Little, J.
The first two grounds of the motion for new
trial are based on the allegations that the verdict is contrary to law, and -without evidence to support it. Inasmuch as th,ecase goes back for another trial, we do not pass upon the weight of the evidence in the case.
1. The next ground of error assigned is, that the court erred .in charging the jury the law in relation to'voluntary man- .. slaughter. We are of the opinion that, under the facts in this, case, there was no evidence which authorized a charge on the law of voluntary manslaughter. We do not wish to be undérstood. as saying that if the circumstances were different^ that is to say, if there was any proof or a legitimate inference ’from the facts in evidence that the plaintiff in error slew the [677] ■deceased as the result of passion founded on sufficient provqcation found in the trespass' of the deceased on the property .of the accused, the offense of which he would be guilty would not be that of voluntary manslaughter. Every homicide committed as the result of passion is by no means to be classed as voluntary manslaughter. A homicide, when done in the absence of malice, and as the result of a sudden heat of passion ■engendered by a provocation sufficient in law to justify the passion, is graded below the crime of murder, because the killing is then partially excused on account of the justly aroused passion; nor is it always necessary, in order to grade the offense as voluntary manslaughter, that there should be an assault upon the person killing, to justify the excitement of passion which induced the homicide. Golden v. State, 25 Ga. 532; Stokes v. State, 18 Ga. 17. Our Penal Code, § 65, declares, that in all cases of voluntary manslaughter there must be some actual assault upon the person killing, or an attempt ■by the person killed to commit a serious personal injury on the person killing, or other equivalent circumstances to justify the excitement of passion. Assuming, as we must under the evidence, that the deceased was a trespasser on the property of the accused at the time of the homicide, under the theory of the State he was a mere trespasser without intending to injure the person -or property. Under general criminal law, neither insulting nor abusive words or gestures, nor trespass, nor breach of contract, of themselves amount to sufficient provocation for an act of resentment likely to endanger life. A mere trespass, on property, less than that to protect which our Code makes it justifiable homicide to kill the trespasser, may be resisted by any reasonable or necessary force short of taking-or endangering .life. Clark’s Criminal Law, 145. If, in the course of a struggle to prevent such a trespass by the use of reasonable and necessary force which the owner is entitled to use, a struggle and combat ensue, then, whether the slayer is justified, guilty of murder or voluntary manslaughter, is .to be determined by other rules, not necessary here to be discussed. According to the evidence, there was no attempt to remove the trespasser; but the theory of the State is, that the accused, with malice, [678] or actuated'by the spirit of revenge, deliberately shot the deceased while standing in the yard of the accused, when there was no necessity for him to do so to protect his habitation or-family, and no circumstances at the time to justify a passion which caused him to shoot the deceased. The theory of the defendant was, that he shot and killed the deceased to prevent him from entering his house, which he says the deceased was attempting to do, to commit an assault on the person of his wife. The issue is a clearly defined one. If the theory of the defendant be supported by the facts, he was not guilty of any offense, but was entirely justified. If the theory of the Stato be correct,'then the crime was murder. Under the evidence,, there seemed to have been a deliberate shooting on the part of' the defendant, not as the result of passion, not in a struggle, nor was there any mutual combat, nor any evidence of an attempt by the slayer to remove the trespasser from his promises otherwise than by deliberately shooting him down. The-evidence in this case is remarkable, not for what the witnesses who went to the housé of the accused with the deceased say as to the facts of the homicide, but as to what they do not say; and although three of them were present at the time on the premises of the accused, no clear account is rendered by any of them as to the facts of the homicide. But from the evidence of these witnesses, and circumstances shown by other witnesses, we fail to find any circumstances establishing the proposition that the shooting was the result of passion. This being true, a charge relating to- voluntary manslaughter was error. Nor can a conviction for this offense stand, under the evidence disclosed in the record. Dyal v. State, 97 Ga. 428.
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Little, J.
The first two grounds of the motion for new
trial are based on the allegations that the verdict is contrary to law, and -without evidence to support it. Inasmuch as th,ecase goes back for another trial, we do not pass upon the weight of the evidence in the case.
