Woodworth, J.
delivered the opinion of the Court. Janna Taylor, called as a witness for the plaintiff, was objected to as interested, and admitted by the Judge; the question now is, was he competent? It appears, that, in July, I íí 14, Taylor was concerned with the plaintiff in the contract made with Cheever ; but in September following, according to the testimony of John iff. Smith, the plaintifi bought out Taylor, for the defendant, as the witness understood, and afterwards employed him, at two dollars a day, and paid him accordingly. 1 perceive no well-founded objection to the sufficiency of this proof; it is no where contradicted, and although no writings are signed, Taylor’s interest might be severed by parol founded on good consideration. The witness is not to be discredited, because the parties have not chosen to dissolve their connection in the most usual way ; besides, one fact is stated, which very satisfactorily shows, that Taylor’s situation was changed. From an acknowledged partner, he afterwards appears in the character of an agent, ata per diem allowance, which he received. The proof, then, of dissolution, was sufficient. But, it is said, Taylor’s interest was purchased for the defendant, and, therefore, the action cannot be sustained, because, in that event, the plaintiff and defendant became partners, (
[248]*248• Taylor, then, being a competent witness, and Smith's testimony not establishing any fact that, in this stage of the cause, can be relied on to defeat the plaintiff’s action, the inquiry is, whether the verdict is against law, or the weight of evidence.
In the case of Cheever v. Smith and others, (15 Johns. Rep. 276.) the now plaintiff claimed an allowance for 5,000 dollars, charged to him on the 29lh day of October, 1814, by the defendant, who was Cheever's agent, when in fact it had not been received. This claim was objected to, on the ground, that no notice of the alleged mistake had been given to Cheever previously to his settlement with Allen, in July, 1815, at which time, after allowing him the 5,000 dollars in question, there appeared to be a large balance due, which Cheever paid. The principle decided by the Court in that case, is this“ If a man deals with another’s agent, and gives the agent a receipt for a sum of money which he had a right to pay, and on the faith of that receipt the principal settles with his agent, and pays him money, the party, giving the receipt cannot lie by until after the settlement between the principal and the agent, and then charge the principal with the payment of the same sum again. Allen is answerable to the defendant, as for money had and received, if it can be shown that he has been allowed 10,000 dollars, as paid to the defendants, when only 5,000 dollars were received by them.” From this decision, it appears, that the count for money had and received is adapted to the present case ; and the only remaining question is, whether there is sufficient evidence of the mistake alleged, to warrant the finding of the jury. At the trial, oral and written testimony were produced on both sides. It is not probable, that any hew light would be thrown on the subject by a second trial. Be that, however, as it may, if the weight of-testimony is with the verdict, it ought not to be disturbed, to admit the chance of trying the complexion of the cause before another jury. On the 29th day of October, 1814, Taylor, as agent of the plaintiff, received of the defendant a draft on Messrs. Isaiah Townsend & Co., in favour of Abraham Dox, on which. Taylor received the money from Dox, and on the same day, at Canandaigua, gave to the de[249]*249fendant a receipt for 5,000 dollars- The plaintiff was then absent at Buffalo. The arrangement was, that when receipts were given by Taylor, they were not to be charged to the plaintiff, but were to be taken up by him, and his receipts substituted in their place. In the present instance, that arrangement did not probably lake place; and if the mistake of 5,000 dollars was made, I think it must have happened in this way: the plaintiff having given to Allen a receipt for the same amount, and of the same date, and for the same money that had been paid to Taylor, neglected to take up Taylors receipt at the time, and Allen holding two receipts for the same sum, and finding, that by his entries the clerk had charged Taylor's receipt, (although contrary to the stipulation,) as well as that given by the plaintiff, may have been led into a misapprehension; and believing that 10,000 dollars had been advanced, when, in fact, there had been no more than 5,000 dollars,.afterwards in his settlement with Cheever, produced these vouchers as evidence of his disbursements, and had them allowed. After the recovery by Cheever against Smith, the receipts were probably delivered over to the plaintiff, for the purpose of enabling him to detect the error, if any existed. I have indulged in this conjecture, because it no where appears in the case, how the plaintiff came to the possession of Taylor's receipt. If it should be urged that when the plaintiff gave a receipt for 5,000 dollars, Taylor's receipt was taken up by him, I answer, this is not probable, because it was a necessary document for Allen to produce in his settlement with Cheever, if he claimed an allowance for both receipts. The general receipt, given at the end of the month, will not cover this sum, as will appear by an examination of the several charges made in the month of October, 1814. It appears, then, that a receipt bearing date, Canandaigua, October 29th, 1814, was given by Smith to Allen, for a draft on /. & J. Townsend, in favour of Abraham Dooc, for 5,000 dollars: Was not this intended as a substitute for she one given by Taylor? I think the evidence establishes this fact, prima facie, and that nothing has been made out by the defendant to disprove it. In the first place, it is rendered probable that it was for the same payment, because it [250]*250was agreed to exchange, and it may well be presumed that th*5 was done in pursuance of such agreement; but a more conclusive reason is this : Taylor’s receipt, although not so expressed, was, in fact, given for a draft on the Townsends, in favour of Dox. Smith’s receipt admits a draft in favour of the same person, and for the same amount, and dated on .the same day. Smith, at the date, was at Buffalo, 90 miles distant. The presumption is strong, that it roust have been signed subsequent to the day it bears date ; and if so, why was it made to correspond with the date of the receipt given by Taylor, unless intended to be a substitute for it ? If, in truth, Smith’s receipt is for a distinct sum, Allen has not afforded any explanation forgiving a dale to the transaction different-from the true one. But again: Smith’s receipt was for a draft on I. & J. Townsend in favour of
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Woodworth, J.
