J-A09007-21
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
BRIAN C. SMITH-MCCONNELL : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA Appellant : : : v. : : : TODD T. THOMPSON FUNERAL HOME, : No. 1035 WDA 2020 INC., AND TODD T. THOMPSON, : FUNERAL DIRECTOR :
Appeal from the Order Entered September 4, 2020 In the Court of Common Pleas of Blair County Civil Division at No.: 2017 GN 2043
BEFORE: STABILE, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY STABILE, J.: FILED: August 25, 2021
Appellant Brian C. Smith-McConnell appeals from the September 4,
2020, order of the Court of Common Pleas of Blair County (“trial court”), which
granted summary judgment in favor of Appellee/defendant Todd T. Thompson
Funeral Home, Inc. (the “Funeral Home”),1 and dismissed Appellant’s
negligence claims. Upon review, we affirm.
On July 25, 2017, Appellant initiated the instant civil action by filing a
writ of summons. On November 29, 2017, Appellant filed a complaint against
the Funeral Home and its funeral director, Todd T. Thompson, alleging, inter
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1 Todd T. Thompson, Funeral Director, is not a party to this appeal, even though he was sued in his personal capacity by Appellant. As set forth below, the trial court sustained in part defendants’ preliminary objections, dismissing all claims against Mr. Thompson. J-A09007-21
alia, negligence and negligent infliction of emotional distress. Appellant
alleged that his mother, Donna J. Smith, passed away intestate on September
20, 2015. Complaint, 11/29/17, at ¶ 9. According to Appellant, at the time
of his mother’s death, Appellant and his sister, Melinda Dawn Curry, were Ms.
Smith’s sole heirs and next of kin. Id. at ¶¶ 14-18. Appellant alleged that
Ms. Curry and Appellees did not inform him of Ms. Smith’s passing and that,
unbeknownst to him, Ms. Curry made arrangement for Ms. Smith’s funeral
and burial. Id. at ¶¶ 20-23. Appellant further alleged that Appellees were
aware of Appellant’s existence and relationship to Ms. Smith following her
death, and yet failed to notify him of her passing or the date and time of any
funeral services. Id. at ¶¶ 24-25. Appellant alleged that Appellees and Ms.
Curry intentionally delayed the publication of Ms. Smith’s obituary by
publishing it in the Altoona Mirror on the day of her funeral, which took place
on September 23, 2015. Id. at ¶¶ 26-27. According to Appellant, he became
aware of his mother’s passing when, following the publication of the obituary,
a relative called him at 10:10 a.m. on the morning of her funeral. Id. at ¶
28. Upon learning of his mother’s death, Appellant unsuccessfully attempted
to reach Appellee Todd T. Thompson and Ms. Curry to delay the funeral
services so that he could attend the same. Id. at ¶¶ 29-33. At that time,
Appellant lived in Florida and his mother’s funeral took place in Pennsylvania.
Id. at ¶¶ 1, 29, 32, 36. Appellant alleged that, because of Appellees’ actions,
he was not only prevented from learning timely of his mother’s passing, but
also from “participating in his right to determine the handling of her remains,”
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engaging in the “planning of her memorial services and selecting her “place
of eternal rest,” and attending her funeral and burial. Id. at ¶¶ 35-37. As a
result, Appellant averred that he “has suffered indescribable emotional
trauma, which has at times manifest[ed] itself in physical symptoms and
pain.” Id. at ¶ 39.
On June 7, 2018, following Appellees’ filing of preliminary objections in
the nature of a demurrer, the trial court struck counts 1, 4, 5, and 8 of the
complaint, and provided Appellant an opportunity to amend counts 6 and 7,
which relate to claims of negligence against Todd T. Thompson in his personal
capacity. Appellant did not file an amended complaint. Thus, the scope of
Appellant’s action was narrowed in that his only surviving claims, counts 2 and
3, relate to the Funeral Home’s alleged negligence and its alleged negligent
infliction of emotional distress.
On July 13, 2018, the Funeral Home, the sole remaining defendant, filed
an answer, denying the averments of the complaint and asserting new matter.
Following the completion of discovery, the Funeral Home moved for summary
judgment against Appellant, arguing that Appellant failed to establish that the
Funeral Home owed him a duty of care. Motion for Summary Judgment,
9/9/2019, at ¶ 18. The Funeral Home also argued that Appellant failed to
“meet the factual requirements to support” a claim for negligent infliction of
emotional distress. Id. at ¶ 19.
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On September 4, 2020,2 following an oral argument held on July 20,
2020, the trial court granted the Funeral Home’s motion for summary
judgment as a matter of law. Appellant filed a motion for post-trial relief,
which the trial court summarily denied. On September 29, 2020, Appellant
appealed to this Court. The trial court directed Appellant to file a Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b) statement of errors complained of on appeal. He complied, raising
four assertions of error. In response, the trial court issued a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)
opinion, adopting its September 4, 2020 opinion.
On appeal, Appellant presents four issues for our review, which we
reproduce verbatim:
I. Whether or not the honorable trial court erred or misapplied the law when it determined that Todd T. Thompson Funeral Home, Inc. and Todd T. Thompson, Funeral Director did not and/or should not owe a duty to [Appellant] and granted the [Funeral Home’s] Motion for summary judgment?
II. Whether or not the honorable trial court erred or misapplied the law when it determined that Pennsylvania law permits a funeral director to rely upon the representations offered by a purported next-of-kin of the deceased that a similarly situated next-of-kin known to the funeral director was estranged from the deceased, and therefore has sole authority to authorize and direct the funeral services and handling of the deceased person’s remains without first requiring presentation of a will or a court order?
