Part of section 98 of the brotherhood's constitution and by-laws in force at the time the certificate was issued to him, was as follows:
"Second, one-half of the amount that would have been paid to said beneficiary in case of the death of said member, shall be paid to the said member, if demanded, within 90 days from the receipt of satisfactory proof of total or permanent disability rendering said member entirely unable to follow any vocation or pursuit. Such disability may be either the result of accident, disease contracted after becoming a member, or old age; provided further, that should the said total and permanent disability be the result of old age after reaching the age of 70, then the payment shall be in accordance with that section of the by-laws relating to old age disability."
The jury having found that appellant about November 1, 1913, became totally and permanently disabled, within the meaning of the certificate issued to him and the law above set out, and, it not being pretended that appellant for any reason was not then in good standing as a member of the brotherhood, and therefore not entitled to the benefits specified in that certificate and law, it must be assumed the trial court in rendering judgment against him did so because he was of opinion a change in the brotherhood's constitution and laws applicable to the case was effected by section 128, adopted June 11, 1913, which operated to deny appellant a right to the relief he sought. Said section 128, so far as it need be stated, was as follows:
"Should any member carrying the whole life level policy as mentioned in this section, and while not suspended for payment of dues, become totally and permanently disabled as a result of either accident or disease contracted after becoming a member rendering such member totally and permanently physically unable to follow any gainful avocation, pursuit or employment, or to do or perform any physical labor whatever, prior to attaining age 60, then upon satisfactory proof of such fact the Supreme Executive Committee shall declare such policy paid up for life; provided that should it later appear that such disability was not in fact total or permanent, then such member shall upon notice from the Supreme Executive Committee resume the payment of his or her original rate of contribution and shall pay same until death, but shall not be required to pay for any part of the time such disability existed prior to age 60."
It will be observed that the by-law just set out did not by its express terms apply to members "carrying the whole life level policy," as appellant did, at the time it was adopted, and that there is nothing in its language directly negativing an intention that it should affect the rights of others than those who should become members after it was adopted. The rule applicable to changes in the laws of such an association has been stated as follows:
"Alterations in the by-laws of the association will not be given a retrospective operation where to do so would result in the impairment of vested rights; and even where no rights have become vested such alterations will not be construed to operate retrospectively, unless an intent that they shall have such operation clearly appears and no other reasonable construction is possible." 7 C.J. 1081.
And see 29 Cyc. 72 et seq., and, as illustrating the rule, Woodmen of the World v. Thornton, 115 Ga. 798, 42 S.E. 236; United Workmen v. Brown, 112 Ga. 545, 37 S.E. 890; Kaemmerer v. Kaemmerer, 231 Ill. 154,83 N.E. 133; United Workmen v. Stumpf, 24 Tex. Civ. App. 309, 58 S.W. 840; Knights Templar Mason's Life Indemnity Co. v. Jarman, 187 U.S. 197,23 Sup.Ct. 108, 47 L.Ed. 139.
In the Thornton Case the court said:
"It will be presumed that an amendment to the by-laws was not intended to affect a contract of insurance previously issued by the society, and it will be so construed as to give it a retroactive force only when the intention to have it so operate is clear and undoubted. This is no new doctrine in law. It applies to acts passed by the Legislature of a state as well as to laws enacted by a benefit society. It is a reasonable and just rule of construction for such acts. While a member may agree in his contract that laws thereafter passed shall bind him, such a law, in order to have that effect, must show clearly the intention of the lawmaking power that it shall become a part of the contract. The member is then put upon notice that his contract has changed, and he can either acquiesce in the change, or leave the association."
In the Brown Case the court said:
"It is a well-recognized rule in the construction of statutes that a legislative enactment will be given a prospective operation only in the absence of a clear intent that it shall act retrospectively. End. Interp. St. § 273; Dwar. St. 681. It is not enough that general terms are employed broad enough to cover past transactions; for laws are to be construed as prospective only, if possible. Sedg. St. Const. Law, 161, note `a.' * * * The fact that Harvey (to whom the certificate was issued) agreed to comply with all of the laws, regulations, and requirements which might be enacted by the order subsequently to the issuance of his certificate does not alter the rule that they should be
given a prospective operation, in the absence of a clear intent that they shall act retrospectively."
In the Stumpf Case the court quoted approvingly as follows from Wist v. Grand Lodge, 22 Or. 271, 29 P. 610, 29 Am.St.Rep. 603:
"Rights will not be interfered with unless there are express words to that effect. It is not enough that upon some principles of interpretation a retroactive construction could be given to the law, but the intent to make it retroactive must be so plain and demonstrable as to exclude its prospective operation. `It is not enough that general terms are employed broad enough to cover past transactions,' for laws `are to be construed as prospective only, if possible.' Sedg. St. Const. Law, 161. In fact, so great is the disfavor in which such laws are held, and so generally are they condemned by the courts, that they will not construe any law, no matter how positive in its terms, as intended to interfere with the existing contracts or vested rights, unless the intention that it shall so operate is expressly declared or is to be necessarily implied."
