White, J.
On January 1, 1892, there existed the Buffalo Railway Company, the Crosstown Street Railway Company of Buffalo, and the West Side Street Railway Company, independent "street railroad corporations, all en[246]*246gaged and interested in' the maintenance and operation of street surface railroads in the city of Buffalo. On that day the city of Buffalo and said three street railroad companies made and entered into a contract known as the “ Milbum Agreement,” in and by which the terms and conditions of certain franchises theretofore granted by the city to said railroad corporations were changed and modified' to the benefit and advantage of all the parties thereto, and in and by which the said railroads agreed to abolish all transfer charges, as the same had theretofore been made, and that thereafter they would charge but a single fare for a continuous trip over any or all of their lines of railroad, and that there should he a uniform fare of five cents for a continuous trip over any portion of the entire railroad system owned by the three companies. In consideration of the abolition of such transfer charges, the city of Buffalo agreed to relieve and release the railroad companies from their obligation to pay to it any portion of their gross receipts pursuant to section 95 of chapter 565 of the Laws of 1890, which was three per cent for the first five years and five per cent thereof thereafter. The city also released the said Orosstown Street Railway Company of Buffalo from its obligation to pay to said city eleven and three-quarters per cent of its gross receipts, which it was then obligated to pay by the terms of its grant or franchise from the city of Buffalo. The said city also released the said West Side Street Railway Company from its obligation to pay to it thirty-six per cent of its gross receipts, which it was. obligated to pay by the terms of one of its franchises from the said city, and also from its obligation to pay to the city one-sixteenth of one per cent, which it was obligated to pay by the terms of another of its franchises from the said city.
Said releases, however, were given and were to become effectual on condition that there should be paid to the said city thereafter two per cent of the gross receipts of said three companies when such receipts should be less than $1,500,000; two and one-half per cent when such receipts were under $2,000,000 and over $1,500,000, and three per cent when such receipts should he $2,000,000 and over. The opera[247]*247tion of said contract was, in terms, confined to the railroads then owned by said street railroad- companies and then built or authorized to be built, except that the parties thereto might thereafter extend its operation, terms and provisions to any extensions of their said railroads by mutual consent, to be expressed in the form of a resolution of the common council of the said city, approved by its mayor, as to any particular extension, and a written consent of the companies.
It is conceded that the Milbum agreement had and could have no legality, force or effect, unless and until it should be ratified and confirmed by the Legislature.
On March 18, 1892, the Legislature passed an act (L. 1892, ch. 151), the title, of which was and is as follows: “An Act to ratify a certain contract entered into by and between the city of Buffalo, and the Buffalo Railway Company, the Crosstown Street Railway Company , of Buffalo, and the West Side Street Railway Company, and to carry the same into full force and effect.”
The defendant International Railway Company is a domestic street surface railroad corporation.
. Prior to the 20th day of February, 1902, the West Side Street Railway Company was merged into said Buffalo Railway Company, which latter company was, on or about February 20, 1902, merged into the said International Railway Company, one of the defendants herein. Said International Railway Company is the successor and assignee of the Buffalo Railway Company and the West Side Street Railway Company, two of the parties to the “ Milbum Agreement.”
Said International Railway Company, as such successor and assignee of said Buffalo Railway Company and said West Side Street Railway Company, is entitled to possess and enjoy all and singular the rights, franchises, privileges and immunities which were possessed by said Buffalo Railway Company and said West Side Street Railway Company at the time of such merger. At the time of the application by the International Railway Company for the franchise attacked in this suit, Buffalo was and for a long time [248]*248prior thereto had been a city of. the first class. And the Railroad Law at that time provided in substance that in cities of the -first- class the consent of the local authorities to the construction of a street surface railroad in a public street must contain the condition that the franchise be sold at public auction to the bidder who will agree to give to the city the largest percentage per annum of the gross receipts of such corporation, with a bond or undertaking, in such form and amount and with such conditions and sureties as may be required and ¿pproved by the comptroller or other chief fiscal officer of the city, for the fulfillment of such agreement and for the' commencement and completion of its railroad within the time designated by law and for the performance of such additional conditions as' the local authorities in their discretion may prescribe.
