By the Court,
Norcross, C. J.:
This is an action to recover the amount of a reward offered by the governor under the provisions of an act of the legislature reading:
[479]*479"An act authorizing the governor to offer a reward for the arrest and conviction of the person or persons guilty of the. murder of Harry Cambrón and three associates in Washoe County.
Approved February 17,1911.
" Section 1. That the governor is hereby authorized to offer a reward of one thousand dollars in each instance, and not exceeding five thousand dollars in all, for the arrest and conviction of the person or persons guilty of the murder of Harry Cambrón and three associates in Washoe County.
" Sec. 2. There is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the treasury, not otherwise appropriated, the sum of five thousand dollars, to carry out the provisions of this act.” (Stats. 1911, p. 16.)
This case was submitted to the court below upon the following agreed statement of facts:
"That during or about the month of January, 1911, Harry Cambrón and three associates were murdered in Washoe County, State of Nevada. That thereafter the legislature of the State of Nevada authorized the offer of a reward for the arrest and conviction of the person or persons guilty of the murder of Harry Cambrón and three associates, such act having been approved on February 17, 1911. That thereafter, and on the 17th day of February, 1911, Tasker L. Oddie, Governor of the State of Nevada, did offer a reward of $1,000 in each case for the arrest and conviction of the person or persons guilty of the murder of Harry Cambrón and three associates. That Harry Cambrón and three associates were murdered by a band of Indians, which included Indian Squaw Jennie, unknown Indian boy, Shoshone Mike, Buck Disenda, Buck Kinnan, Buck Cupena, and unknown Indian squaw. That A. E. Smith, Joe Reeder, George Holmes, Warren Fruit, Henry Hughes, Jack Ferguson,Bill Parsons, Otto Van Norman, and Ben Cambrón, plaintiffs herein, were members of a posse on the trail of the said Indians, and did, on or about the 26th day of February, 1911, kill the certain Indians above referred to in an attempt to arrest said Indians, who were then- and there [480]*480murderers of said Harry Cambrón and three associates, while said Indians refused to surrender, and were resisting arrest for the said murder of said Harry Cambrón and three associates, but that none of said assassins were arrested, tried, or convicted by any court. That none of the plaintiffs herein knew of the reward so offered by the governor, as provided for by the act of the legislature, until after the killing of the said Indians, who were the murderers of said Harry Cambrón and three associates, on or about February 26, 1911.”
The appeal presents two questions:
(1) Is prior knowledge of the offer of the reward necessary?
(2) Have respondents complied with the conditions of the reward ?
[1] Many cases hold that where the claimant of a reward had no prior knowledge of its offer, and did not act by reason thereof, he is not entitled to recover. This rule appears to be well established where the reward is offered by a private individual. The rule is applied by many, but not all, of the courts where a reward has been offered by public authorities in pursuance of the provisions of a general statute.. This rule is based upon the theory that an undertaking to secure a reward rests upon contract, and that by an arrest made or other act performed, for which a reward is offered, a person having no knowledge of the offer of reward has done nothing in consideration of the reward, and has no ground to enforce the contract, for, as to him, no contractual relations exist. In Broadnax v. Ledbetter, 100 Tex. 375, 99 S. W. 1111, 9 L. R. A. n. s. 1057, the Supreme Court of Texas says:
"While we have seen no such distinction suggested, it may well be supposed that a person might become legally entitled to a reward for arresting a criminal, although he -knew nothing of its having been offered, where it is or was offered in accordance with law by the government. A legal right might in such a case be given by law without the aid of contract. But the liability of the individual citizen must arise from a contract binding him to pay.”
The above excerpt from the Texas case is not quoted [481]*481as the decision of the court, no such question being involved in that case, but because the suggestion is, therein made that in a case like the one at bar a legal right might exist independent of contract.
None of the numerous cases to which our attention has been called deals with the case of a statute authorizing a reward in a particular case. It can hardly be said, we think, in a case of this kind, that any contractual relation is contemplated by the legislature, but rather that the right to the reward follows by operation of law, if a compliance with the provisions of the statute has been shown. When the statute was passed authorizing the reward, such statute became a part of the law of the state. Every one is presumed to- know the law, and this presumption is not even rebuttable. (12 Cyc. 155.) While the presumption does not imply knowledge of the actual offer of the reward, the presumption of knowledge of the statute is worthy of consideration in determining that no contractual relation should be held to enter into the offer of reward in such a case.
In a proceeding before the United States Court of Claims to recover a reward offered by the attorney-general of the United States, the court, speaking through Mr. Justice Peelle, said:
"The purpose of a reward is, of course, to stimulate persons to make arrests, and while knowledge thereof is essential to effect that purpose, still if the offer be a general promise to any one, made by a public officer with authority, as in the case at bar, the motives of the person who makes such arrest cannot be inquired into. The arrest itself is conclusive of the motives which prompted it. (Williams v. Carwardine, 4 Barn. and Adolph. 621; Auditory. Ballard, 9 Bush, 572, 15 Am. Rep. 728; Dawkins v. Sappington, 26 Ind. 199.) There are some authorities holding that knowledge of a reward offered is essential to a recovery; but we think the weight of authority is as we have stated it, especially where the reward has been offered by a public officer with authority, as in the case at bar. ” (Drummond v. United States, 35 Ct. Cl. 372.)
