COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Causey, Raphael and Senior Judge Clements PUBLISHED
Argued at Loudoun, Virginia
SMITH DEVELOPMENT, INC. OPINION BY v. Record No. 1245-22-4 JUDGE STUART A. RAPHAEL JANUARY 9, 2024 MARTIN C. CONWAY, ET AL.
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ALEXANDRIA Lisa B. Kemler, Judge
John S. Lopatto, III, for appellant.
Danny M. Howell (Jennifer Lynn Rowlett; Law Offices of Danny M. Howell, PLLC, on brief), for appellees.
The legal-malpractice claim here is time-barred if the lawyer worked under an unwritten
contract, triggering a three-year limitations period, but not if the lawyer worked under a written
contract, triggering a five-year period. The parties’ written engagement letter carefully specified
the lawyer’s task—file a chapter 11 bankruptcy petition and obtain confirmation of a plan of
reorganization. That undertaking ended, however, when the bankruptcy court converted the case
from a chapter 11 reorganization to a chapter 7 liquidation, ousting the client as debtor-in-
possession and ending the prospects of reorganization. The parties dispute whether the
bankruptcy lawyer continued to provide legal services afterward to the client, when the alleged
malpractice occurred. But even assuming that happened, such work constituted a different
undertaking through an unwritten or implied contract. So the trial court correctly applied the
three-year limitations period. It also correctly held that the lawyer was not estopped to assert the
statute of limitations as a defense. We thus affirm the judgment dismissing the malpractice claim
as time-barred. BACKGROUND
In December 2008, Smith Development, Inc. (“SDI”) hired Martin Conway and his law
firm, Pesner Kawamoto Conway, P.C. (collectively “Conway”) to “[f]ile a chapter 11 bankruptcy
petition and obtain confirmation of the plan of reorganization.”1 That specific undertaking was
spelled out in a written engagement letter signed by Martin Conway and by M. Kevin Smith
(“Smith”), the President of SDI. The agreement recited that it did “not include representation or
advice on . . . any other matter not specifically described.” It said that the law firm was not
responsible for other legal matters unless “specifically requested and confirmed by us in
writing.” And it added that the document “constitutes the entire [a]greement between the
parties.”
Conway filed the chapter 11 proceeding in January 2009 and obtained approval from the
bankruptcy court to be employed as counsel to debtor-in-possession SDI. Conway subsequently
filed adversary actions seeking money damages against three parties that had defaulted on real-
estate-purchase agreements with SDI.
But on March 17, 2010, after SDI failed to pay the required fees to maintain a chapter 11
proceeding, the bankruptcy court converted the case to a chapter 7 liquidation. The bankruptcy
court, on its “own motion,” entered orders substituting the bankruptcy trustee, Richard A. Bartl,
as plaintiff in place of SDI in each of the three adversary actions.
In July 2010, the trustee engaged Conway as special counsel under 11 U.S.C. § 327(e) to
litigate the three adversary actions that Conway had initiated in the chapter 11 proceeding. The
trustee moved the bankruptcy court for approval of Conway’s employment, stating that Conway
had “represented the debtor in the chapter 11 stage of this case and still represents the debtor and
1 A chapter 11 proceeding typically “consists of the existing management operating the business affairs of the estate in bankruptcy to the end objective of reorganization of the business.” Richard I. Aaron, Bankruptcy Law Fundamentals § 4.5 (2023). -2- is experienced in” the matters at issue in the adversary proceeding. The trustee also stated that
Conway “believes and therefore represents that consistent with 11 U.S.C. § 327, he ‘does not
represent or hold any interest adverse to the debtor or to the estate with respect to the matter on
which such attorney is to be employed.’”
The parties dispute whether Conway, on top of representing the trustee, also continued to
provide counsel to SDI after the bankruptcy case was converted to a chapter 7 liquidation.
Martin Conway stated in his affidavit that “[a]t no time [after the conversion] did we agree or
enter into an agreement expanding the scope of those services beyond the Chapter 11
proceedings.”2 He insisted that his “role as counsel for Smith Development as debtor in
possession in the Chapter 11 proceedings terminated upon conversion of the estate to Chapter 7,”
except for certain clean-up matters “to assist with the Trustee’s taking control over what had
been the property of the former Chapter 11 estate,” namely, “the three adversary proceedings.”