The said law further provides that nothing therein contained shall be construed as modifying or affecting the terms of a certain contract bearing date January 1, 1892, entered into by and between the city of Buffalo and the street surface railroad corporations named in such contract, except that the provisions of said law, which continue and confirm the consents of local authorities, shall apply to street surface railroads in the city of Buffalo, as well 'as other cities of the first class, which seems to make it plain that the Legislature intended that the law should embrace the city of Buffalo as a city of the first class, and intended to make its provisions applicable thereto and at the same time to protect the International Railway Company as the successor of the then roads that were parties to the Milbura agreement in the continued enjoyment of the rights, if any, conferred upon them and it thereby.
At the time the Milbum agreement was made, Buffalo was subject to those provisions of the Railroad Law which require a street surface railroad franchise to be sold at public auction' by virtue of the provisions of the general Railroad Law as enacted in 1890. By virtue of an amendment made in 1892, subsequent to the making of that agreement, Buffalo was relieved from the operation of that law as to sales of such franchises at auction, and again made [249]*249subject to them by chapter 494 of the Laws of 1901, and has so remained to this time.
On or about November 15, 1905, the defendant International Railway Company made an application to the common council of the city, of Buffalo for its consent and permission to allow it, the said International Railway Company, its successors, lessees and assigns, to construct, maintain and. operate a street surface railroad in and along Fillmore avenue and other public streets of the city of Buffalo. The consent of the said common council in the form requested by the applicant was given and approved by the then mayor on December 29, 1905.
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White, J.
On January 1, 1892, there existed the Buffalo Railway Company, the Crosstown Street Railway Company of Buffalo, and the West Side Street Railway Company, independent "street railroad corporations, all en[246]*246gaged and interested in' the maintenance and operation of street surface railroads in the city of Buffalo. On that day the city of Buffalo and said three street railroad companies made and entered into a contract known as the “ Milbum Agreement,” in and by which the terms and conditions of certain franchises theretofore granted by the city to said railroad corporations were changed and modified' to the benefit and advantage of all the parties thereto, and in and by which the said railroads agreed to abolish all transfer charges, as the same had theretofore been made, and that thereafter they would charge but a single fare for a continuous trip over any or all of their lines of railroad, and that there should he a uniform fare of five cents for a continuous trip over any portion of the entire railroad system owned by the three companies. In consideration of the abolition of such transfer charges, the city of Buffalo agreed to relieve and release the railroad companies from their obligation to pay to it any portion of their gross receipts pursuant to section 95 of chapter 565 of the Laws of 1890, which was three per cent for the first five years and five per cent thereof thereafter. The city also released the said Orosstown Street Railway Company of Buffalo from its obligation to pay to said city eleven and three-quarters per cent of its gross receipts, which it was then obligated to pay by the terms of its grant or franchise from the city of Buffalo. The said city also released the said West Side Street Railway Company from its obligation to pay to it thirty-six per cent of its gross receipts, which it was. obligated to pay by the terms of one of its franchises from the said city, and also from its obligation to pay to the city one-sixteenth of one per cent, which it was obligated to pay by the terms of another of its franchises from the said city.
Said releases, however, were given and were to become effectual on condition that there should be paid to the said city thereafter two per cent of the gross receipts of said three companies when such receipts should be less than $1,500,000; two and one-half per cent when such receipts were under $2,000,000 and over $1,500,000, and three per cent when such receipts should he $2,000,000 and over. The opera[247]*247tion of said contract was, in terms, confined to the railroads then owned by said street railroad- companies and then built or authorized to be built, except that the parties thereto might thereafter extend its operation, terms and provisions to any extensions of their said railroads by mutual consent, to be expressed in the form of a resolution of the common council of the said city, approved by its mayor, as to any particular extension, and a written consent of the companies.
It is conceded that the Milbum agreement had and could have no legality, force or effect, unless and until it should be ratified and confirmed by the Legislature.
On March 18, 1892, the Legislature passed an act (L. 1892, ch. 151), the title, of which was and is as follows: “An Act to ratify a certain contract entered into by and between the city of Buffalo, and the Buffalo Railway Company, the Crosstown Street Railway Company , of Buffalo, and the West Side Street Railway Company, and to carry the same into full force and effect.”