As said by the Supreme Court of Kansas, in Elkins [482]*482v. Board of Commissioners, 86 Kan. 305, 120 Pac. 542, 46 L. R. A. n. s. 662:
"Many conflicting authorities are cited to sustain the contentions of the respective parties. A careful reading of them all, and others, indicates that each case, as to the circumstances and the object sought to be obtained in offering the reward, must in a measure be considered by itself. ” (46 L. R. A. n. s. 668.)
The circumstances surrounding the offer of reward in the case at bar are such, we think, that the legislature never contemplated that knowledge of the offer should be a prerequisite to a right to recover. The murder of the four stockmen in midwinter, in a part of the state remote from centers of population, indicated its perpetration by Indians.
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By the Court,
Norcross, C. J.:
This is an action to recover the amount of a reward offered by the governor under the provisions of an act of the legislature reading:
[479]*479"An act authorizing the governor to offer a reward for the arrest and conviction of the person or persons guilty of the. murder of Harry Cambrón and three associates in Washoe County.
Approved February 17,1911.
" Section 1. That the governor is hereby authorized to offer a reward of one thousand dollars in each instance, and not exceeding five thousand dollars in all, for the arrest and conviction of the person or persons guilty of the murder of Harry Cambrón and three associates in Washoe County.
" Sec. 2. There is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the treasury, not otherwise appropriated, the sum of five thousand dollars, to carry out the provisions of this act.” (Stats. 1911, p. 16.)
This case was submitted to the court below upon the following agreed statement of facts:
"That during or about the month of January, 1911, Harry Cambrón and three associates were murdered in Washoe County, State of Nevada. That thereafter the legislature of the State of Nevada authorized the offer of a reward for the arrest and conviction of the person or persons guilty of the murder of Harry Cambrón and three associates, such act having been approved on February 17, 1911. That thereafter, and on the 17th day of February, 1911, Tasker L. Oddie, Governor of the State of Nevada, did offer a reward of $1,000 in each case for the arrest and conviction of the person or persons guilty of the murder of Harry Cambrón and three associates. That Harry Cambrón and three associates were murdered by a band of Indians, which included Indian Squaw Jennie, unknown Indian boy, Shoshone Mike, Buck Disenda, Buck Kinnan, Buck Cupena, and unknown Indian squaw. That A. E. Smith, Joe Reeder, George Holmes, Warren Fruit, Henry Hughes, Jack Ferguson,Bill Parsons, Otto Van Norman, and Ben Cambrón, plaintiffs herein, were members of a posse on the trail of the said Indians, and did, on or about the 26th day of February, 1911, kill the certain Indians above referred to in an attempt to arrest said Indians, who were then- and there [480]*480murderers of said Harry Cambrón and three associates, while said Indians refused to surrender, and were resisting arrest for the said murder of said Harry Cambrón and three associates, but that none of said assassins were arrested, tried, or convicted by any court. That none of the plaintiffs herein knew of the reward so offered by the governor, as provided for by the act of the legislature, until after the killing of the said Indians, who were the murderers of said Harry Cambrón and three associates, on or about February 26, 1911.”
The appeal presents two questions:
(1) Is prior knowledge of the offer of the reward necessary?
(2) Have respondents complied with the conditions of the reward ?
[1] Many cases hold that where the claimant of a reward had no prior knowledge of its offer, and did not act by reason thereof, he is not entitled to recover. This rule appears to be well established where the reward is offered by a private individual. The rule is applied by many, but not all, of the courts where a reward has been offered by public authorities in pursuance of the provisions of a general statute.. This rule is based upon the theory that an undertaking to secure a reward rests upon contract, and that by an arrest made or other act performed, for which a reward is offered, a person having no knowledge of the offer of reward has done nothing in consideration of the reward, and has no ground to enforce the contract, for, as to him, no contractual relations exist. In Broadnax v. Ledbetter, 100 Tex. 375, 99 S. W. 1111, 9 L. R. A. n. s. 1057, the Supreme Court of Texas says:
"While we have seen no such distinction suggested, it may well be supposed that a person might become legally entitled to a reward for arresting a criminal, although he -knew nothing of its having been offered, where it is or was offered in accordance with law by the government. A legal right might in such a case be given by law without the aid of contract. But the liability of the individual citizen must arise from a contract binding him to pay.”
The above excerpt from the Texas case is not quoted [481]*481as the decision of the court, no such question being involved in that case, but because the suggestion is, therein made that in a case like the one at bar a legal right might exist independent of contract.