III. Whether or not the honorable trial court erred or misapplied the law when it placed the authority to determine whether a next of kin is estranged from the deceased under 20 Pa.
2 While filed on September 4, 2020, the order at issue was dated September
3, 2020.
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C.S.A. § 305 with the funeral director as opposed to the Court of Common Pleas Orphans’ Court Division?
IV. Whether or not the honorable trial court erred or misapplied the law when it found that this case did not fall into one of the recognized categories in which recovery is appropriate under a negligent infliction of emotional distress theory because there was no duty owed to [Appellant] and he was absent when the harmful acts occurred, which is the very cause of his injury, and dismissed this claim on summary judgment?
Appellant’s Brief at 4-5 (unnecessary capitalizations omitted).3 Distilled to
their essence, Appellant’s arguments touch on two overarching issues. First,
whether the Funeral Home owed Appellant a common law or statutory duty to
notify him of his mother’s passing and to include him in planning and finalizing
her burial and related services. Second, whether the trial court erred in
concluding that Appellant’s case did not fall into one of the four categories of
negligent infliction of emotional distress in which recovery is appropriate.
We review a challenge to the entry of summary judgment as follows:
[We] may disturb the order of the trial court only where it is established that the court committed an error of law or abused its discretion. As with all questions of law, our review is plenary.
In evaluating the trial court’s decision to enter summary judgment, we focus on the legal standard articulated in the summary judgment rule. See Pa.R.C.P. No. 1035.2. The rule [provides] that where there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to relief as a matter of law, summary judgment may be entered. Where the nonmoving party bears the burden of proof on an issue, he may not merely rely on his pleadings or answers in order to survive summary judgment. Failure of a non-moving party to adduce sufficient evidence on an
3 Appellant combines issues 2 and 3 in the argument section of his brief, noting
that they “rely on the same caselaw and reasoning.” Appellant’s Brief at 49.
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issue essential to his case and on which he bears the burden of proof establishes the entitlement of the moving party to judgment as a matter of law. Lastly, we will review the record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, and all doubts as to the existence of a genuine issue of material fact must be resolved against the moving party.
E.R. Linde Const. Corp. v. Goodwin, 68 A.3d 346, 349 (Pa. Super. 2013)
(citation omitted; brackets in original).
Instantly, upon careful review of the entire record, viewed in the light
most favorable to Appellant as the non-moving party, and the relevant case
law, we conclude that the trial court accurately and thoroughly addressed the
merits of Appellant’s claims. See Trial Court Opinion, 9/4/20, at 6-24.
The trial court properly declined to create—and impose upon the Funeral
Home—a common law duty to notify. Pennsylvania law burdens a plaintiff on
a negligence claim to successfully establish the proverbial four elements: “(1)
a duty or obligation recognized by law; (2) a breach of that duty; (3) a causal
connection between the conduct and the resulting injury; and (4) actual
damages.” Estate of Swift by Swift v. Northeastern Hosp., 690 A.2d 719,
722 (Pa. Super. 1997), appeal denied, 701 A.2d 577 (Pa. 1997). “The
burden of proving the existence of negligence rests upon the party who has
asserted it.” Schmoyer by Schmoyer v. Mexico Forge, Inc., 649 A.2d
705, 707 (Pa. Super. 1994). “The mere fact that an accident has occurred
does not entitle the injured person to a verdict. A plaintiff must show that the
defendant owed a duty of care, and that this duty was breached.” Rauch v.
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Mike-Mayer, 783 A.2d 815, 824 n.8 (Pa. Super. 2001) (internal citations
omitted), appeal denied, 793 A.2d 909 (Pa. 2002).
To impose a previously unarticulated common law duty, a court must
analyze the factors set forth in Althaus ex rel. Althaus v. Cohen, 756 A.2d
1166, 1169 (Pa. 2000). In Althaus, the Court observed:
The determination of whether a duty exists in a particular case involves the weighing of several discrete factors which include: (1) the relationship between the parties; (2) the social utility of the actor’s conduct; (3) the nature of the risk imposed and foreseeability of the harm incurred; (4) the consequences of imposing a duty upon the actor; and (5) the overall public interest in the proposed solution.
Althaus, 756 A.2d at 1169. “No one of these five factors is dispositive.
Rather, a duty will be found to exist where the balance of these factors weighs
in favor of placing such a burden on a defendant.” Phillips v. Cricket
Lighters, 841 A.2d 1000, 1009 (Pa. 2003).
The trial court correctly analyzed the Althaus factors. In so doing, the
court found:
(1) the relationship between the parties: [Appellant] is the son of the decedent and “next of kin” to the decedent. Ms. Curry engaged in a professional relationship with the [Funeral Home] to provide funeral and burial services. There was no relationship between [Appellant] and the [Funeral Home].
(2) the social utility of the actor’s conduct: [the Funeral Home], as do other funeral homes and funeral directors, provides a great social utility by virtue of the funeral and burial services they render to a family who is mourning the loss of a loved one.
(3) the nature of the risk imposed and the foreseeability of the harm incurred: A funeral home and a funeral director
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provide funeral and burial services to a family. They are under no duty to provide legal advice. There is nothing set forth in 49 Pa. Code § 13.201 that imposes any duty upon a licensed funeral director to advise or mandate to an heir who alleges estrangement to file a petition with the court under 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 305(d). [Appellant] has not presented any controlling authority to the court that imposes such a duty upon [the Funeral Home].
