Atkinson, J.
This case should not be confused with the proposition that an indictment for the greater will authorize a conviction for a less offense, where the averments in the indictment are sufficiently broad, as was held in Smith v. State, 126 Ga. 544. That is not the question.' We are confronted with a different proposition altogether. The defendant was on trial under an indictment which charged him and others with a criminal design to take the life of the person slain. Evidence was introduced tending to show that the defendant unlawfully shot at the person slain, with a pistol, and his fire was returned by the person assailed, and that at this instant one of the other defendants indicted, but not on trial, fired upon the deceased, inflicting the mortal wound. Under such evidence and under such indictment the court charged the jury as follows: “If you should believe from the evidence in this case that the defendant now on trial was not a principal, either in the first or second degree, under the rules that I have already given you in charge, and you should further believe from the evidence in the case that he acted independently and separately, and if you believe that he committed an assault upon the party who was killed, and that he committed that with the intent at the time he committed the assault, — with intent to kill with some deadly weapon, and that he intended to kill, then you may find him guilty of the offense of assault with intent to murder; but if that intent [268]*268■did not exist, it would not have been murder if death had resulted. If you believe that the defendant fired at the deceased and that he did not kill him, and you believe that if he had killed him, under the rules of law that-1 have given you heretofore in charge, that it would have been murder if death had resulted, if you believe he would have been guilty of murder under those circumstances, you would be authorized to find the defendant guilty of assault with intent to murder.” The exception to this charge was that “it instructed the jury that in a case where joint defendants were jointly indicted for a joint crime involving the unlawful and malicious taking of human life, and where it appears that one of the joint ■defendants did in fact take the life of the deceased, they could find .another of these joint defendants, who did not do the killing, guilty of an entirely independent and separate act from that for which he was indicted. Under the charge in the indictment, in the light of the evidence this defendant could not possibly have been convicted of an offense which did not involve the unlawful taking of human life. The harm of this charge is manifested by the verdict finding the defendant guilty of assault with intent to murder.”
We do not think this charge was authorized. The indictment •charged the defendant with a particular criminal act, to wit, the act which actually resulted in the death' of .the deceased, and in which there were other criminal participants. It would not be proper to put the defendant on trial for that particular offense and convict him of any offense based upon a separate and distinct or an entirely different act. For illustration, let us suppose that, with an intent to murder by the unlawful homicide of another, one makes a deadly assault upon such other in the morning and fails ■of his purpose. Let us suppose that the intending slayer should during the day have completely repented of his deadly purpose, yet in the afternoon should form another purpose to kill, and lie in wait and actually slay the person who had escaped unharmed in the -morning. Here is the effort upon two separate occasions to bring about the death of the same person, and yet in legal contemplation it could not have been two attempts to commit the same murder. There could be but one murder, and therefore the previous attempt could not be held to be an attempt to do the murder which was actually accomplished. If the ineffectual attempt to •commit the murder in the earlier part of the day is to be treated [269]*269as a part of and merged in the later snccessfnl attempt, then, if by chance the slayer should be acquitted of the offense of murder,, he would necessarily be acquitted of the assault with intent to-murder of which he was guilty in the earlier part of the day-Let it be said that the circumstances were such as to actually justify the homicide, the acquittal for murder would necessarily follow, but it ought never be held that the acquittal for murder would operate as a bar to a prosecution for the separate offense of assault with intent to murder, which was committed in the morning.