SDI, by contrast, insists that Conway continued to give it legal advice after the
conversion. Smith said in his declaration that Conway did not recommend that SDI obtain new
counsel following the conversion. Smith “continuously considered” the Conway lawyers to be
SDI’s lawyers. SDI also points to Conway’s November 2010 letter in which one of the Conway
lawyers urged Smith to “cooperate” with the chapter 7 trustee by attending an upcoming
deposition. The letter warned that Smith’s failure to participate “could greatly affect the success
of these adversary claims being sought on your behalf” and, “more importantly, . . . could lead to
your debts not being discharged.” To SDI, that letter showed that Conway continued to
represent it during the chapter 7 proceeding. SDI also claims that the letter proves that
2 No party objected to the trial court’s considering the parties’ respective affidavits in connection with Conway’s motion for summary judgment and plea in bar. -3- Conway’s legal advice was “incompetent,” since a corporation cannot obtain a “discharge” of its
debts in a chapter 7 proceeding.3
The trustee subsequently settled the three adversary actions for $60,000. SDI contends
that the claims were worth far more, about $2 million, according to discovery responses served
by Conway in the adversary actions. SDI complains that Conway and the trustee breached their
fiduciary duties by settling the claims for a fraction of their value, simply to cover their own
professional fees, while the “remaining creditors of Smith Development got nothing.”
In January 2011, Smith filed a pro se objection to the trustee’s motion to approve the
settlements. But the defendants in those actions successfully argued that the debtor lacked
standing to object because the trustee, not the debtor, controlled the estate in the chapter 7
proceeding. See Shipman v. Kruck, 267 Va. 495, 503 (2004) (noting that the chapter 7 debtors
“lost control of their assets to the Bankruptcy Trustee . . . . The filing of the bankruptcy, in and
of itself, vested those rights in the Bankruptcy Trustee as a matter of law.”).
The bankruptcy court approved the proposed settlements on March 17, 2011. Two of the
adversary proceedings were then dismissed with prejudice as settled on April 15, 2011, and the
third on May 13, 2011. After the trustee reduced the assets of the estate to cash, distributed the
proceeds, and filed his accounting, the bankruptcy court entered a final order on September 10,
2012, releasing the trustee and administratively closing the case.
Four-and-a-half years later, on April 28, 2017, SDI sued Conway in the Circuit Court for
the City of Alexandria, seeking damages for legal malpractice. The company nonsuited and
refiled the action within six months. See Code § 8.01-229(E)(3). SDI alleged in the first
3 See 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(1) (denying a discharge if “the debtor is not an individual”); 6 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 727.01[3], at 727-9 to 727-10 (16th ed. 2023) (“[C]orporations cannot receive a discharge in a liquidation case. The policy behind this provision is the prevention of trafficking in corporate shells . . . . A corporation may obtain relief from its debts through dissolution. But it does not need relief if it no longer has any assets.”). -4- amended complaint that Conway committed legal malpractice by settling the adversary actions
for too little and breaching its duty of loyalty to SDI, which Conway allegedly continued to
represent even after the bankruptcy case was converted to chapter 7.
Conway filed a plea in bar based on the statute of limitations. Conway argued that it
stopped providing representation for the “Chapter 11 case on March 17, 2010—the date the
company was converted to a chapter 7” and that the five-year statute of limitations for a written
contract “ran on March 18, 2015, five years after the conversion.” Conway denied providing any
legal services to SDI after the chapter 7 conversion. And even assuming that Conway had, it
would not matter. Citing Shipman, 267 Va. at 505, and Moonlight Enterprises, LLC v. Mroz,
293 Va. 224, 233-34 (2017), Conway argued that those services would have been a different
undertaking from the “particular undertaking” governed by the 2008 engagement letter. That
separate undertaking would have been subject to the three-year limitations period for an oral or
implied contract. See Code § 8.01-246(4). And SDI sued Conway long after that period had
elapsed.
Conway moved for summary judgment on that statute-of-limitations defense. SDI
responded (among other things) that Conway’s work for SDI after the chapter 7 conversion was
“a continuing extension and modification covered by the written engagement letter” and that
Conway should be estopped to claim otherwise.4
4 Conway moved to reopen SDI’s bankruptcy case, seeking damages and injunctive relief against SDI for improperly suing Conway for its role as counsel for the trustee. See Conway v. Smith Dev., Inc., 637 B.R. 811, 814 (E.D. Va. 2021), appeal dismissed, 64 F.4th 540 (4th Cir. 2023). On review of a recommendation from the bankruptcy court, however, the federal district court said that “if [Conway’s] alleged breach of contract occurred after the conversion to a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, then the cause of action would belong to the debtor (Defendant Smith Development Inc.).” Id. at 818. The district court directed the bankruptcy court to abstain on Conway’s action in favor of letting SDI’s malpractice case proceed in State court. Id. at 819-20. The Fourth Circuit dismissed Conway’s appeal, concluding that it lacked jurisdiction to review the district court’s permissive abstention. Conway, 64 F.4th at 545. -5- Following oral argument, the trial court granted Conway’s motion for summary judgment
on the statute-of-limitations defense. The court found that the parties’ written contract in 2008
“specifically and explicitly set forth the matter in which [Conway was] retained to represent”
SDI. By contrast, Conway’s “actions in continuing to represent [SDI], to the extent that they
were, after the Chapter 11 was converted to a Chapter 7 in 2010, [were] governed under an
implied contract.” The court found no “authority to support [SDI’s] argument that the written
contract was extended or modified . . . by the, quote, unquote, ‘significant conduct’ engaged in
by [Conway] after the conversion.” So the court dismissed the claim with prejudice as time-
barred.