(4) the consequences of imposing a duty upon the actor: To impose a duty upon a licensed funeral director to mandate that every heir alleging estrangement regarding next of kin on equal footing first file a petition under [Section 305(d)] before rendering any funeral or burial services would result in such funeral director and funeral home being brought into the middle of any such family’s disharmony and conflict. In addition, such would result in a delay in the rendering of services until after a petition is filed, a hearing is held and a court decision rendered. Such delay could potentially take weeks, if not months. Further, there exists any number of potential factual scenarios that would make it unduly burdensome to impose such a duty upon a funeral director, some of which were mentioned above.
(5) the overall public interest in the proposed solution: we cannot imagine there is any public interest in embroiling a funeral home and funeral director in the middle of family strife and disharmony. Such could even be potentially dangerous in situations wherein family members may have violent propensities.
There is already a procedure available to heirs to seek court intervention when estrangement is alleged. The duty to file a petition under [Section 305(d)] rests where it should, i.e., upon the next of kin, and not the funeral director.
Trial Court Opinion, 9/4/20, at 18-20. Based on the foregoing, the trial court
determined that the Funeral Home did not owe any common law duty to
Appellant. Id. at 18-20.
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Separately, the trial court determined that there was no statutory duty
imposed upon the Funeral Home under Section 305 of the Probate, Estates
and Fiduciaries Code, 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 305, to notify Appellant of his mother’s
passing. Id. at 14. Section 305 provides in pertinent part:
(c) Disposition of the remains of others.--If there is not a surviving spouse, absent an allegation of enduring estrangement, incompetence, contrary intent or waiver and agreement which is proven by clear and convincing evidence, the next of kin shall have sole authority in all matters pertaining to the disposition of the remains of the decedent.
(d) Procedure.--Where a petition alleging enduring estrangement, incompetence, contrary intent or waiver and agreement is made within 48 hours of the death or discovery of the body of the decedent, whichever is later, a court may order that no final disposition of the decedent’s remains take place until a final determination is made on the petition. Notice to each person with equal or higher precedence than the petitioner to the right to dispose of the decedent’s remains and to his attorney if known and to the funeral home or other institution where the body is being held must be provided concurrently with the filing of the petition. A suitable bond may be required by the court.
(1) If the court determines that clear and convincing evidence establishes enduring estrangement, incompetence, contrary intent or waiver and agreement, the court shall enter an appropriate order regarding the final disposition which may include appointing an attorney in fact to arrange the final disposition, with reasonable costs chargeable to the estate.
(2) If two persons with equal standing as next of kin disagree on disposition of the decedent’s remains, the authority to dispose shall be determined by the court, with preference given to the person who had the closest relationship with the deceased. If more than two persons with equal standing as next of kin disagree on disposition of the decedent’s remains, the authority to dispose shall be determined by the majority. Where two or more persons
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with equal standing cannot reach a majority decision, the court shall make a final determination on disposition of the decedent’s remains.
(3) If the court determines that the petition is not supported by a clear and convincing evidence, the court may award attorney fees. An award of attorney fees shall constitute a setoff against any claim by the petitioner against the estate.
20 Pa.C.S.A. § 305(c), (d) (emphasis added). As mentioned, the court
correctly noted that Section 305 has no application to funeral homes or
funeral directors. Id. Insofar as any duty exists under Section 305, it is a
duty imposed upon the next of kin, here Appellant’s sister Ms. Curry, to
petition a court alleging estrangement. As the trial court reasoned:
[I]t was Ms. Curry’s failure to file such a petition and notify [Appellant] of the passing of [their mother] that has placed the parties in their current situation. As next of kin on equal footing with [Appellant] and full knowledge of his existence and rights, it was incumbent upon Ms. Curry to file a petition alleging estrangement under Section 305 if she did not want him to be included in the selection and implementation of funeral and burial services.
Id. at 17-18. Finally, with respect to Appellant’s claim for negligent infliction
of emotional distress,4 the trial court found that there were no facts alleged in
any portion of the record that Appellant (1) was in a zone of danger in which
he was at risk of an immediate physical injury, (2) had a contemporaneous
4 Negligent infliction of emotional distress is restricted to four scenarios where:
1) the defendant had a contractual or fiduciary duty toward the plaintiff; 2) the plaintiff was subjected to a physical impact; 3) the plaintiff was in a “zone of danger,” thereby reasonably experiencing a fear of impending physical injury; and 4) the plaintiff observed a tortious injury to a close relative. Doe v. Philadelphia Community Health Alternatives AIDS Task Force, 745 A.2d 25, 27 (Pa. Super. 2000).
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perception of a tortious injury to a close relative, (3) suffered any type of
substantive bodily injury, or (4) had a contractual or fiduciary relationship with
the Funeral Home. Id. at 21-24. We, therefore, agree with the trial court’s
decision to grant summary judgment in favor of the Funeral Home.
Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s September 4, 2020 order. We further
direct that a copy of the trial court’s September 4, 2020 opinion be attached
to any future filings in this case.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 8/25/2021
- 11 - Circulated 07/26/2021 01:26 PM
IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF BLAIR COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
BRIAN C. SMITH-McCONNELL, 2017 GN 2043 PLAINTIFF
V.
TODD T. THOMPSON FUNERAL HOME, INC., and TODD T. THOMPSON, Funeral Director, DEFENDANTS
HON. TIMOTHY M. SULLIVAN PRESIDING JUDGE
JASON M. IMLER, ESQUIRE COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF PETER B. SKEEL, ESQUIRE COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS
OPINION AND ORDER
FACTUAL/PROCEDURAL HISTORY.
Donna J. Smith, who resided in Roaring Spring, Blair County, Pennsylvania,
passed away on September 20, 2015 at the age of 79 years. (PI. Compl. ¶¶ 9-11).
