By JUDGE SAFFOLD.
In examining the accuracy of the opinions of the Circuit Court in the admissions of evidence, and the instructions to the jury, given and refused, it may be remarked, as to the competency of the cider Wiggins, who, it may be inferred, gave evidence for his son, that though the former had been the prior owner of the slave, and both parties claimed to have derived title through him, yet in this contest, he does not appear to have had any pecuniary interest; he could neither gain nor lose by the event of the suit. The judgment could not in any event be used as evidence for himj nor could it be used as evidence against him, in the event of a decision in favor of Smith against whom he testified. As respects the objection to the parol evidence, it is sufficient to say, if the gift was executed, there can be no legal objection that it was done by parol; whether or not it was consummated by a delivery, in the legal acceptation of the term, will depend on the view to be taken of that branch of the case.
To constitute a valid gift either inter vivos or causa mortis, there must be an actual delivery so far as the subject will admit of it. “It must be secundum subjectam materiam, and be the true and effectual way of obtaining the command and dominion over the subject.
If the thing be not capable of actual'delivery, there must be some act equivalent to it. The donor must part, not only with the possession, but with the dominion of the property.
The question here is, whether, according to the subject of the gift and the situation of the parties, there was a delivery as far as the circumstances would admit of it, or that which was equivalent to a delivery. The slave hay[224]*224ing beon levied upon by virtue of executions, as tho property of the elder Wiggins, and the money to be made being due to Smith the intestate in his lifetime, it was contracted and agreed between the two, and by a rcasou-inference, in the presence and with tho assent of the younger Wiggins, that Smith should become the purchaser of the skive at the constable’s sale; that under the purchase he should enjoy the possession and use of the property, until he should be thereby paid the sum due him, or in other words be refunded the amount for which he should bid him oil'; that this being done and the lien satisfied, the slave should then be delivered over to young Wiggins as a gift from his father to him. From the circumstances it is evident the parties contemplated a sale at only the amount due Smith, or other sum less than the value of the slave. That this arrangement reconciled Wiggins, and probably his son, to the sale, and induced them to decline any efforts to raise the money, or otherwise prevent the sale; also that it was agreed and understood by all tho parties that the ultimate title to the slave should rest in the younger Wiggins, by virLue of the constable’s sale, if purchased by Smith, subject only to the satisfaction of Smith’s lien, by means of the hire. That the possession to be taken by him, after bidding off tho property, was to inure'to the benefit of Wiggins the younger, after which his father was to have no control cr dominion over it; nor does it appear that he ever exercised any. Then so soon as the purchase was made, and the possession changed according to the agreement, tho change of title or interest, as between the elder Wiggina and his son was Consummated.a It must be inevitably so *n ^le absence °f any proof of subsequent dissent by the former, or the interposition of any adverse claim in favor of any one, other than Smith, who had explicitly contracted to that effect. It is true the parties could have effected a similar object without the sale by the constable, but no other course would have been less exceptionable. If it was their design to place the residue of the interest in the slave beyond the control of the elder Wiggins, or even to secure it against his creditors, if any remained, (but which does not appear,) this circumstance could not impair the force of the contract, between the parties, and previous to it. Or if the elder Wiggins from motives of paternal regard, wishirig to give to his son whatever interest might remain of the slave, after paying [225]*225bis debts, preferred giving publicity to the sale, and allowing all who wished an opportunity to bid for him, no one could have a right to object, the public was thereby informed that the old man could no longer contract on the credit of this property.
To Smith it is presumed to have been a matter of perfect indifference, whether, after his claim was satisfied, the slave should be delivered to the plaintiff, or his father. The transfer of this interest is analogous to the grant of the remainder, in real estate, to take effect and be enjoyed after the expiration of a particular estate created 'tin the same. The remainder man is entitled to the benefit of the possession delivered to the tenant of the particular estate, and hereby the common law requisition of livery and seisin is complied with. The situation of this property, fettered as it was by the executions, would not admit of more effectual delivery. How far this doctrine would apply to a contest in which the rights of creditors, or bona, fide purchasers without notice are involved would be a different question, but it is one which need not ho examined on this occasion, as nothing of the kind is made to appear.
