this, however, he might still be equitably estopped to deny liability if plaintiff had been induced •to change his position in reliance upon acts of defendant which the latter intended to have such effect, or ought reasonably to have anticipated would do so. Gove v. White, 20 Wis. [384]*384425, 437; Anderson v. Coburn, 27 Wis. 558, 566; Kingman v. Graham, 51 Wis. 232; Simonsen v. Stachlewicz, 82 Wis. 338, 52 N. W. 310; Brothers v. Bank of Kaukauna, 84 Wis. 381, 397, 54 N. W. 786; Mygatt v. Tarbell, 85 Wis. 457, 467, 55 N. W. 1031; Loizeaux v. Fremder, ante, p. 193, 101 N. W. 423. The plaintiff does not claim that there was any express representation to him by L. G. Willing that defendant had given any authority to use the note as collateral to the corporation’s debts; hence, if misled at all, such misleading must have been by the instrument itself. He testifies, however, that at the time of taking the note he did not observe the absence of any payee’s name; hence, so far as he knew,it might have been payable expressly to some third person; so that on no theory could he reasonably expect to get any title to it without such payee’s indorsement. Such negligence would seem to preclude him from any right to invoke estop-pel; it is not reliance upon any act of defendant. Pier v. Bullis, 48 Wis. 429, 434, 4 N. W. 381; Kingman v. Graham, supra; Trenton B. Co. v. Duncan, 86 N. Y. 221. Independently of this, however, we cannot discover anything in the note itself to justify him in supposing it was intended for him. As already stated, it showed on its face an intent by defendant to become bound to some person or that person’s order.- He did not assume that L. G. Willing was the person, for he did not require him to indorse. If he assumed that from the omission to name a payee there resulted a right in any holder to insert his own name, then he made a mistake of law; but surely defendant cannot be charged with duty to anticipate such a mistake. He had the right to expect that any one dealing with the paper would act in recognition of established rules of law. Loizeaux v. Fremder, supra. If, however, plaintiff had inferred, as he must if he read the paper, that there was a mere omission, that some one was intended to be named as payee, and that to complete the instrument that person’s name must be added, he certainly was put [385]*385upon inquiry to ascertain that person. There was nothing to warrant him in believing that he, of all the world, was the one.
The legal principles above announced, applied to the undisputed facts that the only contract made by defendant and attempted to be expressed by the so-called “note” was merely to be liable to the Bloomington bank, or its order, and only for money to be loaned L. G. Willing personally, result in the conclusion that defendant never became liable at all to the plaintiff, and therefore is entitled to judgment denying plaintiff any recovery, and enjoining any further attempted enforcement of the judgment entered in Illinois upon cog-novit.
By the Oowri.- — Judgment reversed, and cause remanded with directions to enter judgment in accordance with the prayer of the answer and counterclaim.