As we are of opinion section 128, when considered with reference to the rules indicated by the quotations made above, must be held to have operated prospectively only, and therefore did not affect the contract evidenced by the certificate which, before its adoption, had been issued to appellant, notwithstanding he agreed, when he accepted it, "to be governed by the laws and by-laws of the supreme lodge," and had a right to benefits provided only in accordance with the "by-laws as they now are or may be lawfully amended," it is unnecessary to determine whether, if said section 128 should be otherwise construed, its operation should be held to be limited "to such regulations as have reference to the member's duties and conduct as a member, and did not embrace an act that would produce a radical change in his rights" (Ericson v.
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Part of section 98 of the brotherhood's constitution and by-laws in force at the time the certificate was issued to him, was as follows:
"Second, one-half of the amount that would have been paid to said beneficiary in case of the death of said member, shall be paid to the said member, if demanded, within 90 days from the receipt of satisfactory proof of total or permanent disability rendering said member entirely unable to follow any vocation or pursuit. Such disability may be either the result of accident, disease contracted after becoming a member, or old age; provided further, that should the said total and permanent disability be the result of old age after reaching the age of 70, then the payment shall be in accordance with that section of the by-laws relating to old age disability."
The jury having found that appellant about November 1, 1913, became totally and permanently disabled, within the meaning of the certificate issued to him and the law above set out, and, it not being pretended that appellant for any reason was not then in good standing as a member of the brotherhood, and therefore not entitled to the benefits specified in that certificate and law, it must be assumed the trial court in rendering judgment against him did so because he was of opinion a change in the brotherhood's constitution and laws applicable to the case was effected by section 128, adopted June 11, 1913, which operated to deny appellant a right to the relief he sought. Said section 128, so far as it need be stated, was as follows:
"Should any member carrying the whole life level policy as mentioned in this section, and while not suspended for payment of dues, become totally and permanently disabled as a result of either accident or disease contracted after becoming a member rendering such member totally and permanently physically unable to follow any gainful avocation, pursuit or employment, or to do or perform any physical labor whatever, prior to attaining age 60, then upon satisfactory proof of such fact the Supreme Executive Committee shall declare such policy paid up for life; provided that should it later appear that such disability was not in fact total or permanent, then such member shall upon notice from the Supreme Executive Committee resume the payment of his or her original rate of contribution and shall pay same until death, but shall not be required to pay for any part of the time such disability existed prior to age 60."
It will be observed that the by-law just set out did not by its express terms apply to members "carrying the whole life level policy," as appellant did, at the time it was adopted, and that there is nothing in its language directly negativing an intention that it should affect the rights of others than those who should become members after it was adopted. The rule applicable to changes in the laws of such an association has been stated as follows:
"Alterations in the by-laws of the association will not be given a retrospective operation where to do so would result in the impairment of vested rights; and even where no rights have become vested such alterations will not be construed to operate retrospectively, unless an intent that they shall have such operation clearly appears and no other reasonable construction is possible." 7 C.J. 1081.
And see 29 Cyc. 72 et seq., and, as illustrating the rule, Woodmen of the World v. Thornton, 115 Ga. 798, 42 S.E. 236; United Workmen v. Brown, 112 Ga. 545, 37 S.E. 890; Kaemmerer v. Kaemmerer, 231 Ill. 154,83 N.E. 133; United Workmen v. Stumpf, 24 Tex. Civ. App. 309, 58 S.W. 840; Knights Templar Mason's Life Indemnity Co. v. Jarman, 187 U.S. 197,23 Sup.Ct. 108, 47 L.Ed. 139.
In the Thornton Case the court said:
"It will be presumed that an amendment to the by-laws was not intended to affect a contract of insurance previously issued by the society, and it will be so construed as to give it a retroactive force only when the intention to have it so operate is clear and undoubted. This is no new doctrine in law. It applies to acts passed by the Legislature of a state as well as to laws enacted by a benefit society. It is a reasonable and just rule of construction for such acts. While a member may agree in his contract that laws thereafter passed shall bind him, such a law, in order to have that effect, must show clearly the intention of the lawmaking power that it shall become a part of the contract. The member is then put upon notice that his contract has changed, and he can either acquiesce in the change, or leave the association."