In the ease of Davis v. State, 45 Ark. 464, it was held that “under an indictment for murder the accused may be convicted, of assault with intent to kill, provided the indictment contains-all the substantive allegations necessary to let in proof of the inferior crime, and the proof shows that the offense of which he was-convicted, and the one charged in the indictment, are the same.” In that case the trial judge charged the jury: “If you believe from the evidence that the defendant, in September, 1883, went 'to the office of the deceased in Garland county, Arkansas, and there assaulted him with a deadly weapon, a loaded gun, by pointing it at him and demanding money, and did then shoot at the deceased with said gun, with intent to kill him, but that the shot so-fired by the defendant missed the deceased, you will find the defendant guilty of an assault with intent to kill and murder, although you may find that the defendant, after firing such shot,, really and in good faith abandoned the conflict, and retreated to a-place of apparent safety, and there shot and killed the deceased,, in order to save his own life, or to protect himself from great bodily injury.” Upon review, the Supreme Court of that State-held: “Another limitation, upon the doctrine of convicting for a lower offense, upon an indictment charging a higher one of the same class, is the duty of the State to prove the identity of the two offenses. A conviction can not be had upon evidence of another offense of the same kind, committed on the same day, but not identical with it. Comm. v. Blood, 4 Gray, 31; Same v. Dean,. 109 Mass. 349. The charge of the court implies that there was evidence of two distinct assaults — one unsuccessful, the defendant having missed his aim; and that he then withdrew from the conflict and retired in good faith to a place of apparent security, whither he was pursued by Adams, and was there attacked. [270]*270in a manner to endanger Ms life, or menace Mm with, great bodily harm, and that in defending himself he took the life of Adams. "We are not advised of the interval of time that separated the two assaults, but we infer they did not constitute one continuous transaction, although they were doubtless so closely connected that the first assault was the cause of Adams’ pursuit. Now, it was the last assault committed by the defendant which resulted in the death of Adams, that was the subject of this indictment. But from all guilt in the making of this assault, the jury, by their verdict have absolved the defendant. They have said that it was done in necessary self-defense, and was therefore justifiable. But they have recurred to the original attack upon Adams, which was not the ground of accusation and upon which no issue was joined, and have declared that it was murderous in design, notwithstanding it failed of execution. The defendant has been acquitted of the felonious homicide.
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Atkinson, J.
This case should not be confused with the proposition that an indictment for the greater will authorize a conviction for a less offense, where the averments in the indictment are sufficiently broad, as was held in Smith v. State, 126 Ga. 544. That is not the question.' We are confronted with a different proposition altogether. The defendant was on trial under an indictment which charged him and others with a criminal design to take the life of the person slain. Evidence was introduced tending to show that the defendant unlawfully shot at the person slain, with a pistol, and his fire was returned by the person assailed, and that at this instant one of the other defendants indicted, but not on trial, fired upon the deceased, inflicting the mortal wound. Under such evidence and under such indictment the court charged the jury as follows: “If you should believe from the evidence in this case that the defendant now on trial was not a principal, either in the first or second degree, under the rules that I have already given you in charge, and you should further believe from the evidence in the case that he acted independently and separately, and if you believe that he committed an assault upon the party who was killed, and that he committed that with the intent at the time he committed the assault, — with intent to kill with some deadly weapon, and that he intended to kill, then you may find him guilty of the offense of assault with intent to murder; but if that intent [268]*268■did not exist, it would not have been murder if death had resulted. If you believe that the defendant fired at the deceased and that he did not kill him, and you believe that if he had killed him, under the rules of law that-1 have given you heretofore in charge, that it would have been murder if death had resulted, if you believe he would have been guilty of murder under those circumstances, you would be authorized to find the defendant guilty of assault with intent to murder.” The exception to this charge was that “it instructed the jury that in a case where joint defendants were jointly indicted for a joint crime involving the unlawful and malicious taking of human life, and where it appears that one of the joint ■defendants did in fact take the life of the deceased, they could find .another of these joint defendants, who did not do the killing, guilty of an entirely independent and separate act from that for which he was indicted. Under the charge in the indictment, in the light of the evidence this defendant could not possibly have been convicted of an offense which did not involve the unlawful taking of human life. The harm of this charge is manifested by the verdict finding the defendant guilty of assault with intent to murder.”
We do not think this charge was authorized. The indictment •charged the defendant with a particular criminal act, to wit, the act which actually resulted in the death' of .the deceased, and in which there were other criminal participants. It would not be proper to put the defendant on trial for that particular offense and convict him of any offense based upon a separate and distinct or an entirely different act. For illustration, let us suppose that, with an intent to murder by the unlawful homicide of another, one makes a deadly assault upon such other in the morning and fails ■of his purpose. Let us suppose that the intending slayer should during the day have completely repented of his deadly purpose, yet in the afternoon should form another purpose to kill, and lie in wait and actually slay the person who had escaped unharmed in the -morning. Here is the effort upon two separate occasions to bring about the death of the same person, and yet in legal contemplation it could not have been two attempts to commit the same murder. There could be but one murder, and therefore the previous attempt could not be held to be an attempt to do the murder which was actually accomplished. If the ineffectual attempt to •commit the murder in the earlier part of the day is to be treated [269]*269as a part of and merged in the later snccessfnl attempt, then, if by chance the slayer should be acquitted of the offense of murder,, he would necessarily be acquitted of the assault with intent to-murder of which he was guilty in the earlier part of the day-Let it be said that the circumstances were such as to actually justify the homicide, the acquittal for murder would necessarily follow, but it ought never be held that the acquittal for murder would operate as a bar to a prosecution for the separate offense of assault with intent to murder, which was committed in the morning.