delivered the opinion of the Court. Janna Taylor, called as a witness for the plaintiff, was objected to as interested, and admitted by the Judge; the question now is, was he competent? It appears, that, in July, I íí 14, Taylor was concerned with the plaintiff in the contract made with Cheever ; but in September following, according to the testimony of John iff. Smith, the plaintifi bought out Taylor, for the defendant, as the witness understood, and afterwards employed him, at two dollars a day, and paid him accordingly. 1 perceive no well-founded objection to the sufficiency of this proof; it is no where contradicted, and although no writings are signed, Taylor’s interest might be severed by parol founded on good consideration. The witness is not to be discredited, because the parties have not chosen to dissolve their connection in the most usual way ; besides, one fact is stated, which very satisfactorily shows, that Taylor’s situation was changed. From an acknowledged partner, he afterwards appears in the character of an agent, ata per diem allowance, which he received. The proof, then, of dissolution, was sufficient. But, it is said, Taylor’s interest was purchased for the defendant, and, therefore, the action cannot be sustained, because, in that event, the plaintiff and defendant became partners, (
[248]*248• Taylor, then, being a competent witness, and Smith's testimony not establishing any fact that, in this stage of the cause, can be relied on to defeat the plaintiff’s action, the inquiry is, whether the verdict is against law, or the weight of evidence.
In the case of Cheever v. Smith and others, (15 Johns. Rep. 276.) the now plaintiff claimed an allowance for 5,000 dollars, charged to him on the 29lh day of October, 1814, by the defendant, who was Cheever's agent, when in fact it had not been received. This claim was objected to, on the ground, that no notice of the alleged mistake had been given to Cheever previously to his settlement with Allen, in July, 1815, at which time, after allowing him the 5,000 dollars in question, there appeared to be a large balance due, which Cheever paid. The principle decided by the Court in that case, is this“ If a man deals with another’s agent, and gives the agent a receipt for a sum of money which he had a right to pay, and on the faith of that receipt the principal settles with his agent, and pays him money, the party, giving the receipt cannot lie by until after the settlement between the principal and the agent, and then charge the principal with the payment of the same sum again. Allen is answerable to the defendant, as for money had and received, if it can be shown that he has been allowed 10,000 dollars, as paid to the defendants, when only 5,000 dollars were received by them.” From this decision, it appears, that the count for money had and received is adapted to the present case ; and the only remaining question is, whether there is sufficient evidence of the mistake alleged, to warrant the finding of the jury. At the trial, oral and written testimony were produced on both sides. It is not probable, that any hew light would be thrown on the subject by a second trial. Be that, however, as it may, if the weight of-testimony is with the verdict, it ought not to be disturbed, to admit the chance of trying the complexion of the cause before another jury. On the 29th day of October, 1814, Taylor, as agent of the plaintiff, received of the defendant a draft on Messrs. Isaiah Townsend & Co., in favour of Abraham Dox, on which. Taylor received the money from Dox, and on the same day, at Canandaigua, gave to the de[249]*249fendant a receipt for 5,000 dollars- The plaintiff was then absent at Buffalo. The arrangement was, that when receipts were given by Taylor, they were not to be charged to the plaintiff, but were to be taken up by him, and his receipts substituted in their place. In the present instance, that arrangement did not probably lake place; and if the mistake of 5,000 dollars was made, I think it must have happened in this way: the plaintiff having given to Allen a receipt for the same amount, and of the same date, and for the same money that had been paid to Taylor, neglected to take up Taylors receipt at the time, and Allen holding two receipts for the same sum, and finding, that by his entries the clerk had charged Taylor's receipt, (although contrary to the stipulation,) as well as that given by the plaintiff, may have been led into a misapprehension; and believing that 10,000 dollars had been advanced, when, in fact, there had been no more than 5,000 dollars,.afterwards in his settlement with Cheever, produced these vouchers as evidence of his disbursements, and had them allowed. After the recovery by Cheever against Smith, the receipts were probably delivered over to the plaintiff, for the purpose of enabling him to detect the error, if any existed. I have indulged in this conjecture, because it no where appears in the case, how the plaintiff came to the possession of Taylor's receipt. If it should be urged that when the plaintiff gave a receipt for 5,000 dollars, Taylor's receipt was taken up by him, I answer, this is not probable, because it was a necessary document for Allen to produce in his settlement with Cheever, if he claimed an allowance for both receipts. The general receipt, given at the end of the month, will not cover this sum, as will appear by an examination of the several charges made in the month of October, 1814. It appears, then, that a receipt bearing date, Canandaigua, October 29th, 1814, was given