SDI noted a timely appeal.
ANALYSIS
“Summary judgment is appropriate in cases where no ‘material fact is genuinely in
dispute’ and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Ranger v. Hyundai
Motor Am., ___ Va. ___, ___ (Apr. 6, 2023) (quoting Rule 3:20). We review a trial court’s
decision granting summary judgment de novo. Id. at ___. In doing so, we apply “the same
standard a trial court must adopt in reviewing a motion for summary judgment, accepting as true
those inferences from the facts that are most favorable to the nonmoving party, unless the
inferences are forced, strained, or contrary to reason.” Stahl v. Stitt, 301 Va. 1, 8 (2022) (quoting
Fultz v. Delhaize Am., Inc., 278 Va. 84, 88 (2009)).
A. The statute of limitations in legal-malpractice cases
“[A]n action for the negligence of an attorney in the performance of professional
services, while sounding in tort, is an action for breach of contract.” Oleyar v. Kerr, 217 Va. 88,
90 (1976). As a result, the “statute of limitations for legal malpractice actions is the same as
those for breach of contract.” Shipman, 267 Va. at 501; Oleyar, 217 Va. at 90 (same). When a
-6- contract is “in writing and signed by the party to be charged,” the breach-of-contract claim must
be brought “within five years” after the cause of action accrues. Code § 8.01-246(2). When the
claim is based on an “unwritten contract, express or implied,” the claim must be brought within
three years of accrual. Code § 8.01-246(4).5 A right of action for a breach-of-contract claim
generally accrues “when the breach of contract occurs . . . and not when the resulting damage is
discovered.” Code § 8.01-230.
But in Keller v. Denny, 232 Va. 512 (1987), our Supreme Court fashioned a “judicial
addition” to the accrual rules for legal-malpractice actions. See Moonlight Enters., 293 Va. at
236. Keller held that a legal-malpractice action accrues when the attorney last provided legal
services on the “particular undertaking or transaction” at issue, even if the attorney continues to
represent the client on “other undertakings or transactions.” 232 Va. at 518. “The proper inquiry
is not whether a general attorney-client relationship has ended, but instead, when the attorney’s
work on the particular undertaking at issue has ceased.” Shipman, 267 Va. at 505 (emphasis
added). That “continuous-representation rule” is, in effect, “a tolling principle.” Moonlight
Enters., 293 Va. at 230. “The tolling period extends to, and the limitation period thus begins on,
the date when the attorney renders his ‘last professional services’ related to the particular
undertaking.” Id. at 231 (quoting Keller, 232 Va. at 519).
Since this tolling principle was fashioned by the judiciary, not the legislature, courts
should be “prudent” not to “extend the continuous-representation rule beyond its judicially-
recognized parameters.” Id. at 236. As our appellate courts have repeatedly said, “[i]t is well-
established that ‘statutes of limitations are strictly enforced and must be applied unless the
General Assembly has clearly created an exception to their application.’” Casey v. Merck & Co.,
5 The three-year limitations period also applies to actions on any contract that is “in writing and not signed by the party to be charged.” Code § 8.01-246(4) (emphasis added). -7- 283 Va. 411, 416 (2012) (quoting Rivera v. Witt, 257 Va. 280, 283 (1999)); Finnerty v. Thornton
Hall, Inc., 42 Va. App. 628, 640 (2004) (same). “[A]ny doubt must be resolved in favor of the
enforcement of the statute.” Casey, 283 Va. at 416 (quoting Arrington v. Peoples Sec. Life Ins.
Co., 250 Va. 52, 55 (1995)); Finnerty, 42 Va. App. at 640 (same).
B. The particular undertaking at issue
The material facts are undisputed that the particular undertaking governed by the 2008
engagement letter involved a chapter 11 proceeding, not a chapter 7 proceeding. The letter
signed by Martin Conway and Smith specifically provided that the agreement was “in regard to
the matter described below,” namely, “[f]ile a chapter 11 bankruptcy petition and obtain
confirmation of the plan of reorganization.” That letter made clear that the engagement did “not
include representation on . . . any other matter not specifically described in this Agreement.”
(Emphasis added.) The letter also stated, on the second page, that “[a] separate agreement will
be required for other services beyond those described in this Agreement.”