The defendant International Railway Company is a domestic street surface railroad corporation.
. Prior to the 20th day of February, 1902, the West Side Street Railway Company was merged into said Buffalo Railway Company, which latter company was, on or about February 20, 1902, merged into the said International Railway Company, one of the defendants herein. Said International Railway Company is the successor and assignee of the Buffalo Railway Company and the West Side Street Railway Company, two of the parties to the “ Milbum Agreement.”
Said International Railway Company, as such successor and assignee of said Buffalo Railway Company and said West Side Street Railway Company, is entitled to possess and enjoy all and singular the rights, franchises, privileges and immunities which were possessed by said Buffalo Railway Company and said West Side Street Railway Company at the time of such merger. At the time of the application by the International Railway Company for the franchise attacked in this suit, Buffalo was and for a long time [248]*248prior thereto had been a city of. the first class. And the Railroad Law at that time provided in substance that in cities of the -first- class the consent of the local authorities to the construction of a street surface railroad in a public street must contain the condition that the franchise be sold at public auction to the bidder who will agree to give to the city the largest percentage per annum of the gross receipts of such corporation, with a bond or undertaking, in such form and amount and with such conditions and sureties as may be required and ¿pproved by the comptroller or other chief fiscal officer of the city, for the fulfillment of such agreement and for the' commencement and completion of its railroad within the time designated by law and for the performance of such additional conditions as' the local authorities in their discretion may prescribe.
The said law further provides that nothing therein contained shall be construed as modifying or affecting the terms of a certain contract bearing date January 1, 1892, entered into by and between the city of Buffalo and the street surface railroad corporations named in such contract, except that the provisions of said law, which continue and confirm the consents of local authorities, shall apply to street surface railroads in the city of Buffalo, as well 'as other cities of the first class, which seems to make it plain that the Legislature intended that the law should embrace the city of Buffalo as a city of the first class, and intended to make its provisions applicable thereto and at the same time to protect the International Railway Company as the successor of the then roads that were parties to the Milbura agreement in the continued enjoyment of the rights, if any, conferred upon them and it thereby.
At the time the Milbum agreement was made, Buffalo was subject to those provisions of the Railroad Law which require a street surface railroad franchise to be sold at public auction' by virtue of the provisions of the general Railroad Law as enacted in 1890. By virtue of an amendment made in 1892, subsequent to the making of that agreement, Buffalo was relieved from the operation of that law as to sales of such franchises at auction, and again made [249]*249subject to them by chapter 494 of the Laws of 1901, and has so remained to this time.
On or about November 15, 1905, the defendant International Railway Company made an application to the common council of the city, of Buffalo for its consent and permission to allow it, the said International Railway Company, its successors, lessees and assigns, to construct, maintain and. operate a street surface railroad in and along Fillmore avenue and other public streets of the city of Buffalo. The consent of the said common council in the form requested by the applicant was given and approved by the then mayor on December 29, 1905. On the last mentioned day, and prior to the said approval of said mayor, the said International Railway Company had made and filed, in each of the offices in which its certificate of incorporation was then filed, a statement in substance that it then proposed to extend its railroad,' as the same then existed, by constructing a branch or extension thereof which should be the same and cover the same route as that called a street surface railroad, as distinguished from a branch or an extension of the railroads then in existence. On January 3, 1906, the said International Railway Company filed with the city clerk of the city of Buffalo its acceptance of the aforesaid consent granted by the common council • of the city of Buffalo; and on January 20, 1906, the Crosstown Street Railway Company of Buffalo filed in said clerk’s office its consent to said grant. In all of such proceedings the Milbum agreement was referred to and treated as valid and of binding force and effect. On or about the 17th day of January, 1906, the said defendant, the Board of Park Commissioners, consented that the said International Railway Company might construct, maintain and operate that part of its said Fillmore avenue line which was under the control of said board, to be operated by the overhead trolley system, “ in connection with a railroad to be constructed by it in Fillmore avenue, north of Humboldt parkway;” and, in due time thereafter, the said International Railway Company filed with' said park commissioners its acceptance of such consent. In these proceedings by and between the ap[250]*250plicant and the hoard of park commissioners, both parties always referred to the Fillmore avenue line as a street railroad and not as an extension or branch of an existing railroad, except in the first recital in the application, where that part of it crossing park lands is called a branch or extension.