by Smith to Allen, for a draft on /. & J. Townsend, in favour of Abraham Dooc, for 5,000 dollars: Was not this intended as a substitute for she one given by Taylor? I think the evidence establishes this fact, prima facie, and that nothing has been made out by the defendant to disprove it. In the first place, it is rendered probable that it was for the same payment, because it [250]*250was agreed to exchange, and it may well be presumed that th*5 was done in pursuance of such agreement; but a more conclusive reason is this : Taylor’s receipt, although not so expressed, was, in fact, given for a draft on the Townsends, in favour of Dox. Smith’s receipt admits a draft in favour of the same person, and for the same amount, and dated on .the same day. Smith, at the date, was at Buffalo, 90 miles distant. The presumption is strong, that it roust have been signed subsequent to the day it bears date ; and if so, why was it made to correspond with the date of the receipt given by Taylor, unless intended to be a substitute for it ? If, in truth, Smith’s receipt is for a distinct sum, Allen has not afforded any explanation forgiving a dale to the transaction different-from the true one. But again: Smith’s receipt was for a draft on I. & J. Townsend in favour of Dox, and for 5,000 dollars — so was Taylor’s receipt How does it appear that they were in every respect similar ? If not intended as vouchers for the same sum, why were they not included in one receipt for 10,000 dollars? It no where appears that two drafts for 5,000 dollars each,.were drawn in favour of Dox on the same day, or at any time. It is highly improbable that there should be. The presumption is, that both are for the same advance, and the defendant was called on to repel the presumption. Why did he not prove by Dox dr the Townsends, that two djafts were drawn, bearing the same date and for the same amount? This might have been done, it is fairly presumable; and the non-production of this testimony, in my mind, makes against the defence, until further explanation is given. I cannot disapprove of the verdict, but, on the contrary, I entirely concur in the conclusion the jury have drawn.
The intrinsic evidence in this case, arising from the transaction, goes far to show, that a mistake has happened ; the conduct of the parties is altogether at variance with the supposition, that ten thousand dollars were paid on the 29th oí October, 1814. There is another fact established by the testimony of Fort, which I think important; he says, that the general receipts, at the close of each month, formed the aggregate of the several receipts, which had been obtained for the moneys advanced, not only to the plaintiff, but [251]*251to Janna Taylor, during the course of die month, and were then consolidated, for the purpose of simplifying the accounts between the parties, and preventing mistakes.” Now, according to this, we expect to find the general receipt for the month of October, 1814, of an amount sufficient, to include both the receipts for 5,000 dollars, if in truth both sums had been advanced. But the fact is otherwise. It appears by the statement of advances in the hand writing of Fort, the defendant’s clerk, for the month of October, 1814, that including two sums of 5,000 dollars, charged on the 29th of October, the whole amount would be 19,800 dollars. But the general receipt given October 31st. 1814, which Fort says included all the receipts given for the month, is only 12,396 dollars and 18 cents. If this be so. then it is evident that all the sums charged by Fort were not allowed and included in the general receipt. Some of thesn must have been struck out.
From the facts made out in this cause, may we not fairly presume, that of the sums not included, the 5,000 dollars receipted was one ? But it is contended that Smith, in February , 1815, on being questioned, said he was satisfied the mistake was his, and he had been in an error respecting the 5,000 dollars. Hamlin, a witness who was present heard the conversation, but did not hear the amount of the mistake mentioned. Allowing that Whyte is correct in supposing the conversation referred to the mistake of 5,000 dollars, and not to Lhe sum of 1,000 dollars, respecting which there had been some suggestions, I think it vague anJ unsatisfactory. Acknowledgments or confessions are a species of testimony requiring strict scrutiny, and to be received with caution.
Besides, it will be remembered, that in January, 1815, the defendant’s clerk requested the plaintiff not to mention the alleged mistake to Mr. Thorn, one of the principals, who was concerned with Cheever, as he did not wish the report of a mistake to be ciiculated. This may have been one cause that the plaintiff denied it to Whyte in the February following. Fort further says, that the plaintiff continued to insist on the mistake ; from all which there is reason to be= lieve there was some misapprehension on the part of Whyte the witness.
[252]*252I do not perceive that any inference unfavourable to the plaintiff can be drawn on account,of this suit not being commenced earlier.
Smith claimed an allowance for the 5,000 dollars, in the suit with Cheever, and shortly thereafter commenced this action.
After an*attentive examination of the facts, I have not discovered any ground for saying, that the verdict is either against law or the weight of evidence. The motion for a new trial must, therefore, be denied.
New trial denied.
(a) Vide Murray v. Bogert, 14 Johns. Rep. 318. Marquand v New-York Manufacturing Company, 17 Johns. Rep. 525.