The particular undertaking governed by that letter concluded when the bankruptcy court
converted the chapter 11 proceeding to a chapter 7 liquidation. When that happened, SDI ceased
operating as the debtor-in-possession of the bankruptcy estate, replaced by the bankruptcy trustee
under 11 U.S.C. § 701. See Richard I. Aaron, Bankruptcy Law Fundamentals § 1:4 (2023) (“The
parties involved in a Chapter 11 case are quite different from those involved in a liquidating
Chapter 7.”).
By terminating SDI’s status as debtor-in-possession, the conversion also “terminated
[Conway’s] service . . . as an attorney for the debtor-in-possession.” Lamie v. United States Tr.,
540 U.S. 526, 532 (2004). The trustee became “the representative of the estate,” clothed with the
“capacity to sue and be sued.” 11 U.S.C. § 323; see also id. § 704 (duties of trustee). As a
result, the bankruptcy court, on its “own motion,” substituted the bankruptcy trustee for SDI as
-8- “the proper plaintiff” in the three adversary actions. The conversion to a chapter 7 proceeding
also precluded Conway from fulfilling the stated purpose of the 2008 engagement letter—“obtain
confirmation of a plan of reorganization” under “chapter 11,” see id. §§ 1121-1129 (governing
plan of reorganization), something that could not be accomplished under a chapter 7 liquidation,
see id. §§ 725, 726; W. Michael Garner, Franchise & Distribution Law Practice § 13:3 (2023)
(“There is a fundamental distinction in bankruptcy between liquidation . . . and reorganization.”).
In marshaling the assets of the estate under chapter 7, the trustee was empowered to
employ attorneys, 11 U.S.C. § 327(a), including an attorney like Conway who previously
represented the debtor:
The trustee, with the court’s approval, may employ, for a specified special purpose, other than to represent the trustee in conducting the case, an attorney that has represented the debtor, if in the best interest of the estate, and if such attorney does not represent or hold any interest adverse to the debtor or to the estate with respect to the matter on which such attorney is to be employed.
Id. § 327(e). Serving in that capacity made Conway counsel to the trustee, not the debtor.6 In
fact, Conway could not be paid for any post-conversion legal work in the chapter 7 proceeding
unless employed as special counsel by the bankruptcy trustee. See Lamie, 540 U.S. at 538-39
(interpreting 11 U.S.C. § 330(a) to prohibit the debtor’s attorney from receiving compensation
for post-petition services in a chapter 7 proceeding unless employed by the trustee under
§ 327(e)).
To be sure, the parties dispute whether Conway also worked as debtor’s counsel to SDI
after the conversion to chapter 7. Cf. id. at 532 (noting that the debtor’s bankruptcy attorney
“continued to provide legal services to . . . the debtor, even though he did not have the trustee’s
authorization to do so”). Conway denies providing such services. But Smith counters that after
Conway signed pleadings as “Counsel for chapter 7 Trustee, Richard A. Bartl, for Smith 6
Development, Inc.” -9- he signed the 2008 engagement letter, he “considered [the Conway] attorneys the counsel for my
corporation in the subsequent Chapter 11 and Chapter 7 proceedings.” (Emphasis added.) And
because those lawyers did not recommend that he get new counsel to represent the company after
the conversion, Smith says that he “continuously considered them to be the lawyers advising and
working for the corporation.”7
But we need not resolve that dispute to answer the statute-of-limitations question
presented here. The “key phrase” in Rule 3:20—“‘entitled to judgment’—requires the moving
party to demonstrate that no ‘material’ facts are ‘genuinely in dispute.’ It follows that
immaterial facts genuinely in dispute . . . do not preclude the entry of summary judgment.”
AlBritton v. Commonwealth, 299 Va. 392, 403 (2021) (quoting Rule 3:20) (emphasis added).
The parties’ disagreement about whether Conway continued to work for SDI after the
chapter 7 conversion is “immaterial.” Id. For the dispositive question is not whether Conway
continued to represent SDI after the chapter 7 conversion, but—assuming Conway did so—
whether such work was done under the 2008 written engagement letter (triggering a five-year
limitations period) or under an “unwritten contract, express or implied” (triggering a three-year
period). Code § 8.01-246(2), (4).
