Hemphill, Ch. J.
It is a general rule, that the trust of a legal estate, whether taken in the names of the purchaser and others jointly, or in the names of others without that of the purchaser, whether in one name or several, whether jointly or successively, results to the one who advances the purchase money ; and this is in strict analogy to the rule of the common law, that where a feoffment was made without consideration, the use resulted to the feoffor. (2 Story, Eq. Sec. 1201 ; 2 Cox, 92 ; 1 Leading Cases in Equity, p. 188.)
But there are exceptions to this rule, as well established as [321]*321the rule itself. For example, a purchase by a parent, in the-name of a child, is deemed, prima facie, an advancement for the child, so as to rebut the presumption of a trust resulting for the parent. (2 Story, Sec. 1202, and the authorities above cited.) The moral obligation of the parent, to provide for Ms children, is said to be the foundation of this exception ; and it is but a reasonable presumption, that a purchase by a parent, in the name of a child, is for the benefit of the latter, in discharge of this obligation, and also as a token of his natural love and affection.
And a like presumption exists, also, in the case of a purchase by a husband in the name of the wife ; and it is said that the presumption is stronger in case of a wife than of a child, for, at law, she cannot be the trustee of her husband. (2 Story, Sec. 1204; 2 Vernon, p. 67, 683 ; 10 Ves. 360 ; Hill on Trustees, p. 135 ; Dart on Vendors, 437 ; 19 Wendell, 414; 3 Cushing, 19A-7; 11 Paige, 619; Drummer v. Pitcher, 2 Mylne and Keene, Eng. Chan. Rep. 7.)
The presumption of trust, when the purchase is taken in the name of a stranger, as it is raised, so it may be rebutted by parol evidence ; and the presumption of an advancement, when taken in the name of a wife or child, may also be rebutted by evidence showing that the purchase was intended for the benefit of the husband or parent who advanced the purchase money.
It was said in the case of Kingdon v. Bridges, 2 Vern. 67, (as a reason why a purchase by a husband, in the name of a wife, should be for her benefit,) that a wife could not be a trustee for the husband, and this is cited by later authorities as a circumstance which increases the force of the presumption in favor of the wife, over that of a child. But this principle has little or no force under our system of laws and of marital rights. The right of the wife, under our laws, to hold property, is co-equal with that of the husband ; and upon evidence, it mav be shown that property in the name of one is really [322]*322held for the benefit of the other. It is very true, that the wife is under the burthen, or, as the law intends, under the protection, of some legal disabilities, even with reference to her separate property ; but these have reference to the mode of alienation, and not to any claim of the husband over such property, jure uxoris, for he has none except that of management and its incidents. At all events, where the fundamental principle of the marital relation is, that whatever may be the unity of persons, there is no unity of estates, there can be no such rule as that the wife cannot be a trustee for the husband, in any sense which would preclude evidence, showing that although property is in her name, it was intended for the benefit of the husband.
The rational foundation for the presumption in favor of the wife is, that the purchase is intended as a provision for her ; and this presumption will hold, as well under our system as in others where the rights of the wife are not so much favored. It may, and would, under the operation of our laws, be generally more easily rebutted than it would be, where the wife has no interest in community property, and a very restricted right to separate estate. The necessity for a provision would not so often exist in this State, as in others, where, by operation of law, the great proportion of the wife’s property is absorbed by the husband. But the necessity might and would often exist in fact. The property of the wife might not be large, or in proportion to her condition and situation in life ; and in fact, though eminent advantages are afforded the wife by our laws, yet her condition is not so much changed as to repel the presumption of benefit from a purchase made by a husband in her name, out of his own separate funds.
The legal effect and operation of the deed is, to vest the, property in the wife. 'This effect would be rebutted, in case a stranger were the nominee in the purchase. But the wife is not as a stranger to the husband. She has distinct rights and a separate estate, but he is bound for her support and main[323]*323tenance, not only by law, but from the impulses of affection ; and a conveyance to her, when the purchase money is advanced by himself, is not to be presumed prima facie, an arrangement for his convenience, but as importing, to the wife, a substantial benefit, and vesting in her the whole interest, as well legal as beneficial.