Mrs. Smith died intestate, and her husband had predeceased her. (PI. Compl. ¶¶ 14-
15). She was survived by her son, Brian C. Smith-McConnell (the Plaintiff herein),
and her daughter, Melinda Dawn Curry .(PI. Compl. ¶¶ 5-7). Ms. Curry resides in
Roaring Spring, PA. (PI. Compl. ¶ 8). Mr. Smith-McConnell is a resident of Orange
Park, Florida. (PI. Compl. ¶ 1).
R EXHIBIT 1 •, Pl\,,
a Upon her passing, Mrs. Smith's body was cared for by the Defendant, Todd T.
Thompson Funeral Home, Inc., a Pennsylvania Professional Corporation. Todd T.
Thompson is a licensed funeral director in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and
the funeral director at Todd T. Thompson Funeral Home, Inc. (PI. Compl. ¶Q 3-4 &
12). In his Complaint, the Plaintiff alleges that Ms. Curry took possession of the body
of Mrs. Smith and made funeral and burial arrangements with the Defendant without
contacting or notifying him. (Pl. Comps. ¶¶ 20-23). The Plaintiff claims that the
Defendant, Todd T. Thompson, owner of Todd T. Thompson Funeral Home,
conspired with Plaintiffs sister, Ms. Curry, to preclude Plaintiff from planning for and
attending his mother's funeral and burial services which were held on September 23,
2015. (PI. Compl. ¶55).
The Plaintiff alleges that he did not become aware of his mother's death until
September 23, 2015, three days after her death, when he received aphone call from
another relative who read the obituary. (PI. Compl. ¶ 28). The Plaintiff claims that he
attempted to call the Defendant and his sister anumber of times in an effort to delay
his mother's services so that he could travel from Florida to attend same, without
success. (PI. Compl. ¶¶ 29-33).
2 The Plaintiff originally filed a multi-count Complaint against the Defendants
which included an alleged Violation of Obligations under the Pennsylvania Estates &
Fiduciaries Code; Negligence; Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress; and
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress against the corporate funeral home (Counts
I-IV), as well as the same claims against Todd T. Thompson in his personal capacity
(Counts V-VIII).
On June 7, 2018, this Court issued an Order striking Counts I, IV, V, and Vlll of
the Complaint in response to the Defendants' Preliminary Objections in the Nature of
a Demurrer. This Court also sustained Defendants' Preliminary Objection in the
Nature of aDemurrer Pursuant to Rule 1028(A)(4) relative to the Alter Ego Theory for
Piercing the Corporate Veil. As aresult, Plaintiff was given an opportunity to amend
the Complaint regarding Counts VI and VII alleging Negligence and Negligent
Infliction of Emotional Distress against Todd T. Thompson in his personal capacity.
Plaintiff did not file an Amended Complaint.
This leaves Plaintiffs claims contained in Counts Il and Ill of the Complaint,
Negligence and Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress, against Todd T. Thompson
Funeral Home, Inc., as the only remaining counts which are the subject of
Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment.
3 Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment and Brief in Support was filed on
September 9, 2019. Plaintiff filed Plaintiff's Response to Defendant's Motion for
Summary Judgment and Brief in Support on October 9, 2019. Oral Argument on this
matter was originally scheduled for January 22, 2020. By agreement of the parties,
Oral Argument was continued to April 13, 2020. On April 8, 2020, this Court
postponed said Oral Argument as a result of the extension of the statewide judicial
emergency due to COVID-19. Oral Argument was held on July 20, 2020. We now
proceed to disposition.
STANDARD OF REVIEW.-
The fling of a Motion for Summary Judgment is governed by Pa.R.C.P. §1035.2
which reads as follows:
After the relevant pleadings are closed, but within such time as not to unreasonably delay trial, any party may move for summary judgment in whole or in part as a matter of law:
(1) whenever there is no genuine issue of any material fact as to a necessary element of the cause of action or defense which could be established by additional discovery or expert report, or
(2) if, after the completion of discovery relevant to the motion, including the production of expert reports, an adverse party who will bear the burden of proof at trial has failed to produce evidence of facts essential to the cause of action or defense which, in ajury trial, would require the issue to be submitted to ajury.
4 The party who brings the motion has the burden of proving that no genuine
issues of fact exist. All doubts as to the existence of agenuine issue of material fact
are to be resolved against the granting of summary judgment. Penn Center House
Inc. v. Hoffman, 553 A.2d 900, 903 (Pa. 1989). The ultimate inquiry in deciding a
Motion for Summary Judgment is whether the admissible evidence in the record,
when considered in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, fails to establish
a prima facie case. Liles v. Balmer, 567 A.2d 691, 692 (Pa. Super. 1989). In
deciding whether aprima facie case is established, the Court must resolve all doubts
against the moving party. Marks v. Tasman, 589 A.2d 205, 206 (Pa. 1991).
An entry of summary judgment may be granted only in cases where the right is
clear and free of doubt. Musser v. Vilsmeler Auction Company, Inc., 562 A.2d
279, 280 (Pa. 1989). The non-moving party must demonstrate that there is agenuine
issue for trial and may not rest on averments in its pleadings. Davis v. Resources
for Human Development, Inc., 770 A.2d 353, 357 (Pa. Super 2001). It is the Court's
function in asummary judgment motion to determine only if there is agenuine issue
5 of material fact — not to determine the facts. Washington Federal Savings and
Loan Association v. Stein, 515 A.2d 980, 981 (Pa. Super. 1986).