None of the numerous cases to which our attention has been called deals with the case of a statute authorizing a reward in a particular case. It can hardly be said, we think, in a case of this kind, that any contractual relation is contemplated by the legislature, but rather that the right to the reward follows by operation of law, if a compliance with the provisions of the statute has been shown. When the statute was passed authorizing the reward, such statute became a part of the law of the state. Every one is presumed to- know the law, and this presumption is not even rebuttable. (12 Cyc. 155.) While the presumption does not imply knowledge of the actual offer of the reward, the presumption of knowledge of the statute is worthy of consideration in determining that no contractual relation should be held to enter into the offer of reward in such a case.
In a proceeding before the United States Court of Claims to recover a reward offered by the attorney-general of the United States, the court, speaking through Mr. Justice Peelle, said:
"The purpose of a reward is, of course, to stimulate persons to make arrests, and while knowledge thereof is essential to effect that purpose, still if the offer be a general promise to any one, made by a public officer with authority, as in the case at bar, the motives of the person who makes such arrest cannot be inquired into. The arrest itself is conclusive of the motives which prompted it. (Williams v. Carwardine, 4 Barn. and Adolph. 621; Auditory. Ballard, 9 Bush, 572, 15 Am. Rep. 728; Dawkins v. Sappington, 26 Ind. 199.) There are some authorities holding that knowledge of a reward offered is essential to a recovery; but we think the weight of authority is as we have stated it, especially where the reward has been offered by a public officer with authority, as in the case at bar. ” (Drummond v. United States, 35 Ct. Cl. 372.)
As said by the Supreme Court of Kansas, in Elkins [482]*482v. Board of Commissioners, 86 Kan. 305, 120 Pac. 542, 46 L. R. A. n. s. 662:
"Many conflicting authorities are cited to sustain the contentions of the respective parties. A careful reading of them all, and others, indicates that each case, as to the circumstances and the object sought to be obtained in offering the reward, must in a measure be considered by itself. ” (46 L. R. A. n. s. 668.)
The circumstances surrounding the offer of reward in the case at bar are such, we think, that the legislature never contemplated that knowledge of the offer should be a prerequisite to a right to recover. The murder of the four stockmen in midwinter, in a part of the state remote from centers of population, indicated its perpetration by Indians. It was certain that whoever undertook the capture of the murderers had to assume unusual hardships and dangers in a country where communication with the outside world was difficult and at times impossible. It may reasonably be assumed that the legislature had knowledge at the time of the passage of the act that one or more posses were already in pursuit of the outlaws.
[2] The fact upon which the second question must be determined has no parallel in the reported cases, and yet we think precedent exists for a rule which is applicable to the facts of this case. The offer of the reward was "for the arrest and conviction of the person or persons guilty of the murder of Harry Cambrón and three associates.” There was neither arrest nor conviction, for the reason that the persons " guilty of the murder” were all killed while resisting arrest. The persons composing the posse were authorized to make an arrest of the murderers. (Rev. Laws, sec. 6954.) The taking of the lives of the murderers, while resisting arrest by force of arms, was also justifiable. (Rev. Laws, secs. 6396, 6397.)
As said in the notes to the case of Elkins v. Board of Commissioners, supra:
"In construing rewards offered for arrest and conviction, the courts have been inclined to look with disfavor [483]*483on a too technical interpretation of the word ' conviction. ’ ” (46 L. R. A. n. s. 664.)
The author of'the note also says:
"One who offers a reward for the performance of a certain service may prescribe any terms he may wish, but as experience has shown that many persons are profuse in their promises and slow in meeting them, and are inclined to take advantage of mere technicalities in order to avoid carrying out their end of the agreement, courts have often, as in Elkins v. Wyandotte County, held that a substantia] compliance with the terms is sufficient, especially where a literal compliance would be impossible.”
The Supreme Court of Connecticut, in the Matter of Kelly, 39 Conn. 159, held: "That the statute ought to recéive an equitable, not a strict or technical, construction, and that so construed the petitioner was fairly within its provisions” and entitled to the reward.
In Haskell v. Davidson, 91 Me. 488, it was held: "An offer of a reward for the arrest and conviction of an offender cannot be taken literally. ”
In case of Mosley v. Stone, Auditor, 108 Ky. 492, is analagous to the one at bar. It was therein held: "Plaintiff is entitled to a reward offered by the governor for the arrest of a fugitive and his delivery to.the jailer, though in making the arrest he wounded the fugitive so that he died before he could be delivered to the jailer.”
In the case at bar the arrest and conviction of the persons for whom the reward was offered was rendered impossible by reason of their being killed while resisting arrest. Their killing, in the manner detailed in the agreed statement of facts, was justifiable and operated as a lawful excuse for noncompliance with the full conditions of the reward.
It is our conclusion that there has been shown a substantial compliance with the conditions of the reward, and the respondents are entitled to recover.
Judgment affirmed. _