In the Brown Case the court said:
"It is a well-recognized rule in the construction of statutes that a legislative enactment will be given a prospective operation only in the absence of a clear intent that it shall act retrospectively. End. Interp. St. § 273; Dwar. St. 681. It is not enough that general terms are employed broad enough to cover past transactions; for laws are to be construed as prospective only, if possible. Sedg. St. Const. Law, 161, note `a.' * * * The fact that Harvey (to whom the certificate was issued) agreed to comply with all of the laws, regulations, and requirements which might be enacted by the order subsequently to the issuance of his certificate does not alter the rule that they should be
given a prospective operation, in the absence of a clear intent that they shall act retrospectively."
In the Stumpf Case the court quoted approvingly as follows from Wist v. Grand Lodge, 22 Or. 271, 29 P. 610, 29 Am.St.Rep. 603:
"Rights will not be interfered with unless there are express words to that effect. It is not enough that upon some principles of interpretation a retroactive construction could be given to the law, but the intent to make it retroactive must be so plain and demonstrable as to exclude its prospective operation. `It is not enough that general terms are employed broad enough to cover past transactions,' for laws `are to be construed as prospective only, if possible.' Sedg. St. Const. Law, 161. In fact, so great is the disfavor in which such laws are held, and so generally are they condemned by the courts, that they will not construe any law, no matter how positive in its terms, as intended to interfere with the existing contracts or vested rights, unless the intention that it shall so operate is expressly declared or is to be necessarily implied."
As we are of opinion section 128, when considered with reference to the rules indicated by the quotations made above, must be held to have operated prospectively only, and therefore did not affect the contract evidenced by the certificate which, before its adoption, had been issued to appellant, notwithstanding he agreed, when he accepted it, "to be governed by the laws and by-laws of the supreme lodge," and had a right to benefits provided only in accordance with the "by-laws as they now are or may be lawfully amended," it is unnecessary to determine whether, if said section 128 should be otherwise construed, its operation should be held to be limited "to such regulations as have reference to the member's duties and conduct as a member, and did not embrace an act that would produce a radical change in his rights" (Ericson v. Fraternal Mystic Circle, 105 Tex. 170, 146 S.W. 160), as contended for by appellant.
If section 128 should be construed as applying only to contracts evidenced by certificates issued after the date of its adoption, as we have indicated we think it should be, then of course section 8 of the act of May 1, 1909 (General Laws, p. 358), invoked by appellee, did not authorize the ruling made by the trial court. The statute cited provided, with reference to such certificates, that:
"Any changes, additions or amendments to said charter articles of association, constitution or laws duly made or enacted subsequent to the issuance of the benefit certificate, shall bind the member and his beneficiaries and shall govern and control the contract in all respects the same as though such changes, additions or amendments had been made prior to and were in force at the time of the application for membership."
Obviously, we think, the statute should be held to apply only to members whose rights as holders of certificates were intended to be affected by changes made in the laws of the association. As we have seen, the section 128 in question adopted by the brotherhood operated only on members to whom certificates were issued after it was adopted.
It follows that we think the judgment should be reversed; and the judgment should be here rendered for appellant for $1,500, the sum sued for, and to which he was entitled by the terms of his certificate, unless, as is contended by appellee, appellant in any event was entitled to recover only a pro rata part of $99.70, which, it appeared, was the total of the disability fund owned by the brotherhood at the time it transferred its property to the Puritans and the latter assumed the unpaid disability claims against the former. We do not think the contention should be sustained. The fact alone that the brotherhood's disability fund amounted to only $99.70 October 29, 1914, when it transferred its assets to the Puritans, we think would have fallen short of showing that a recovery by appellant against the brotherhood should have been limited to that sum or a part of it had the brotherhood continued in business; and certainly was not a reason why a recovery against the Puritans should have been so limited, for it assumed, without limitation, the unpaid disability claims against the brotherhood.
The judgment in so far as it is in favor of the brotherhood will be affirmed; but in so far as it is in favor of the Puritans it will be reversed, and judgment will be here rendered that appellant recover of it the sum of $1,500, interest thereon from November 1, 1913, and the costs of this court and the court below.
On Motion for Rehearing.
By the terms of the contract appellant was entitled to receive on account of the disability suffered by him as found by the jury, one-half of the sum the beneficiary named in the certificate would have been entitled to had appellant died at the date of such disability. It was stipulated in the contract that should appellant die "after 18 months and before 24 months," the society should be liable for only 90 per cent. of the amount ($3,000) named in the certificate. Appellant became disabled within the meaning of the contract more than 18 months and less than 24 months after the time the certificate was issued to him, and therefore was entitled to recover only one-half of 90 per cent. of $3,000, or $1,350, instead of $1,500, as determined by the judgment rendered here. To correct this error, the motion will be granted in so far as it is for such relief, and the judgment will be so modified as to award appellant a recovery of $1,350, instead of $1,500. In other respects the motion will be overruled.