The particular-undertaking doctrine presumes that a lawyer charged with malpractice as
to one undertaking may continue to represent the client on other undertakings. Moonlight
Enters., 293 Va. at 230-31. Even so, the tolling stops when work on the “particular undertaking”
7 The Virginia Rules of Professional Conduct do not require that an attorney advise a client in writing when a particular representation has ended but offer sensible advice about the benefits of doing so. See Va. R. Prof. Conduct 1.3 cmt. 4 (“If a lawyer has served a client over a substantial period in a variety of matters, the client sometimes may assume that the lawyer will continue to serve on a continuing basis unless the lawyer gives notice of withdrawal. Doubt about whether a client-lawyer relationship still exists should be clarified by the lawyer, preferably in writing, so that the client will not mistakenly suppose the lawyer is looking after the client’s affairs when the lawyer has ceased to do so.”). - 10 - has ended. Id. So when analyzing the statute-of-limitations issue, the question is not whether
Conway provided counsel to SDI after the conversion to chapter 7, but whether he did so under
the 2008 engagement letter. “The burden is on [SDI], as the part[y] seeking to toll the statute of
limitations, to establish that the continuing-representation doctrine applies.” Id. at 231 (quoting
Kindle v. Morisset, Schlosser, Ayer & Jozwiak, 217 F.3d 602, 604 (8th Cir. 2000)).
The “material facts” on that question were “not genuinely in dispute.” AlBritton, 299 Va.
at 403. The 2008 agreement was explicitly limited to a specific undertaking: “[f]ile a chapter 11
bankruptcy petition and obtain confirmation of the plan of reorganization.” Any legal work for
the debtor after the conversion to chapter 7 would have been a different undertaking from the one
set forth in that letter.
SDI offers several arguments to resist that conclusion, but we find them unpersuasive.
To start, it argues that conversion to chapter 7 did not create a new bankruptcy case and related
back to the filing date of the original chapter 11 bankruptcy. See 11 U.S.C. § 348(a)
(“Conversion . . . does not effect a change in the date of the filing of the petition, the
commencement of the case, or the order for relief.”). That is true. The commencement date for
the bankruptcy proceeding has consequences for determining such things as the voidability of
preferential transfers made 90 days before the bankruptcy filing, as well as the date for
determining exemptions and lien priorities. See generally 3 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 348.02, at
348-7 to 348-10 (16th ed. 2023). But that administrative aspect of bankruptcy practice sheds no
light on what the 2008 engagement letter specified as the subject of Conway’s legal
representation. That undertaking contemplated solely a chapter 11 proceeding in which Conway
would represent SDI as the debtor-in-possession to obtain a plan of reorganization. It did not
- 11 - contemplate a converted chapter 7 proceeding in which Conway could be paid for its services,
under Lamie, only if retained by the trustee as special counsel.8
SDI also argues that disputed facts precluded summary judgment because Smith believed
that the 2008 agreement encompassed the chapter 7 proceeding as well. But crediting Smith’s
subjective belief as true for summary-judgment purposes does not create a disputed material fact
because Smith’s subjective belief is inadmissible to contradict the terms of the engagement letter.
“The parol-evidence rule provides that ‘where [the] parties have reduced their contract to a
writing [that] imposes a legal obligation in clear and explicit terms[,] the writing [is] the sole
memorial of that contract, and it is conclusively concluded that the writing contains the whole
contract, and is the sole evidence of the agreement.’” Worsham v. Worsham, 74 Va. App. 151,
165 (2022) (alterations in original) (quoting Jim Carpenter Co. v. Potts, 255 Va. 147, 155
(1998)). “Parol evidence is . . . ‘never competent to show merely what one of the parties to a
contract thought.’” Id. at 173 n.6 (quoting Title Ins. Co. of Richmond v. Howell, 158 Va. 713,
718 (1932)). See also CSE, Inc. v. Kibby Welding, LLC, 77 Va. App. 795, 806 (2023) (“[T]he
objective reliability of a contract . . . depends on the ‘external manifestation’ of the parties’
bargained-for exchange, not their ‘undisclosed mental state.’” (quoting Restatement (Second) of
Contracts § 71 cmt. b (1981))). The parol-evidence rule thus bars evidence of Smith’s belief that
the 2008 agreement would extend to work by Conway following a chapter 7 conversion, because
such evidence contradicts the written engagement letter, which limited Conway’s engagement to
a chapter 11 proceeding.