1. The next ground of error assigned is, that the court erred .in charging the jury the law in relation to'voluntary man- .. slaughter. We are of the opinion that, under the facts in this, case, there was no evidence which authorized a charge on the law of voluntary manslaughter. We do not wish to be undérstood. as saying that if the circumstances were different^ that is to say, if there was any proof or a legitimate inference ’from the facts in evidence that the plaintiff in error slew the [677] ■deceased as the result of passion founded on sufficient provqcation found in the trespass' of the deceased on the property .of the accused, the offense of which he would be guilty would not be that of voluntary manslaughter. Every homicide committed as the result of passion is by no means to be classed as voluntary manslaughter. A homicide, when done in the absence of malice, and as the result of a sudden heat of passion ■engendered by a provocation sufficient in law to justify the passion, is graded below the crime of murder, because the killing is then partially excused on account of the justly aroused passion; nor is it always necessary, in order to grade the offense as voluntary manslaughter, that there should be an assault upon the person killing, to justify the excitement of passion which induced the homicide. Golden v. State, 25 Ga. 532; Stokes v. State, 18 Ga. 17. Our Penal Code, § 65, declares, that in all cases of voluntary manslaughter there must be some actual assault upon the person killing, or an attempt ■by the person killed to commit a serious personal injury on the person killing, or other equivalent circumstances to justify the excitement of passion. Assuming, as we must under the evidence, that the deceased was a trespasser on the property of the accused at the time of the homicide, under the theory of the State he was a mere trespasser without intending to injure the person -or property. Under general criminal law, neither insulting nor abusive words or gestures, nor trespass, nor breach of contract, of themselves amount to sufficient provocation for an act of resentment likely to endanger life. A mere trespass, on property, less than that to protect which our Code makes it justifiable homicide to kill the trespasser, may be resisted by any reasonable or necessary force short of taking-or endangering .life. Clark’s Criminal Law, 145. If, in the course of a struggle to prevent such a trespass by the use of reasonable and necessary force which the owner is entitled to use, a struggle and combat ensue, then, whether the slayer is justified, guilty of murder or voluntary manslaughter, is .to be determined by other rules, not necessary here to be discussed. According to the evidence, there was no attempt to remove the trespasser; but the theory of the State is, that the accused, with malice, [678] or actuated'by the spirit of revenge, deliberately shot the deceased while standing in the yard of the accused, when there was no necessity for him to do so to protect his habitation or-family, and no circumstances at the time to justify a passion which caused him to shoot the deceased. The theory of the defendant was, that he shot and killed the deceased to prevent him from entering his house, which he says the deceased was attempting to do, to commit an assault on the person of his wife. The issue is a clearly defined one. If the theory of the defendant be supported by the facts, he was not guilty of any offense, but was entirely justified. If the theory of the Stato be correct,'then the crime was murder. Under the evidence,, there seemed to have been a deliberate shooting on the part of' the defendant, not as the result of passion, not in a struggle, nor was there any mutual combat, nor any evidence of an attempt by the slayer to remove the trespasser from his promises otherwise than by deliberately shooting him down. The-evidence in this case is remarkable, not for what the witnesses who went to the housé of the accused with the deceased say as to the facts of the homicide, but as to what they do not say; and although three of them were present at the time on the premises of the accused, no clear account is rendered by any of them as to the facts of the homicide. But from the evidence of these witnesses, and circumstances shown by other witnesses, we fail to find any circumstances establishing the proposition that the shooting was the result of passion. This being true, a charge relating to- voluntary manslaughter was error. Nor can a conviction for this offense stand, under the evidence disclosed in the record. Dyal v. State, 97 Ga. 428.