This is but a presumption, and may be rebutted by evidence; but the wife, and her privies, are entitled to the benefit of this presumption ; and the Court erred in refusing to instruct the jury, that such was the inference of the law.
There is a material distinction between the inferences to be drawn, as to the effect of the act of the husband, in his purchase of property in the name of the wife with community funds, and in his purchase, in her name, with his own property. The law regulating ganancial property, prescribes the effect of purchase in the name of the wife, and makes it precisely the same as if purchased in the name of the husband. The definition of community property includes all effects which husband and wife, during marriage, acquire by a common title, either lucrative or onerous, or which they, or either of them, acquire by purchase, or through their labor or industry. The intention of the husband, in taking the conveyance of community property in the name of hip wife, has no effect upon either Ms own, or the rights of the wife. The law prescribes the operation of such deed, irrespective of the motives in taking it in either the name of the husband or of the wife, or of both jointly ; for, whether taken in the one form or the other, the community character of the property is not changed. But there is no such rule in reference to their separate estates, and it could not be applied to them, without producing much embarrassment and confusion. The law having attached no uniform operation to a purchase by a husband, out of his separate funds, in the name of the wife, the question of intention of the husband, in so taking the deed, becomes of paramount importance, for upon that depends its operation. The inference of [324]*324law is, that by such act he intended an ad-vancement or provision for the wife. And we will, now consider whether, in this ■ case, there was any sufficient evidence to rebut this presumption, and raise the inference of resulting trust to the husband.
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Hemphill, Ch. J.
It is a general rule, that the trust of a legal estate, whether taken in the names of the purchaser and others jointly, or in the names of others without that of the purchaser, whether in one name or several, whether jointly or successively, results to the one who advances the purchase money ; and this is in strict analogy to the rule of the common law, that where a feoffment was made without consideration, the use resulted to the feoffor. (2 Story, Eq. Sec. 1201 ; 2 Cox, 92 ; 1 Leading Cases in Equity, p. 188.)
But there are exceptions to this rule, as well established as [321]*321the rule itself. For example, a purchase by a parent, in the-name of a child, is deemed, prima facie, an advancement for the child, so as to rebut the presumption of a trust resulting for the parent. (2 Story, Sec. 1202, and the authorities above cited.) The moral obligation of the parent, to provide for Ms children, is said to be the foundation of this exception ; and it is but a reasonable presumption, that a purchase by a parent, in the name of a child, is for the benefit of the latter, in discharge of this obligation, and also as a token of his natural love and affection.
And a like presumption exists, also, in the case of a purchase by a husband in the name of the wife ; and it is said that the presumption is stronger in case of a wife than of a child, for, at law, she cannot be the trustee of her husband. (2 Story, Sec. 1204; 2 Vernon, p. 67, 683 ; 10 Ves. 360 ; Hill on Trustees, p. 135 ; Dart on Vendors, 437 ; 19 Wendell, 414; 3 Cushing, 19A-7; 11 Paige, 619; Drummer v. Pitcher, 2 Mylne and Keene, Eng. Chan. Rep. 7.)
The presumption of trust, when the purchase is taken in the name of a stranger, as it is raised, so it may be rebutted by parol evidence ; and the presumption of an advancement, when taken in the name of a wife or child, may also be rebutted by evidence showing that the purchase was intended for the benefit of the husband or parent who advanced the purchase money.