DISCUSSION:
This suit arises out of the alleged failure of The Todd T. Thompson Funeral
Home, Inc. (hereinafter "Thompson Funeral Home") to contact Mr. Smith-McConnell
upon the death of his mother, Donna J. Smith, regarding the planning of funeral and
burial services for Mrs. Smith and as a result, Mr. Smith-McConnell's inability to
participate in and attend such services. Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment
concerns Counts II and III of the Complaint, Negligence and Negligence Infliction of
Emotional Distress.
In his Complaint, the Plaintiff sets forth the following averments that are
relevant to his claims of negligence and negligent infliction of emotional distress
against Thompson Funeral Home.:
"21. Melinda Dawn Curry made funeral arrangements with Todd T. Thompson for services and care of the body at the Todd T. Thompson Funeral Home without consultation with her brother, Brian C. Smith-McConnell, despite his legal right to participate in the decision. (emphasis added).
6 of material fact — not to determine the facts. Washington Federal Savings and
Loan Association v. Stein, 515 A.2d 980, 981 (Pa. Super. 1986).
This suit arises out of the alleged failure of The Todd T. Thompson Funeral
Home, Inc. (hereinafter "Thompson Funeral Home") to contact Mr. Smith-McConnell
upon the death of his mother, Donna J. Smith, regarding the planning of funeral and
burial services for Mrs. Smith and as a result, Mr. Smith-McConnell's inability to
participate and attend such services. Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment
concerns Counts 11 and III of the Complaint, Negligence and Negligence Infliction of
In his Complaint, the Plaintiff sets forth the following averments that are
relevant to his claims of negligence and negligent infliction of emotional distress
"21. Melinda Dawn Curry made funeral arrangements with Todd T. Thompson for services and care of the body at the Todd T. Thompson Funeral Home without consultation with her brother, Brian C. Smith-McConnell, despite his legal right to participate in the decision. (emphasis added).
6 22. Further, Melinda Dawn Curry also made burial arrangements, without contacting or notifying Brian C. Smith-McConnell, with Todd T. Thompson for additional services and the burial to occur at Greenlawn Cemetery located in Roaring Spring, Blair County, Pennsylvania. (emphasis added).
23. Todd T. Thompson set all of the aforementioned arrangements solely through discussions with Melinda Dawn Curry and never included Brian C. Smith-McConnell in the planning of these arrangements.
24. Todd T. Thompson was aware of Brian C. Smith-McConnell's existence and relationship to the deceased, as advised by Melinda Dawn Curry, yet failed to contact him as required by Pennsylvania Law...
27. Todd T. Thompson and Melinda Dawn Curry intentionally delayed the printing of the obituary of Donna J. Smith until the morning of the graveside service...
53. Further, Todd T. Thompson, funeral director, knew or should have known that he was also required by law to allow Brian C. Smith-McConnell to participate in the planning of services for his deceased mother.
54. Todd T. Thompson, funeral director, failed to contact Brian C. Smith-McConnell until after the services were completed....
57. Todd T. Thompson, funeral director, either knowingly or negligently failed to contact Brian C. Smith-McConnell until after services had been completed; even though he was aware that Brian C. Smith-McConnell was the next of kin...
62. Todd T. Thompson, funeral director, in both his role as funeral director and as an employee of the Todd T. Thompson Funeral Home, failed to notify Brian C. Smith-McConnell of the passing of his mother or the scheduled date and time for services, failed to include him in the planning of his mother's memorial services, failed to include any of his wishes in the memorial services as a result of failing to speak with him at any time prior to the services, failed to
7 include him in any of the planning for graveside services, and failed to include him in the determination of his mother's final resting place.
63. Todd T. Thompson failed to conduct all of the above required actions either knowingly or negligently. "'
(See Plaintiff's Complaint, ¶¶ 21-24; 27; 53-54; 57; 62-63; & 70-71).
"Generally, to prevail in a negligence case, a plaintiff must demonstrate the
following elements: (1) the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff; (2) the defendant
breached that duty; (3) a causal relationship between the breach and the resulting
injury suffered by the plaintiff; and (4) actual loss suffered by the plaintiff."
Schemberg v. Smicherko, 85 A.3d 1071, 1073-1074 (Pa. Super. 2014).
The primary element in any negligence cause of action is that of aduty owed
by the defendant to the plaintiff. Althaus ex rel. Althaus v. Cohen, 756 A.2d 1166,
1168 (2000). In order to determine whether a duty exists in a particular case, the
court must weigh several factors including: (1) the relationship between the parties;
(2) the social utility of the actor's conduct; (3) the nature of the risk imposed and
'The allegations contained in paragraphs 62 & 63 of the Complaint are repeated nearly verbatim in paragraphs 70 & 71.
8 foreseeability of the harm incurred; (4) the consequences of imposing aduty upon the
actor; and (5) the overall public interest in the proposed solution. Id. at 1169.
Negligent infliction of emotional distress is recognized as an actionable tort
under Pennsylvania law; however, this tort has been limited by court decisions. "in
order to recover, the Plaintiff must prove one of four elements: (1) that the Defendant
had a contractual or fiduciary duty toward him; (2) that Plaintiff suffered aphysical
impact; (3) that Plaintiff was in a"zone of danger" and at risk of an immediate physical
injury; or (4) that Plaintiff had acontemporaneous perception of tortious injury to a
close relative." Doe v. Philadelphia Community Health Alternatives AIDS Task
Force, 745 A.2d 25, 27 (Pa. Super. 2000); Toney v. Chester County Hospital, 961
A.2d 192, 197-198 (Pa. Super. 2008).