8 Because the debtor’s bankruptcy attorney in a chapter 7 liquidation cannot be paid from the bankruptcy estate for post-petition work on behalf of the debtor, Lamie, 540 U.S. at 532, the attorney must exercise great care when structuring the engagement before filing a chapter 7 petition. See generally Va. Legal Ethics Op. 1883 (2015); 3 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 330.02[3][a], at 330-18 to 330-19. - 12 - The parol-evidence rule, of course, would not preclude SDI from arguing that the parties’
later agreement or course of conduct modified the 2008 engagement letter. The parol-evidence
rule “has no application to subsequent parol agreements between the parties.” Piedmont Mt. Airy
Guano Co. v. Buchanan, 146 Va. 617, 626 (1926) (emphasis added). In fact, SDI argued in the
trial court that the 2008 engagement letter was “modified and extended” by Conway’s work on
the case after the conversion, or “modified by signature of defendants on post-Chapter 7
conversion filings.” The party asserting modification, however, must prove that the parties had
“a ‘mutual intention’ that the modification be effective, and such intention must be shown by
‘clear, unequivocal and convincing evidence, direct or implied.’” Gov’t Emps. Ins. Co. v. Hall,
260 Va. 349, 356 (2000) (quoting Stanley’s Cafeteria, Inc. v. Abramson, 226 Va. 68, 73 (1983));
Reston Surgery Ctr. v. City of Alexandria, 62 Va. App. 549, 565 (2013) (same); Orthopaedic &
Spine Ctr. v. Muller Martini Mfg. Corp., 61 Va. App. 482, 493-94 (2013) (same).
The trial court rejected SDI’s modification theory. It found that Conway’s “[s]igning of
pleadings, the filing of pleadings, the actions in conducting discovery with respect to the
adversary proceedings . . . in their role as special counsel to the trustee . . . did not, in my view,
. . . extend the life of the written contract.”
Having lost that claim in the trial court, SDI has not tried to revive it here. That
“particular argument has been abandoned for purposes of appeal because it was not raised in
appellant’s opening brief on appeal.” Farmer v. Commonwealth, 62 Va. App. 285, 295 (2013)
(citing Rule 5A:20(e)). As a result, we need not address whether the trial court correctly found
that the parties did not modify the 2008 engagement letter to cover anything beyond the chapter
11 proceeding.
- 13 - C. Estoppel
Lastly, relying on Code § 8.01-229(D)(ii) and the doctrine of equitable estoppel, SDI
argues that Conway should be estopped to plead the statute of limitations. SDI bore the “burden
to prove its entitlement to the tolling of the statute of limitations.” Birchwood-Manassas
Assocs., L.L.C. v. Birchwood at Oak Knoll Farm, L.L.C., 290 Va. 5, 7 (2015). SDI has failed to
carry that burden here.
Code § 8.01-229(D) provides:
When the filing of an action is obstructed by a defendant’s (i) filing a petition in bankruptcy . . . or (ii) using any other direct or indirect means to obstruct the filing of an action, then the time that such obstruction has continued shall not be counted as any part of the period within which the action must be brought.
The statutory predecessor of this provision dates to the earliest days of the Commonwealth.9 To
toll the limitations period, the plaintiff “must establish that the defendant undertook an
affirmative act designed or intended, directly or indirectly, to obstruct the plaintiff’s right to file
[the] action.” Mackey v. McDannald, 298 Va. 645, 655 (2020) (quoting Grimes v. Suzukawa,
262 Va. 330, 332 (2001)). “Mere silence by the person liable is not concealment, but there must
be some affirmative act or representation designed to prevent, and which does prevent, the
discovery of the cause of action.” Id. at 656 (quoting Culpeper Nat’l Bank v. Tidewater
Improvement Co., 119 Va. 73, 83-84 (1916)). And not just any act will do. “The requisite
obstruction ‘must consist of some trick or artifice preventing inquiry, or calculated to hinder a
9 See Act of Dec. 19, 1792, § 14, in Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia, of a Public and Permanent Nature, as Are Now in Force 116 (1794) (providing that “if any . . . defendants . . . shall abscond or conceal themselves, or by removal out of this Country . . . when such cause of action accrued, or by any other indirect ways or means, defeat or obstruct any person . . . from bringing . . . any of the aforesaid actions within the respective times limited by the Act, . . . such . . . defendants are not to be admitted to plead this Act in bar to any of the aforesaid actions”). The statute has been revised and reenacted over the centuries until its appearance today as Code § 8.01-229(D). See Code of 1950, § 8-33; Code of 1904, § 2933; Code of 1849, tit. 45, ch. 149, § 17; 1 Rev. Code p. 491, ch. 128, § 14 (1819). - 14 - discovery of the cause of action by the use of ordinary diligence.’” Id. (quoting Culpeper Nat’l
Bank, 119 Va. at 84). See also Newman v. Walker, 270 Va. 291, 298 (2005) (“The fraud which
will relieve the bar of the statute must be of that character which involves moral turpitude, and
must have the effect of debarring or deterring the plaintiff from his action.” (quoting Culpeper
Nat’l Bank, 119 Va. at 83)).
Yet SDI has offered no facts to show how Conway obstructed the filing of this legal-
malpractice lawsuit or otherwise prevented SDI from discovering the claim. To the contrary,
Smith said in his declaration that he believed in 2011 that the adversary claims were worth
between “$1.86 and $2.01 million,” far more than the $60,000 settlement sought by the trustee.