It was said in the case of Kingdon v. Bridges, 2 Vern. 67, (as a reason why a purchase by a husband, in the name of a wife, should be for her benefit,) that a wife could not be a trustee for the husband, and this is cited by later authorities as a circumstance which increases the force of the presumption in favor of the wife, over that of a child. But this principle has little or no force under our system of laws and of marital rights. The right of the wife, under our laws, to hold property, is co-equal with that of the husband ; and upon evidence, it mav be shown that property in the name of one is really [322]*322held for the benefit of the other. It is very true, that the wife is under the burthen, or, as the law intends, under the protection, of some legal disabilities, even with reference to her separate property ; but these have reference to the mode of alienation, and not to any claim of the husband over such property, jure uxoris, for he has none except that of management and its incidents. At all events, where the fundamental principle of the marital relation is, that whatever may be the unity of persons, there is no unity of estates, there can be no such rule as that the wife cannot be a trustee for the husband, in any sense which would preclude evidence, showing that although property is in her name, it was intended for the benefit of the husband.
The rational foundation for the presumption in favor of the wife is, that the purchase is intended as a provision for her ; and this presumption will hold, as well under our system as in others where the rights of the wife are not so much favored. It may, and would, under the operation of our laws, be generally more easily rebutted than it would be, where the wife has no interest in community property, and a very restricted right to separate estate. The necessity for a provision would not so often exist in this State, as in others, where, by operation of law, the great proportion of the wife’s property is absorbed by the husband. But the necessity might and would often exist in fact. The property of the wife might not be large, or in proportion to her condition and situation in life ; and in fact, though eminent advantages are afforded the wife by our laws, yet her condition is not so much changed as to repel the presumption of benefit from a purchase made by a husband in her name, out of his own separate funds.
The legal effect and operation of the deed is, to vest the, property in the wife. 'This effect would be rebutted, in case a stranger were the nominee in the purchase. But the wife is not as a stranger to the husband. She has distinct rights and a separate estate, but he is bound for her support and main[323]*323tenance, not only by law, but from the impulses of affection ; and a conveyance to her, when the purchase money is advanced by himself, is not to be presumed prima facie, an arrangement for his convenience, but as importing, to the wife, a substantial benefit, and vesting in her the whole interest, as well legal as beneficial.
This is but a presumption, and may be rebutted by evidence; but the wife, and her privies, are entitled to the benefit of this presumption ; and the Court erred in refusing to instruct the jury, that such was the inference of the law.
There is a material distinction between the inferences to be drawn, as to the effect of the act of the husband, in his purchase of property in the name of the wife with community funds, and in his purchase, in her name, with his own property. The law regulating ganancial property, prescribes the effect of purchase in the name of the wife, and makes it precisely the same as if purchased in the name of the husband. The definition of community property includes all effects which husband and wife, during marriage, acquire by a common title, either lucrative or onerous, or which they, or either of them, acquire by purchase, or through their labor or industry. The intention of the husband, in taking the conveyance of community property in the name of hip wife, has no effect upon either Ms own, or the rights of the wife. The law prescribes the operation of such deed, irrespective of the motives in taking it in either the name of the husband or of the wife, or of both jointly ; for, whether taken in the one form or the other, the community character of the property is not changed. But there is no such rule in reference to their separate estates, and it could not be applied to them, without producing much embarrassment and confusion. The law having attached no uniform operation to a purchase by a husband, out of his separate funds, in the name of the wife, the question of intention of the husband, in so taking the deed, becomes of paramount importance, for upon that depends its operation. The inference of [324]*324law is, that by such act he intended an ad-vancement or provision for the wife. And we will, now consider whether, in this ■ case, there was any sufficient evidence to rebut this presumption, and raise the inference of resulting trust to the husband.
Questions of this character have arisen more frequently in cases where the purchase is in the the name of a child by a father, than in the wife’s name by a husband, and many circumstances have been taken into consideration, as rebutting the presumption of an advancement for a child, which have given rise to many nice distinctions, not easy to be understood, most of which are, however, now disregarded: thus, at one time, it was thought that the infancy of a child, in whose name a purchase was made, was a circumstance against it being considered an advancement, though it is now regarded as a strong circumstance to the contrary. (1 Leading Cases in Equity, 196 ; 2 Cox, 92 ; 1 P. W’ms. 111.)