In order for there to be a cause of action of negligent infliction of emotional
distress, the Plaintiff must be able to demonstrate that he or she is a foreseeable
plaintiff and that he or she suffered a physical injury as a result of the defendant's
negligence. Armstrong v. Paoli Memorial Hospital, 633 A.2d 605, 609 (Pa. Super.
1993); Toney v. Chester County Hospital, 961 A.2d 192, 199 (Pa. Super. 2008)
citing Restatement (Second) of Torts, §§313 &436A.
9 The issues to be addressed are as follows:
1. Whether Thompson Funeral Home owed aduty to Mr. Smith-McConnell?
In Pennsylvania, when there is no surviving spouse of an intestate deceased,
the "next of kin" shall have the sole authority in all matters pertaining to the disposition
of the remains of the decedent, absent an allegation of enduring estrangement proven
by clear and convincing evidence. 20 Pa. C.S.A. §305(c).
The law defines "next of kin" as "The spouse and relatives by blood of the
deceased in order that they be authorized to succeed to the deceased's estate..." 20
Pa. C.S.A. §305(e). When there is no surviving spouse, the entire estate of the
deceased shall pass first to the issue of the decedent. 20 Pa. C.S.A. §2103(1). When
persons who are entitled to the estate of the deceased other than asurviving spouse
are all in the same degree of consanguinity, they are entitled to take in equal shares.
20 Pa. C.S.A. §2104(2).
10 It is uncontested that Ms. Melinda Curry and Mr. Brian Smith- McConnell are
the issue of the decedent and that they are in the same degree of consanguinity,
being sister and brother. Thus, pursuant to the law, both Ms. Curry and Mr. Smith-
McConnell meet the definition of "next of kin" set forth in 20 Pa. C.S.A. §305(e) and,
as such, had equal authority in all matters pertaining to the disposition of the remains
of the decedent absent an allegation of estrangement. 20 Pa. C.S.A. §305(c).
Defendant alleges that Ms. .Curry advised that Mr. Smith-McConnell was
estranged from the decedent. Plaintiff alleges that he had reconciled with his mother
prior to her passing. When estrangement is alleged, as it is here, the appropriate
procedure is for the next of kin alleging estrangement to file apetition within 48 hours
of the death or discovery of the body of the decedent. 20 Pa. C.S.A. §305(d). "If two
persons with equal standing as next of kin disagree on disposition of the decedent's
remains, the authority to dispose shall be determined by the court, with preference
given to the person who had the closest relationship with the deceased..." 20
Pa.C.S.A. §305(d). Since there was no petition alleging estrangement ever filed by
Ms. Curry pursuant to 20 Pa. C.S.A. §305(d), there was no hearing held before the
court and no court determination ever made as to whether Ms. Curry could establish a
finding of estrangement by clear and convincing evidence, as required by 20 Pa.
11 C.S.A. §305(c).
Clearly, the proper course of action in the case sub judice was for Ms. Curry to
file a petition alleging estrangement. She did not. The Plaintiff did not name Ms.
Curry as aDefendant in this action.
Since we have found fault with Ms. Curry in failing to file a petition with the
court alleging estrangement, it begs the question of what duty, if any, did Thompson
Funeral Home owe to the Plaintiff?
Plaintiff's allegations of negligence in this case include averments that
Defendant was aware of Mr. Smith-McConnell's existence, yet either knowingly or
negligently, proceeded to set all burial and funeral arrangements solely through
discussions with Ms. Curry, never included Mr. Smith-McConnell in any of these
arrangements, and failed to notify Mr. Smith-McConnell of the passing of his mother
and the details of any services. (Plaintiff's Complaint, ¶¶ 21-24; 62-63; & 70-71).
These allegations can be broken down into two potential duties alleged: 1) the duty to
notify, and 2) the duty to include.
12 ii. Duty to Notify Heir(s)
Defendant asserts that it would be unduly burdensome and onerous to impose
upon funeral directors the duty to investigate, uncover, locate, and notify all
decedents' next of kin of their passing. This court agrees with such an assertion;
however, that is not the factual scenario of the case before us.
Here, it is uncontested that from the beginning of its professional relationship
with Ms. Curry, Thompson Funeral Home was made aware of the existence of Mr.
Smith-McConnell as brother of Ms. Curry and son of the deceased. There was no
need to investigate, uncover the existence of, or locate Mr. Smith-McConnell.
Defendant asserts that its failure to include Mr. Smith-McConnell in the
planning of the services was based upon Ms. Curry's representation that it was the
decedent's request that Mr. Smith-McConnell not be notified o€ her passing until after
her funeral services had been completed, as Mr. Smith-McConnell was estranged
from his mother for asignificant period of time prior to her death. (See Defendant's
Answer and New Matter; Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment, IM 14 &15).
13 The Defendant asserts that the Plaintiff has not established that the Defendant
owed him a duty of care. In his complaint, the Plaintiff cites 20 Pa. C.S.A. §305(c)
and 49 Pa. Code §13.201 in an effort to establish that the Defendant was required to
notify the Plaintiff of his mother's passing.
20 Pa. C.S.A. §305(c) is located in the Probate, Estate and Fiduciaries Code.
This section provides that "the next of kin shall have the sole authority in all matters
pertaining to the disposition of the remains of the decedent." This section refers only
to the disposition of the remains. There is no reference to notification of relatives.
Further, we agree with the Defendant that this provision applies to the rights and
obligations of the representatives of the estate and not to third parties. Finally, we
also agree with the Defendant that this portion of Pennsylvania statutory law has no
direct or express applicability to funeral directors.