Smith even filed a pro se objection in January 2011 to the trustee’s motion to confirm the
settlements. At oral argument here, SDI’s counsel could not identify any conduct by Conway to
obstruct the filing of this legal-malpractice lawsuit after the bankruptcy case was
administratively closed in 2012.
SDI’s common-law equitable-estoppel theory fares no better. The statute-of-limitations
bar is “absolute . . . unless under certain extraordinary circumstances . . . the positive and plain
requirements of an equitable estoppel preclude its application.” Brunswick Land Corp. v.
Perkinson, 153 Va. 603, 608 (1930); see also Westminster Inv. Corp. v. Lamps Unlimited, Inc.,
237 Va. 543, 547 (1989) (same); Boykins Narrow Fabrics Corp. v. Weldon Roofing and Sheet
Metal, Inc., 221 Va. 81, 85 (1980) (same).10 “Two such extraordinary circumstances that have
10 The elements of equitable estoppel must be proven “by clear, precise, and unequivocal evidence.” Boykins, 221 Va. at 86. The elements are:
(1) A material fact was falsely represented or concealed; (2) The representation or concealment was made with knowledge of the fact; (3) The party to whom the representation was made was ignorant of the truth of the matter; (4) The representation was made with the intention that the - 15 - arisen in the past are (1) where fraud prevents a plaintiff from asserting its claims, or (2) where
the defendant ‘has by affirmative act deprived the plaintiff of his power to assert his cause of
action in due season.’” Birchwood-Manassas, 290 Va. at 7 (quoting Schmidt v. Household Fin.
Corp., II, 276 Va. 108, 117 (2008)).
As with SDI’s argument under Code § 8.01-229(D)(ii), the required grounds are also
absent here. SDI insists that Conway breached its fiduciary duty and had a conflict of interest by
simultaneously representing SDI and the bankruptcy trustee after the chapter 7 conversion. But
“conflicts of interest and breaches of fiduciary duties” do not qualify as “an extraordinary
circumstance” to equitably toll the statute of limitations when such transgressions, as here, do not
prevent the plaintiff from filing suit. Birchwood-Manassas, 290 Va. at 8. In short, equitable
estoppel does not apply because SDI has identified no fraudulent or deceptive conduct by
Conway that prevented or delayed SDI from suing Conway for legal malpractice.
CONCLUSION
The trial court correctly found that Conway’s 2008 written engagement letter specified a
particular undertaking—representing SDI in a chapter 11 proceeding to obtain confirmation of a
plan of reorganization. That undertaking ended in March 2010, when the bankruptcy case was
converted to a chapter 7 proceeding. Conway’s filing of pleadings afterward was on behalf of
the bankruptcy trustee, who engaged Conway as special counsel. Any legal advice that Conway
also provided to SDI after the conversion was a different undertaking from the one governed by
the written agreement. And any such undertaking was therefore not under the 2008 written
engagement, but under an “unwritten contract, express or implied.” Code § 8.01-246(4). So the
other party should act upon it; (5) The other party was induced to act upon it; and (6) The party claiming estoppel was misled to his injury.
Id. - 16 - claim that Conway committed malpractice during that later undertaking was subject to a three-
year limitations period. And because SDI sued Conway for legal malpractice more than three
years after the bankruptcy case closed, the trial court correctly found that the malpractice claim
was time-barred.
Affirmed.
- 17 - Causey, J. dissenting.
Summary judgment is a drastic remedy that is reserved for matters where there are no
material facts genuinely in dispute. Here, several key facts remain in dispute which are critical
to the resolution of this case. Because summary judgment is inappropriate where there are
material facts genuinely in dispute, I respectfully dissent.
“Under well-settled principles, we review the record applying the same standard a trial
court must adopt in reviewing a motion for summary judgment, accepting as true those
inferences from the facts that are most favorable to the nonmoving party, unless the inferences
are forced, strained, or contrary to reason.” Fultz v. Delhaize Am., Inc., 278 Va. 84, 88 (2009)
(citing Dickerson v. Fatehi, 253 Va. 324, 327 (1997); Carson v. LeBlanc, 245 Va. 135, 139-40,
(1993)). “In this context, we have repeatedly held that summary judgment is a drastic remedy,
available only when there are no material facts genuinely in dispute.” Id. (citing Stockbridge v.
Gemini Air Cargo, Inc., 269 Va. 609, 618 (2005); Smith v. Smith, 254 Va. 99, 103 (1997); Slone
v. Gen. Motors Corp., 249 Va. 520, 522 (1995)). “Thus, if the evidence is conflicting on a
material point or if reasonable persons may draw different conclusions from the evidence,
summary judgment is not appropriate.” Id.