In the ease of Davis v. State, 45 Ark. 464, it was held that “under an indictment for murder the accused may be convicted, of assault with intent to kill, provided the indictment contains-all the substantive allegations necessary to let in proof of the inferior crime, and the proof shows that the offense of which he was-convicted, and the one charged in the indictment, are the same.” In that case the trial judge charged the jury: “If you believe from the evidence that the defendant, in September, 1883, went 'to the office of the deceased in Garland county, Arkansas, and there assaulted him with a deadly weapon, a loaded gun, by pointing it at him and demanding money, and did then shoot at the deceased with said gun, with intent to kill him, but that the shot so-fired by the defendant missed the deceased, you will find the defendant guilty of an assault with intent to kill and murder, although you may find that the defendant, after firing such shot,, really and in good faith abandoned the conflict, and retreated to a-place of apparent safety, and there shot and killed the deceased,, in order to save his own life, or to protect himself from great bodily injury.” Upon review, the Supreme Court of that State-held: “Another limitation, upon the doctrine of convicting for a lower offense, upon an indictment charging a higher one of the same class, is the duty of the State to prove the identity of the two offenses. A conviction can not be had upon evidence of another offense of the same kind, committed on the same day, but not identical with it. Comm. v. Blood, 4 Gray, 31; Same v. Dean,. 109 Mass. 349. The charge of the court implies that there was evidence of two distinct assaults — one unsuccessful, the defendant having missed his aim; and that he then withdrew from the conflict and retired in good faith to a place of apparent security, whither he was pursued by Adams, and was there attacked. [270]*270in a manner to endanger Ms life, or menace Mm with, great bodily harm, and that in defending himself he took the life of Adams. "We are not advised of the interval of time that separated the two assaults, but we infer they did not constitute one continuous transaction, although they were doubtless so closely connected that the first assault was the cause of Adams’ pursuit. Now, it was the last assault committed by the defendant which resulted in the death of Adams, that was the subject of this indictment. But from all guilt in the making of this assault, the jury, by their verdict have absolved the defendant. They have said that it was done in necessary self-defense, and was therefore justifiable. But they have recurred to the original attack upon Adams, which was not the ground of accusation and upon which no issue was joined, and have declared that it was murderous in design, notwithstanding it failed of execution. The defendant has been acquitted of the felonious homicide. The verdict finding him guilty of assault with intent to kill, if intended to apply to the later assault, in the course of which Adams lost his life, is not reconcilable with common sense; for that was either murder or manslaughter or excusable homicide. If it was meant to apply to a previous unsuccessful .attempt to take the life of Adams, that, was not the offense for which the prisoner was on trial. Doubtless he was, and still is, amenable to prosecution and punishment for that assault; but he must be indicted for it.” See, also, in connection with Davis v. State, supra, the case of Jackson v. State, 87 Ga. 432, and cit. It may be that the defendant is guilty of an independent assault with intent to commit a murder, in which the actual perpetrator did not participate either in design or by relation in act, but, if so, for that offense he was not .tried, and, consequently, could not be convicted.