There are several interesting questions of law involved in this case which have been thoroughly argued by counsel, besides those which seem to me to be controlling, and which, for that reason, will not be passed upon or further discussed at this time.
The plaintiff contends that the proposed Fillmore avenue line is not in fact a “ branch ” nor an “ extension ” of the railroad system of. the International Railway Company, but .that it is in fact an independent street surface railroad as distinguished from a branch or extension of one. The argument advanced in support of that contention is, in substance and briefly stated, that in the proceedings to acquire the franchise the applicant and the local authorities of the city of Buffalo have uniformly called it a railroad and have never, in an official way, designated it a branch or extension of an existing road; that its ultimate purpose is to connect two independent lines owned by an independent corporation, namely, the Crosstown Street Railway Company of Buffalo, six miles distant from each other, though incidentally the Fillmore avenue line does intersect and cross lines owned and operated by the International Railway Company on its route across the city from Main street to Abbott road; that the lines of the Crosstown Street Railway Company of Buffalo are not so situate that it could connect its said two lines by laying lines of railroad along the streets and places in which the International Railway Company proposes to lay such lines of railroad in order to make the connection which it now seeks to make; that the case of Bohmer v. Haffen, 35 App. Div. 381, is not applicable because in that case it was held only that a railroad corporation may make an extension under a special franchise held by it as to its own lines, and not that it could make such' extension as to lines which it does not own but operates. In the case at [251]*251bar the facts show that the lines on Main street and on Abbott road, in the city of Buffalo, are owned by the Crosstown Street Railway Company of Buffalo, and are not owned by the defendant International Railway Company; that the Bohmer case does not apply for the further reason that, as the International Railway Company has applied for an “ extension,” its rights are limited by its own initiatory act; that the Fillmore avenue line, being a street surface railroad as distinguished from an extension of an existing road, is not within the provisions of the Milburn agreement, assuming said agreement to be valid; that the proposed franchise, being to lay down tracks of a street surface railroad, is a violation of section 18 of article 3 of ihe State Constitution, which provides that no private or local act shall be passed granting to any corporation, association or individual the right to lay down railroad tracks, it being conceded that the right of the International Railway Company to construct' the Fillmore avenue line in the man-' ner proposed rests primarily on the act of March 18, 1892, hereinbefore mentioned; that the act of March 18, 1892, is unconstitutional and void, because it violates section 16 of article 3 of. the State Constitution, which provides that no private or local bill, which may be passed by the Legislature, shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title; that, it being conceded that said act is private and local, its validity must be determined by a mere inspection and examination of its title, which has hereinbefore been given in full; that the text of the act embraces two subjects within the meaning of the Constitution, but that no subject at all is expressed in its title; that the subjects embraced in the act in question can be determined only by reading the text, and are not, nor is either subject, discoverable from the title; that the meaning of the word “ subject,” as contained in the Constitution {§ 16), so far as this case is concerned, is the matters or things contained in and covered by the Milburn agreement, and is precisely as it would appear to be, and would be in fact, if the operative part of the Milburn agreement were embraced bodilv in the.act.
[252]*252Such, I repeat, is the line of argument made in behalf of the plaintiff and, if sound, would necessitate the conclusion that the franchise in question should have been sold at public auction in the manner prescribed by the General Railroad Law.
If the legal propositions thus advanced in behalf of the plaintiff were original in this suit, I would agree with him in his contention concerning them; but they,have all been recently determined adversely to those contentions by this court in the case of Kuhn v. Knight, 51 Misc. Rep. 216, as I understánd it.
The doctrine of siare decisis is undoubtedly applicable and I am thereby constrained to follow the decision in the Kuhn casé. It follows, therefore, that the complaint should be dismissed, but without costs to any of the defendants as against the plaintiff, or as against any other defendant.
Complaint dismissed, without costs.