From this, it appeal’s that there has been fluctuation as to the circumstances in support or rebuttal of presumptions of the -intention of parties, when this intention depends on matters in parol, and is- not fixed conclusively by the deed. The facts, in this case, adduced to rebut the inference of advancement, are not only meager, but appear to be inconclusive, though, if the jury had been properly instructed, much weight should have been allowed the verdict, even upon this evidence. The intention of the parties at the time of the execution of the deed, is to determine its complexion and character ; and antecedent or concomitant acts and declarations of the husband are to be regarded as parts of the transaction, and as evidence of his intention, whether the purchase should be for the benefit of the wife, or of his own. (2 Swanston, 594 ; 2 Beav. 447 ; 10 Paige, 618-626; 1 Swanston, 17-19.) But, in case of purchase in the name of a child, it is said that subsequent acts or declarations of the father, will not be admissible to rebut the presumption of advancement. Thus, a subsequent devise of the property by the father, (2 Vern. 19 ; 1 My. and K. 511,) [325]*325or a mortgage will be ineffectual. (2 Beav. 454 ; 15 Ves. 51.) And in the case of a child, especially of a minor, by the entering into possession and taking the rents and profits of the purchased property, the presumption of advancement will not be rebutted, as the acts of the father may be referable to his duty as guardian of his children. (1 P. Wins. 608.) But see 2 Cox, 92.
All such acts and declarations, by a husband, are as ineffectual against the wife, as they are against a child. The law vests the management of the wife’s lands and slaves in the husband, and his possession or cultivation and improvement of her lands cannot avail, or, at least, is by no means conclusive against her rights. The fact of a husband or parent, even when children are minors, going immediately into possession after such purchase, and always claiming and holding the lands as his own, would, however, it seems to me, be some, though by no means conclusive evidence, of his original intention that the purchase was in trust for himself, and not an advancement. (2 Cox. 92.) It is only as indicative of original intention, that such possession, unless long continued, could be made available ; for coverture and minority would protect the wife and infants against the claim of adverse possession. There is no proof of any declarations or acts on the part of the wife ; and the declarations of the husband, claiming the property as his own, are not proven by the witness Kelch to be cotemporaneous with the execution of the deed. The deed was attested by two witnesses, one of them of the same name with the witness on the trial. Its execution was acknowledged, and it has been recorded, though the date is not shown.
It appears, also, that one of the minor daughters, after marriage, claimed a share in the land ; and, upon the whole, there was but slight ground for the verdict of the jury, and which, had they been properly instructed as to the force of the presumption for the wife, would most probably have been deemed by them as insufficient.
[326]*326In the course of the trial, the following instrument was offered in evidence, by the defendant, as one executed by the plaintiff for himself and wife, viz :
Know all men by these presents, that I this day bargain and sell to Wm. H. Strahan my interest in the tract of land that he is now living on in Reels’ Bend, for one hundred and fifty dollars, having given his note for the same, this 20th March, 18491;
Witness my hand and seal.
(Signed,)
WATKINS L. SMITH, [l. s.]
SARAH F. SMITH, [l. s.]
But although much evidence was offered as to the execution of this instrument, and the jury found that it was signed by Smith, the plaintiff, for himself and wife ; yet no question has been made upon it in argument before this Court, although the finding of the jury, as to its execution, has been assigned as contrary to evidence.
Without argument, we forbear the discussion of the important question, how far even the wife might be concluded in equity, by an arrangement for the settlement of family disputes, or for the partition of an estate, upon a reasonable consideration, even where the mode of assurance is not sufficient in law to convey the interest of the wife. In Hartwell v. Jackson, 7 Tex. R. 576, it will be seen, that after the institution of suit, agreements by way of compromise, signed by the husbands alone, will bind the wives, though neither signed nor acknowledged by the wives. But no question seems to have been made on this point below, and the instrument is stated, in the argument of appellee, to have been relied on by way of estoppel as against the husband alone. This presents a very important question, but upon which, as there has been no argument, it will not be necessary to express a decisive opinion.
The judgment is ordered to be reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.