The Plaintiff has not presented any case law in Pennsylvania that interprets 20
Pa. C.S.A. §305(c) as imposing aduty on funeral directors to determine the existence
and whereabouts of other family members who are on equal standing with the family
member who has contacted afuneral director and is in the process of making funeral
arrangements. Nor has the Plaintiff presented any case law imposing a duty on
14 funeral directors to reach out to family members of equal standing and invite them to
participate in funeral arrangements. If the legislature had intended to impose such a
duty (or duties) upon afuneral director under the P.E.F. Code, it could have expressly
done so.
Such duty would be onerous in nature and we decline to impose any such
duty. One can imagine the practical obstacles if such a duty were to be imposed.
What if adecedent had ten children scattered across the country? What if a-decedent
had heirs on equal footing living in aforeign country? What if adecedent had an heir
in prison somewhere? There are any number of factual scenarios that would make
fulfilment of such aduty extremely difficult, if not impossible.
49 Pa. Code §13.201 enumerates the responsibilities and duties of licensed
funeral directors in connection with a funeral. This statute sets forth the duties
imposed upon afuneral director by the law. These duties include the following:
(1) Providing full and factual representation concerning aspects of the services
rendered or the funeral furnishings provided.
(2) Counseling the family in the selection of services and furnishings taking into
consideration both the wishes of the family and their financial limitations.
15 (3) Maintaining confidentiality of information received during the rendering of
service to afamily.
(4) Acquainting oneself with the religious practices or customs of families the
funeral director serves and adjusting services to conform with their belief.
(5) Releasing the remains to the funeral director chosen by the family, if any, in
the most expeditious manner if called upon to remove the remains from an
accident or comparable situation, before the family has been contacted.
(6) Providing proper disposal of human remains...
(7) Obtaining and maintaining written authorization from the family of a
deceased who is to be cremated.
49 Pa. Code §13.201.
There is nothing set forth in 49 Pa. Code §13.201 that applies to the factual
scenario we have before us. Likewise, there is nothing in §13.202 that requires a
licensed funeral director to locate and obtain the consent of all next of kin who are on
equal footing. §13.202 defines unprofessional conduct of afuneral director, setting
forth 16 different categories, none of which are applicable herein.
16 ii. Duty to Advise Ms. Curry to File Petition Alleging Estrangement
A secondary issue is whether Thompson Funeral Home had aduty, under the
particular factual circumstances that existed here, to advise or request Ms. Curry to
file apetition with the court alleging estrangement. There is no dispute that the right
to file such petition rests with the next of kin. 20 Pa. C.S.A. §305(d)(2).
In the case of Higgins v, Frank Bonin Funeral Parlor, 2 the court found that a
father's failure to timely file apetition under Pa. C.S.A. §305(d) within 48 hours of the
death of his son waived any plausible tort claim he may have based upon aviolation
of 20 Pa. C.S.A. §305(c). The court noted that, "...The rights of the next of kin are
only at issue if... a petition alleging enduring estrangement has been filed and
proven..." Higgins v. Frank Bonin Funeral Parlor, 629 Fed. Appx. 168, 172 (2015).
In the Higgins case, it was the father's failure to timely file the petition that was
his demise. Similarly, in the case sub judice, it was Ms. Curry's failure to file such a
petition and notify Mr. Smith-McConnell of the passing of Mrs. Smith that has placed
the parties in their current situation. As next of kin on equal footing with Mr. Smith-
2Higgins v. Frank Bonin Funeral Parlor, 629 Fed. Appx. 168 (2015) is aFederal case not selected for publication in West's Federal Reporter. It is cited in this opinion solely for its persuasive value and is not precedential in any manner.
17 McConnell and with full knowledge of his existence and rights, it was incumbent upon
Ms. Curry to file a petition alleging estrangement under 20 Pa. C.S.A. §305(d) if she
did not want him to be included in the selection and implementation of funeral and
burial services.
Thus, the inquiry becomes limited to the question of whether Thompson
Funeral Home was under aduty to specifically request or mandate Ms. Curry to file a
petition alleging estrangement with the court under 20 Pa.C.S.A. §305(d).
In order to answer the question posed above, we will consider the factors used
to determine whether a duty exists, as outlined in Althaus ex reL Althaus, supra,
756 A.2d 1166.
The Althaus factors are as follows:
(1) the relationship between the parties: The Plaintiff is the son of the
decedent and "next of kin" to the decedent. Ms. Curry engaged in a professional
relationship with Thompson Funeral Home to provide funeral and burial services.
There was no relationship between the Plaintiff and the Defendant.
(2) the social utility of the actor's conduct: Thompson Funeral Home, as
do other funeral homes and funeral directors, provides agreat social utility by virtue of
18 the funeral and burial services they render to afamily who is mourning the loss of a
loved one.
(3) the nature of the risk imposed and the foreseeability of the harm
incurred. A funeral home and afuneral director provide funeral and burial services
to afamily. They are under no duty to provide legal advice. There is nothing set forth
in 49 Pa. Code §13.201 that imposes any duty upon a licensed funeral director to
advise or mandate.to an heir who alleges estrangement to file apetition with the court
under 20 Pa. C.S.A. §305(d). The Plaintiff has not presented any controlling
authority to the court that imposes such aduty upon Thompson Funeral Home.
(4) the consequences of imposing a duty upon the actor. To impose a
duty upon a licensed funeral director to mandate that every heir alleging
estrangement regarding next of kin on equal footing first file a petition under 20 Pa.
C.S.A. §305(4) before rendering any funeral or burial services would result in such
funeral director and funeral home being brought into the middle of any such family's
disharmony and conflict. In addition, such would result in adelay in the rendering of
services until after a petition is filed, a hearing is held and acourt decision rendered.