The agreement between the parties that the property should be exposed to sale on these terms, when for ought we know, it could have been avoided; the remuneration for his debt or purchase mono}’, which Smith agreed to accept in satisfaction, and has actually received; together with the probable fact that the purchase, according to anticipation of the parties, was effected by Smith at much less than the value of the slave, is a sufficient consideration to sustain the contract. Such are the reasons 1 offer to shew there was no error in the instructions to the jury on this point. And though it. may have happened by the death of the slave shortly after the purchase by Smith, that he would have lost the amount bid for him, this possibility of loss furnished no reason for rescinding or modifying the contract, voluntarily entered into between the parties, especially after it is ascertained that no loss has occurred; moreover, it is to be remembered that had the purchase been for Smith’s exclusive benefit, it would likely have been at a higher price, and there would have been no less danger of death, and the consequent loss of the property. As respects the value of the property, it seems there was no evidence, except the price at which the slave hired, for two years. This though vague fur[226]*226nished data from which the jury could form some opinion ' the value, and as they have done so, no objection to it can be available in error.
The only remaining point necessary to be considered is, whether the Court erred in refusing to instruct the jury that the action could not be sustained, against the defendant, if he only possessed and controlled the slave, in conjunction with Hogan, and in their capacity as co-administrators. The evidence shews a demand of the property made on the defendant, and a refusal by him to deliver. The verdict connected with the nature of the action ascertains by legal intendment, that the slave was in actual possession when the demand was made.
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By JUDGE SAFFOLD.
In examining the accuracy of the opinions of the Circuit Court in the admissions of evidence, and the instructions to the jury, given and refused, it may be remarked, as to the competency of the cider Wiggins, who, it may be inferred, gave evidence for his son, that though the former had been the prior owner of the slave, and both parties claimed to have derived title through him, yet in this contest, he does not appear to have had any pecuniary interest; he could neither gain nor lose by the event of the suit. The judgment could not in any event be used as evidence for himj nor could it be used as evidence against him, in the event of a decision in favor of Smith against whom he testified. As respects the objection to the parol evidence, it is sufficient to say, if the gift was executed, there can be no legal objection that it was done by parol; whether or not it was consummated by a delivery, in the legal acceptation of the term, will depend on the view to be taken of that branch of the case.
To constitute a valid gift either inter vivos or causa mortis, there must be an actual delivery so far as the subject will admit of it. “It must be secundum subjectam materiam, and be the true and effectual way of obtaining the command and dominion over the subject.
If the thing be not capable of actual'delivery, there must be some act equivalent to it. The donor must part, not only with the possession, but with the dominion of the property.