A case may be easily supposed in which one person may be guilty of committing a murder by shooting, and another guilty of an assault with intent to murder by like means, both firing simultaneously upon the same person, and still with no such' concurrence •of act and intent as to render the one responsible for the act of the ■other. The homicide may involve the slaying of the same person, .and yet the offense of each be entirely separate and distinct. Let us suppose that two persons with no common intent, but each with a similar purpose to slay another, lie in wait on opposite sides of [271]*271the way, each, hidden from the other and neither knowing of the other’s presence or purpose. The person slain passes along and is fired upon by one who misses his aim; the other immediately fires and kills such person. There is a single murder which one man has committed; the other did not participate in that homicide. Here, also, is an attempt to murder in which the murderer did not participate, — two distinct and separate offenses by separate persons and not .in conspiracy. Certainly it could not be said that it would be proper to join both in one indictment, or proper to convict either for an offense based upon other than the particular criminal act which he perpetrated. As, in the case at' bar, the defendant was indicted with the others charged with the criminal act which actually resulted in the death of the deceased, but, because there was evidence tending to show that although the defendant may not have participated in the act which really resulted in the death of the deceased, yet that he separately and independently from the others had committed certain other acts amounting to an assault with intent to murder, the court delivered the charge to which exception is taken as set forth in the excerpt. Under the present indictment, the charge was erroneous. If it is desired to put the defendant upon trial for the “separate and distinct” offense of assault with intent to murder, based upon the shot fired by the defendant before the mortal wound was inflicted by another, let him be so indicted as to charge him with that particular assault, and not the different act which resulted in the death. Here are two separate and distinct felonies; yet the judge charges the jury, that, two persons being jointly indicted for the murder, they may •convict the defendant who made the ineffectual effort to slay, though they should find that he took no part in the commission of the homicide. For the reasons indicated, the judgment of the court below in refusing a new trial must be reversed. What has been said also disposes of the assignments of error in the 9th, 10th, 12th, and 13th grounds of the amended motion.
There were other assignments in the motion for new trial, which will now be dealt with. Complaint is made that the judge charged the jury the law in reference to principal "in the first degree and principal in the second degree, and read in connection therewith that portion of § 42 of the Penal Code defining what constitutes constructive .presence. There was some evidence authorizing in[272]*272struetions as to the law of principals in the first and second degrees, but as there was no evidence as to constructive presence, it would have been better if the presiding judge had omitted that-part of the section relating to this subject. . Complaint is made-that the court charged the jury as follows: “Now if you should find from the evidence in this case and under the rules of law that I have given you, and will hereafter give you, that the defendant now on trial was not the principal in the first degree, that-is, the actor or absolute perpetrator of the crime, .then, before he-could be convicted, you must believe beyond a reasonable doubt, from the evidence, that he was present, and that he either assisted in its commission, or that he shared in the criminal intent of the actor or absolute perpetrator ot the crime, before you would be authorized to find him guilty of murder.” This charge was excepted to upon the ground that it contained expression of opinion that the person who did the killing was guilty of a crime and that crime was murder, and also upon the ground that that portion of' it which charged that the defendant would be guilty if he shared in the criminal intent of the actor or absolute perpetrator of the crime was error, and that there was no evidence to sustain the charge. There was some evidence to authorize the charge on the subject of principals in the first and second degrees, and the charge-complained of does not contain any expression of opinion, but it-is subject to the objection that the jury were instructed that the defendant would be guilty if he shared in the criminal intent of the actor or absolute perpetrator of the crime, even though he had been guilty of no overt act. This was, of course, error, and would of itself be a sufficient reason for reversing the judgment. There-was some evidence authorizing the charge on the subject of conspiracy. The charges complained of in the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th grounds of the amended motion are not erroneous for any reasons assigned. Whether they were subject to any other criticism is not now for determination. As we have reached the conclusion that there was at least some slight evidence to authorize an instruction on the law relating to principals in the second degree, it necessarily follows that it was. permissible to introduce in evidence the bill of indictment against Hardy Moss, with the verdict of guilty thereon. If the State relied upon the theory that Moss-was the actual perpetrator of the crime and that the accused was. [273]*273a principal in the second degree, it was absolutely essential that the State should prove that Hardy Moss was guilty of the offense charged as a principal in the first degree. This can be done by showing his indictment and conviction, which establishes his guilt prima facie as against the accused.
The foregoing discussion deals in substance with all of the assignments of error contained in the motion for new trial, and upon another trial the judge can so frame his charge as to avoid the errors which have been pointed out and adjust his instructions to the evidence as it may then appear, if it should be substantially different from what it was on the former trial.
Judgment reversed.
All the Justices concur, except Fish, O. J., absent.