2. Another ground of the motion for a new trial alleges, that the court erred in charging on the subject of flight. The language of the court on this subject is as follows: “Something has been said upon the subject of flight. The rule on that subject is, that where one commits an act that amounts presumptively to a crime, and the party who commits the act immediately flees from the processes and officers of the law, to' avoid arrest or trial, the presumption would be authorized that he fled, from the consciousness of guilt. That presumption. [679] can be rebutted by showing that flight was not from a sense or consciousness of guilt, but for other reasons.” It may be that the principle stated by the judge in his charge is a correct one; and if the propositions that the accused immediately flees from the processes and officers of the law, and that such flight is for the purpose of avoiding arrest or trial, be assumed, the conclusions which follow are legal and natural. But whether so or not, the charge as to the law of presumptions which apply to the flight of one who is charged with the commission of an offense, or has done an act which may amount to a crime, was too strongly put, and, without qualification, does not correctly lay down the principle applicable under the facts of this case. Mr. Wharton, in his work ou Criminal Evidence, §750, in treating this subject, says: “When a suspected person attempts to escape or evade a threatened prosecution, it may be argued that ho does so from a consciousness of guilt, and though this inference is by no means strong enough by itself to warrant a conviction, yet it may become one of a series of circumstances from which guilt may be inferred.” And further treating the subject, he also says: “The question, it can not be too often repeated, is simply one of inductive probable reasoning from certain established facts. All the courts cando, when such inferences are invoked, is to say that escape, disguise, and similar acts afford, in connection with other proof, the basis from which guilt may be inferred; but this should be qualified by a general statement of the countervailing considerations incidental to a comprehensive view of the question.” Underhill, in his treatise on Criminal Evidence, § 119, citing 95 Mo. 623; 2 N. Y. Crim. Rep. 450, says: “It can not with correctness be said that the flight or attempted flight of the accused before his arrest, tálcen alone, raises any legal presumption of guilt, or that his flight, ivithout regard to the motive which prompted it, is, in law, evidence of guilt. At the most it is only a circumstance to be considered by the jury with the reasons that prompted it, tending to show guilt, or by which an inference of guilt may be raised, and it has no probative force unless it appears that the accused fled to avoid arrest or imprisonment.” In the case of Hickory v. United States, 160 U. S. 408, it was ruled, that the flight [680] of the accused is a presumption of fact, not of law, and is merely a circumstance tending to increase the probability of the defendant's being the guilty person, which is to be weighed by the jury like any other evidentiary circumstance. See People v. Ah Ngow, 54 Cal. 151, s. c. 35 Am. Rep. 69. And such also is the ruling of our own court. Jesse v. State, 20 Ga. 156-166; Smith v. State, 63 Ga. 170; Sewell v. State, 76 Ga. 836. The judge in this case charged that the rule was,'where one immediately flees to avoid arrest or trial, the presumption would be authorized that he fled, from the consciousness of guilt. This, we think, was not a fair presentation of the law of this case; for there was evidence tending to show the flight was, not from the officers of the law, but to escape violence from the companions of the deceased, and the court made no qualification of its charge appropriate to the evidence just mentioned. Flight is, at most, only a circumstance which ma} be weighed by the jury, in connection with other circumstances, to determine guilt, and is of itself no such circumstance as authorizes the jury to presume guilt.
3. Another ground of the motion for new trial is, that the court erred in charging the jury the provisions of section 73 of the Penal Code, in relation to the homicide of a person, where the killing must be done in order to save the life of the slayer. It must be apparent that this law is wholly inapplicable to a case of this character. The provisions of this section apply only to cases of mutual combat, where one person endeavors in good faith to decline any further struggle. To such a person, it is only justifiable to slay his adversary after a bona fide effort to avoid all further difficulty. Powell v. The State, 101 Ga. 9. The slayer is protected in cases in which the provisions ofvthis section apply, only when the killing was done as an absolute necessity to save his own life, and only in cases when it appears that the person killed was the assailant, or that the slayer had in good faith endeavored to decline any further struggle before he inflicted the mortal wound. There was no evidence of any mutual combat between the deceased and the accused preceding this homicide. On the contrary, the accused was in his house; the deceased on his premises [681] without the house. There was no evidence of quarreling be-t tween them, nor of any attempt to" fight, and the rules which •determine the guilt or innocence of the defendant are not to be found in these provisions of law.
