Smith v. Beck

627 S.E.2d 284, 176 N.C. App. 757, 2006 N.C. App. LEXIS 591
CourtCourt of Appeals of North Carolina
DecidedMarch 21, 2006
DocketNo. COA05-561.
StatusPublished
Cited by7 cases

This text of 627 S.E.2d 284 (Smith v. Beck) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals of North Carolina primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Smith v. Beck, 627 S.E.2d 284, 176 N.C. App. 757, 2006 N.C. App. LEXIS 591 (N.C. Ct. App. 2006).

Opinion

HUDSON, Judge.

On 24 March 2004, petitioner Larry Eugene Smith filed a petition pro se seeking declaratory relief and writ of mandamus, claiming that respondent Theodis Beck, N.C. Department of Correction secretary, was decreasing his good time credits in violation of the ex post facto clause of the United States and North Carolina constitutions and in violation of state law. Respondent filed a motion to dismiss in June 2004. On 14 July 2004, the court appointed North Carolina Prisoner Legal Services to represent petitioner, who filed a motion for summary judgment on 3 February 2005. Following a hearing, the court denied the petition on 14 February 2005. Petitioner appeals. As discussed below, we affirm.

Petitioner is imprisoned for various offenses committed in August and September 1993, and for which he was sentenced beginning on 16 November 1994. Each sentence is governed by the Fair Sentencing Act ("FSA"). Section 15A-1340.7(b) of the FSA provides that

Infractions of the rules shall be of two types, major and minor infractions. Major infractions shall be punished by forfeiture of specific amounts of accrued good behavior time, disciplinary segregation, loss of privileges for specific periods, demotion in custody grade, extra work duties, or reprimand. Minor infractions shall be punishable by loss of privileges for specific periods, demotion in custody grade, extra work duties, reprimand, but not by loss of accrued good behavior time or disciplinary segregation.

N.C. Gen.Stat. § 15A-1340.7(b)(1993). The FSA was repealed by the Structured Sentencing Act ("SSA") which applies to offenses occurring on or after 1 January 1995. The SSA does not contain a counterpart to N.C. Gen.Stat. § 15A-1340.7.

Respondent's rules authorizing disciplinary procedures in effect between 1 November 1991 and 1 January 1994 ("the old rules") provided for the loss of up to thirty days of *286good behavior time ("good time"), with no loss of good time for minor infractions. Effective 1 January 1994, respondent approved a new set of rules ("the new rules") with new categories of infractions and new punishments for each category. Under the new rules, infractions formerly classified as minor now resulted in loss of good time. Since entering custody, petitioner has been found guilty of more than one hundred infractions, all under application of the new rules. For purposes of this litigation, the parties stipulated that petitioner would be adversely affected by the operation of the changed rules.

Defendant first argues that the court erred in denying his petition because the application of the new rules violates the ex post facto clauses of the United States and North Carolina constitutions. We do not agree.

The United States Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of changes in good behavior time regulations in Weaver v. Graham, 450 U.S. 24, 101 S.Ct. 960, 67 L.Ed.2d 17 (1981). Weaver concerned changes in prison regulations that prospectively reduced the amount of good behavior time a prisoner could earn. Id. at 25, 101 S.Ct. at 962, 67 L.Ed.2d at 20. In its analysis, the Supreme Court explained:

First, we need not determine whether the prospect of the gain time was in some technical sense part of the sentence to conclude that it in fact is one determinant of petitioner's prison term - and that his effective sentence is altered once this determinant is changed. We have previously recognized that a prisoner's eligibility for reduced imprisonment is a significant factor entering into both the defendant's decision to plea bargain and the judge's calculation of the sentence to be imposed. Second, we have held that a statute may be retrospective even if it alters punitive conditions outside the sentence. Thus, we have concluded that a statute requiring solitary confinement prior to execution is ex post facto when applied to someone who committed a capital offense prior to its enactment, but not when applied only prospectively.

For prisoners who committed crimes before its enactment, [the new rules] substantially alters the consequences attached to a crime already completed, and therefore changes the quantum of punishment. Therefore, it is a retrospective law which can be constitutionally applied to petitioner only if it is not to his detriment.

Id. at 32-33, 101 S.Ct. at 966-67, 67 L.Ed.2d at 25 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). Because the change at issue was clearly detrimental to the defendant in Weaver, in that it reduced the amount of good behavior time he was able to accrue, the Court held it violated the ex post facto clause.

Respondent draws our attention to Ewell v. Murray, 11 F.3d 482 (4th Cir.1993). In 1990, after the Commonwealth of Virginia passed a law requiring that every inmate of its Department of Corrections ("DOC") provide a blood sample prior to release, the DOC "issued regulations ... which provide[d] for punishment, by loss of good conduct credits, of an inmate who refuses to provide a blood sample." Id. at 483. In discussing Weaver, the Fourth Circuit noted:

The [Weaver] Court's holding, however, carefully noted that the statutory reduction in gain-time opportunities was not related to infractions or prison behavior but applied to an inmate who complied fully with prison rules and regulations, leading to the conclusion that the reductions of gain-time opportunities necessarily amounted to an alteration of the sentence originally imposed.... In contrast, in the case before us, the opportunity for good conduct allowances of a well-behaving inmate is not altered. An inmate who complies with rules and regulations receives the same credit for good behavior before and after the amendments to [the rules]. A loss of good conduct credits is meted out only for infractions, and then only prospectively.

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Cite This Page — Counsel Stack

Bluebook (online)
627 S.E.2d 284, 176 N.C. App. 757, 2006 N.C. App. LEXIS 591, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/smith-v-beck-ncctapp-2006.