The trial court improperly decided several disputed facts at the summary judgment
hearing. First, the court decided that Conway’s actions in continuing to represent Smith “to the
extent that they existed, after the conversion to a Chapter 7 in 2010 was governed under an
implied contract.” Although the majority finds this fact immaterial, this is a highly disputed fact
between the parties that is outcome determinative. The engagement letter had a provision
stating, “[a] separate agreement will be required for other services beyond those described in this
Agreement.” Although Conway did outline the scope of their representation in the engagement
letter, Smith argued that in addition to the letter mentioned by the majority, Conway continued to
- 18 - represent Smith by filing schedules and attending a creditors’ meeting for Smith after the
conversion. The record is void of any evidence that Conway executed a subsequent engagement
agreement, nor did they execute a termination of representation notice. Conway never reduced
their continued representation to writing. The burden does not fall on Smith to reduce the
parties’ continued representation to writing. Most importantly, this Court cannot allow Conway
to impermissibly benefit from: (1) failing to create the additional writing and (2) finding on
summary judgment that there was an implied contract, instead of an extension of the original
contract as Smith argued. Here, Conway had a duty to keep Smith informed of their
representation, or lack thereof, not only based on the Rules of Professional Conduct, but pursuant
to section seven of the engagement letter which states in part “If we elect to terminate our
representation, then we will take all steps reasonably necessary and will cooperate as reasonably
required to free us of any further obligation to perform legal services, including the execution of
any documents necessary to complete our withdrawal from representation.” The record is void
of any evidence to support that Conway met its contractual obligation regarding termination of
the parties’ agreement. There is no evidence of a termination letter, or an effort made by
Conway to inform Smith of the intent to terminate representation. Conway ignored their ethical
and contractual obligation to Smith, which is a basis of Smith’s legal malpractice claim. It was
improper for the trial court to resolve this issue in favor of Conway on summary judgment by
finding that there was an implied contract for the Chapter 7 representation.
The trial court also decided the date the action accrued, which is yet another highly
disputed fact. In this case, there were a minimum of four dates argued or pleaded that would
trigger the action’s accrual: March 17, 2010 (date of conversion from Chapter 11 to Chapter 7);
March 17, 2011 (settlement of adversary proceedings); September 12, 2011 (dismissal of
adversary proceeding); and September 10, 2012 (date Chapter 7 was administratively closed).
- 19 - The trial court determined that September 12, 2011, was the date that the action accrued. In
finding that this date, September 12, 2011, triggers the statute of limitations, the trial court ruled
on a material fact genuinely in dispute in the record, and necessary to the resolution of this case.
Therefore, it was improper for the trial court to decide the accrual date on summary judgment.
Additionally, at trial, Smith argued that the undertaking doctrine, continuing
representation, and any other exceptions are factually disputed and should not be ruled on at the
summary judgment stage. I agree. The trial court judge specifically documented on the record
the undisputed facts that the court found. The record contains over two pages of the trial court’s
recitation of the undisputed facts. Neither the undertaking doctrine nor facts material to the
undertaking doctrine were among them. Therefore, this Court may not uphold summary
judgment based on the undertaking doctrine, as material facts necessary to the applicability of
this doctrine are in genuine dispute. “As a general rule, we serve as ‘a court of review, not of
first view.’” Burkholder v. Palisades Park Owners Ass’n, Inc., 76 Va. App. 577, 591 (2023)
(quoting Cal. Condo. Ass’n v. Peterson, 301 Va. 14, 23 (2022)). The parties did not brief or
argue the undertaking doctrine, and this Court is not to try the case for them. One can reasonably
conclude by the parties’ absence of an argument based on the undertaking doctrine on appeal that
arguments based on this doctrine are not entitled summary judgment in this case. This Court
cannot decide the better argument for the parties. “[I]t is not the role of the courts, trial or
appellate, to research or construct a litigant’s case or arguments for him or her, and where a party
fails to develop an argument in support of his or her contention or merely constructs a skeletal
argument, the issue is waived.” Coward v. Wellmont Health Sys., d/b/a Lonesome Pine Hosp.,
295 Va. 351, 367 (2018) (quoting Bartley v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 740, 746 (2017)
(applying Rule 5A:20(e))).
- 20 - As the majority notes, “[s]ummary judgment is appropriate in cases where no ‘material
fact is genuinely in dispute’ and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Ranger v. Hyundai Motor Am., ___ Va. ___, ___ (Apr. 6, 2023). Summary judgment is
inappropriate here as there are several material facts that remain genuinely in dispute and the
record is void of any evidence of Conway being entitled to judgment as a matter of law. For
these reasons, I would hold that the circuit court erred in granting Conway’s motion for summary
judgment. Accordingly, I would reverse the judgment of the circuit court and remand this case
for further proceedings.
- 21 -