4. An exception is taken to the charge of the court which instructed the jury as follows: “If persons assemble before another’s house and actually advance on him, and render it necessary for his protection, or make such demonstrations as : to excite the fears of a reasonable man that-it was their inten-' tiou to commit a felon}*- on him or some member of his family, he would be justified in shooting them; but if they merely threaten to commit violence, he is not justifiable in shooting until he has warned them off.” We do not think this is a fair presentation of the provisions of our law which afford protection to one who resists an invasion of the home in which he dwells. Section 70 of the Penal Code declares, that it is justifiable homicide for one to kill a person who, in connection with another or others, manifestly intends and endeavors in a riotous and tumultuous manner to enter the habitation of another for the purpose of assaulting or offering personal violence to any person dwelling or being therein. It was held in the case of Hudgins v. State, 2 Ga. 173, that this provision of the Penal Code does not apply to a single individual, but contemplates the joint action of two or more persons; and that under this section the killing is justifiable when the assailants designed entering the habitation for the purpose of assaulting or of offering any personal violence to one of the inmates. So that this case establishes two propositions: that under this provision of the code it is justifiable homicide for one to kill another who, in company with some person or with other persons, intends and endeavors in a riotous and tumultuous manner to enter his habitation for the purpose of assaulting or offering personal violence to any person therein ; and that it is not necessary, in order to justify, that such personal violence shall amount to a felony.
In the case of Caldwell v. State, 34 Ga. 10, where a number of persons went to the house of another and endeavored against the will of the owner to force an entrance, and, having broken [682] a window, one of them proceeded to enter the window and was shot by the prosecutor in the act, this court held that a fair test of whether the prosecutor was guilty of murder or even of manslaughter was'whether the person killed was violently and unlawfully entering his dwelling. Again, under the provisions of section 72 of the Penal Code, if, after persuasion, remonstrance, or other gentle measures used, a forcible attack and invasion on the habitation of another can not be prevented, it is justifiable homicide to kill the person so forcibly attacking and invading the habitation of another; but it must appear that such killing was absolutely necessary to prevent such attack and invasion, and that a serious injury was intended or might accrue to the person, property, or family of the person killing. Under the provisions of. these two sections of our code, it must be apparent that the court erred in charging the jury as complained of. If, as a matter of fact, the evidence 'shows that more than one person, acting in concert and in the prosecution of a joint enterprise, went to the house of the plaintiff in error, then whether the provisions of section 70 of the Penal Code, above referred to, would apply, depends entirely upon whether they or one of them, in the prosecution of such common intent, manifestly intended and endeavored in a riotous and tumultuous manner to enter his house for the purpose of assaulting or offering personal violence to any person therein. Then, if the defendant shot, and killed one of such persons so intending and endeavoring to enter, it would be justifiable, homicide. If, however, only one of such persons made a forcible attack and attempt to invade the habitation, and after persuasion; remonstrance, or other gentle measures, such attack and invasion could not otherwise be prevented, it was justifiable homicide to kill the person so making the attack and invasion. And this is. manifestly right. The law protects not only the person and property of the citizen, but it protects his home, whether it be a hut or a palace ; and he who seeks in a violent manner to enter that habitation, and will not heed the remonstrance or persuasion of the owner, but continues the attack and invasion, intending to do a serious injury either to the person who resides there, to his house, or to some member [683] of the family, forfeits his life, and he who in good faith, under such circumstances, takes the life of the person so invading his home, is guiltless of crime, and is acting in the due protection of himself and his family. We do not say that the facts show that the plaintiff in error is thus protected; but these are the principles of law which, on his theory of the case, should have been given in charge to the jury; and the charge, as complained of, did not present, as we consider, the provisions of law which afford the .slayer protection under the circumstances enumerated in the statute.
Other than as herein referred to, the court committed no error in its charge to the jury which calls for a reversal of its judgment.
Judgment reversed.
All the Justices concurring.