The question here is, whether, according to the subject of the gift and the situation of the parties, there was a delivery as far as the circumstances would admit of it, or that which was equivalent to a delivery. The slave hay[224]*224ing beon levied upon by virtue of executions, as tho property of the elder Wiggins, and the money to be made being due to Smith the intestate in his lifetime, it was contracted and agreed between the two, and by a rcasou-inference, in the presence and with tho assent of the younger Wiggins, that Smith should become the purchaser of the skive at the constable’s sale; that under the purchase he should enjoy the possession and use of the property, until he should be thereby paid the sum due him, or in other words be refunded the amount for which he should bid him oil'; that this being done and the lien satisfied, the slave should then be delivered over to young Wiggins as a gift from his father to him. From the circumstances it is evident the parties contemplated a sale at only the amount due Smith, or other sum less than the value of the slave. That this arrangement reconciled Wiggins, and probably his son, to the sale, and induced them to decline any efforts to raise the money, or otherwise prevent the sale; also that it was agreed and understood by all tho parties that the ultimate title to the slave should rest in the younger Wiggins, by virLue of the constable’s sale, if purchased by Smith, subject only to the satisfaction of Smith’s lien, by means of the hire. That the possession to be taken by him, after bidding off tho property, was to inure'to the benefit of Wiggins the younger, after which his father was to have no control cr dominion over it; nor does it appear that he ever exercised any. Then so soon as the purchase was made, and the possession changed according to the agreement, tho change of title or interest, as between the elder Wiggina and his son was Consummated.a It must be inevitably so *n ^le absence °f any proof of subsequent dissent by the former, or the interposition of any adverse claim in favor of any one, other than Smith, who had explicitly contracted to that effect. It is true the parties could have effected a similar object without the sale by the constable, but no other course would have been less exceptionable. If it was their design to place the residue of the interest in the slave beyond the control of the elder Wiggins, or even to secure it against his creditors, if any remained, (but which does not appear,) this circumstance could not impair the force of the contract, between the parties, and previous to it. Or if the elder Wiggins from motives of paternal regard, wishirig to give to his son whatever interest might remain of the slave, after paying [225]*225bis debts, preferred giving publicity to the sale, and allowing all who wished an opportunity to bid for him, no one could have a right to object, the public was thereby informed that the old man could no longer contract on the credit of this property.
To Smith it is presumed to have been a matter of perfect indifference, whether, after his claim was satisfied, the slave should be delivered to the plaintiff, or his father. The transfer of this interest is analogous to the grant of the remainder, in real estate, to take effect and be enjoyed after the expiration of a particular estate created 'tin the same. The remainder man is entitled to the benefit of the possession delivered to the tenant of the particular estate, and hereby the common law requisition of livery and seisin is complied with. The situation of this property, fettered as it was by the executions, would not admit of more effectual delivery. How far this doctrine would apply to a contest in which the rights of creditors, or bona, fide purchasers without notice are involved would be a different question, but it is one which need not ho examined on this occasion, as nothing of the kind is made to appear.
The agreement between the parties that the property should be exposed to sale on these terms, when for ought we know, it could have been avoided; the remuneration for his debt or purchase mono}’, which Smith agreed to accept in satisfaction, and has actually received; together with the probable fact that the purchase, according to anticipation of the parties, was effected by Smith at much less than the value of the slave, is a sufficient consideration to sustain the contract. Such are the reasons 1 offer to shew there was no error in the instructions to the jury on this point. And though it. may have happened by the death of the slave shortly after the purchase by Smith, that he would have lost the amount bid for him, this possibility of loss furnished no reason for rescinding or modifying the contract, voluntarily entered into between the parties, especially after it is ascertained that no loss has occurred; moreover, it is to be remembered that had the purchase been for Smith’s exclusive benefit, it would likely have been at a higher price, and there would have been no less danger of death, and the consequent loss of the property. As respects the value of the property, it seems there was no evidence, except the price at which the slave hired, for two years. This though vague fur[226]*226nished data from which the jury could form some opinion ' the value, and as they have done so, no objection to it can be available in error.
The only remaining point necessary to be considered is, whether the Court erred in refusing to instruct the jury that the action could not be sustained, against the defendant, if he only possessed and controlled the slave, in conjunction with Hogan, and in their capacity as co-administrators. The evidence shews a demand of the property made on the defendant, and a refusal by him to deliver. The verdict connected with the nature of the action ascertains by legal intendment, that the slave was in actual possession when the demand was made. It was not required of the plaintiff to ascertain in what capacity the defendant professed to hold his property, or who ■claimed a joint control or interest in it. He sued, charging the defendant, notin his representative, but individual capacity, as he had a right to do in relation to any one •having his property and refusing to deliver it
A majority of the Court concur in the opinion that there was no error in the judgment in the Circuit Court, and that the same bo affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
■Judge Tayj.ob, not sitting.
2. Kent’s Com. 355.