Such delay could potentially take weeks, if not months. Further, there exists any
19 number of potential factual scenarios that would make it unduly burdensome to
impose such aduty upon afuneral director, some of which were mentioned above.
(5) the overall public interest in the proposed solution: We cannot imagine
there is any public interest in embroiling a funeral home and funeral director in the
middle of family strife and disharmony. Such could even be potentially dangerous in
situations wherein family members may have violent propensities.
There is already aprocedure available to heirs to seek court intervention when
estrangement is alleged. The duty to file apetition under 20 Pa. C.S.A. §305(d) rests
where it should, i.e., upon the next of kin, and not the funeral director.
2. Whether this case falls it into one of the four categories of Negligent
Infliction of Emotional Distress in which recovery is appropriate?
In order to recover on aclaim of negligent infliction of emotional distress, "the
Plaintiff must prove one of four elements: (1) that the Defendant had acontractual or
fiduciary duty toward him; (2) that Plaintiff suffered aphysical impact; (3) that Plaintiff
was in a "zone of danger" and at risk of an immediate physical injury; or (4) that
Plaintiff had acontemporaneous perception of tortious injury to aclose relative." Doe
v. Philadelphia Community Health Alternatives AIDS Task Force, 745 A.2d 25, 27
20 (Pa. Super. 2000); Toney v, Chester County Hospital 961 A.2d 192, 197-198 (Pa.
Super. 2008).
There are no facts alleged in any portion of the record that Mr. Smith-
McConnell was in a"zone of danger" in which he was at risk of an immediate physical
injury. Similarly, there are no allegations contained in the record that Mr. Smith-
McConnell had acontemporaneous perception of atortious injury to aclose relative.
Though Plaintiff alleges that he suffered aphysical impact, such an allegation
is without merit. The physical impact rule requires that the plaintiff sustain abodily
injury, however minor, which is then accompanied by fright or mental suffering.
Brown v. Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, 674 A.2d 1130, 1135-
1136 (Pa. Super. 1996). There are no allegations in the record that Mr. Smith-
McConnell suffered any type of substantive bodily injury. On the contrary, it is Mr.
Smith-McConnell's absence which is alleged to have caused the impact. Such a
contention is not sufficient to meet the impact rule. Thus, three out of the four above
scenarios presented are inapplicable in the present case before us. This leaves us
with the fourth scenario: acontractual or fiduciary duty.
21 Pennsylvania courts "have recognized recovery in situations where the
defendant owes the plaintiff a pre-existing duty of care, either through contract or a
fiduciary duty, and breach of that duty caused the emotional distress alleged."
Hunger v. Grand Central Sanitation, 670 A.2d 173, 183 (Pa. Super. 1996) (Beck, J.,
concurring).
Cases in which the court found the existence of acontractual or fiduciary duty
supporting a claim of negligent infliction of emotional distress include the following:
defendant hospital owed apreexisting duty to amother who was at all relevant times
under the medical care and treatment of the defendant hospital (Toney v. Chester
County Hospital, supra, 961 A.2d at 198); awoman was owed a preexisting duty by
the psychiatric care facility at which she was apatient (Crivellaro v. Pennsylvania
Power & Light Co., 491 A.2d 207 (Pa. Super 1985)); a psychologist owed a
professional duty of care in the nature of afiduciary duty to his patient (Corbett v.
Morgenstern, 934 F.Supp. 680, 683 (E D. Pa. 1996)); the parties were in an express
contractual relationship, and defendants owed a preexisting duty of care under the
terms of the contract (Cruz v. Roberts, 70 Pa. D. & C. 4th 225, 232 (Pa. Ct. Com. Pl.
2005)).
22 No preexisting duty was found when a hospital misinformed a wife that her
husband had sustained life-threa₹ening injuries in an accident when the patient turned
out not to be her husband and the wife was not a patient of the hospital. Armstrong
v. Paoli Memorial Hospital, supra, 633 A.2d 605.
Pursuant to the standard necessarily applied for a motion for summary
judgment, this court must determine whether there are any genuine issues of material
fact as to whether a contractual or fiduciary relationship existed between Thompson
Funeral Home and Mr. Smith-McConnell. The facts are uncontested that Ms. Curry
took possession of the decedent's body upon her passing (PI. Compl., ¶ 20;
Defendant's Answer, ¶ 20) and that she solely made the funeral and burial
arrangements with Thompson Funeral Home, never including Mr. Smith-McConnell.
(Plaintiffs Complaint; ¶23). These facts demonstrate that Thompson Funeral Home
was not in any express contractual or fiduciary relationship with Mr. Smith-McConnell.
The facts in the present case are not analogous to any of the cases in which
the courts have found a preexisting contractual or fiduciary duty. Mr. Smith-
McConnell was not in the care of Thompson Funeral Home, was not a patient of
Thompson Funeral Home, and did not expressly rely on any guarantees, advice, or
the like given to him by Thompson Funeral Home. In fact, Plaintiff concedes in his
23 brief that, "...there was no prior relationship between Plaintiff and Defendant."
(Plaintiffs Brief in Support, pg. 18). As such, there was no contractual or fiduciary
relationship between Thompson Funeral Home and Mr. Smith-McConnell.
Plaintiff alleges that an implied contractual relationship should be found as an
extension of Ms. Curry's contractual relationship with Thompson Funeral Home due to
Mr. Smith-McConnell's status as her brother. Finding such a relationship in this
situation would risk "opening the floodgates of litigation in Pennsylvania." See
Armstrong v. Paoli Memorial Hosp., supra. This court declines to do so.
In consideration of the foregoing, we enter the following Order: