Skrzypek v. United States

425 F. App'x 516
CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedJune 29, 2011
DocketNos. 10-2804, 10-2805
StatusPublished
Cited by1 cases

This text of 425 F. App'x 516 (Skrzypek v. United States) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Skrzypek v. United States, 425 F. App'x 516 (7th Cir. 2011).

Opinion

ORDER

James and Janice Skrzypek cheated the Chicago Housing Authority, the Internal Revenue Service, and several insurance companies out of millions of dollars. They were convicted of multiple crimes, including racketeering, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), mail and wire fraud, id. §§ 1341, 1343, bribing public officials, id. § 201(b), obstruction of justice, id. § 1503(a), and failure to remit withholding tax, 26 U.S.C. § 7202. Both defendants were sentenced to 90 months’ imprisonment and ordered to jointly pay almost $3.5 million in restitution. After unsuccessful direct appeals, United States v. Skrzypek, 333 Fed.Appx. 117 (7th Cir. 2009); United States v. Skrzypek, 219 Fed. Appx. 577 (7th Cir.2007), the Skrzypeks moved under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to set aside their convictions on the ground that trial counsel had been ineffective in not seeking to suppress documents found in their garage during an allegedly illegal search. The district court denied their motions, and the Skrzypeks appeal. We affirm the decision.

The Skrzypeks owned several private security companies, including Federal Security, Inc. The CHA hired Federal Security to guard some of its housing projects. Although the company did not have enough guards to do the job, the Skrzy-peks led CHA managers to believe that all posts were staffed and billed for these phantom employees. They also exaggerated the number of hours logged by the few guards who did work. And to cover their tracks, the Skrzypeks falsified their business records and bribed CHA employees to look the other way. Meanwhile, the Skrzypeks also pocketed taxes withheld from Federal Security employees and, in dealing with insurance carriers, understated the size of the workforce to reduce their payroll-based premiums for workers’ compensation and liability policies.

On the day the Skrzypeks were indicted, a federal agent executed a warrant to search for and seize a sports car bought with proceeds of their crimes. The FBI expected to find the car in the garage [517]*517behind the Skrzypeks’ home, which is also located next to the office for their security companies. The agent obtained keys to the garage from Janice, and at trial he testified that the car was immediately apparent when he entered the structure but so were boxes of documents on the floor near the open, pull-down stairs leading to the garage attic. The agent added that he conducted a protective sweep by climbing about four steps “to see what was there or if anyone was there.” What he saw were lots of banker’s boxes like those discovered during earlier searches of the Skrzypeks’ company offices. According to the agent, these boxes were labeled with notations such as “CHA Contract,” “Telephone Bills Federal,” “Dispatcher Logs,” and “All Payroll Books.” He descended the stairs without touching the boxes, and the FBI then obtained another search warrant specifically for the documents in the garage. These documents underlie the Skrzypeks’ convictions for obstruction of justice because they concealed the records after receiving a Grand Jury subpoena.

When questioned at trial about the protective sweep, the FBI agent testified that such action is taken “as a matter of practice” when executing arrest or search warrants “to make sure no one is there.” The “primary reason” for a protective sweep, the agent explained, is to avoid being surprised by someone who is present. He was part of the team, he continued, that had searched the business office next to the garage, and he knew from that experience that armed employees often were present.

In their § 2255 motions, the Skrzypeks primarily argued that their trial attorneys were ineffective because they never moved to suppress the records found in the garage attic. They insisted that the FBI agent was not justified in conducting a protective sweep of the garage because, they said, he simply followed routine and did not have a reasonable belief that a dangerous person might be in the attic. Counsel’s failure to move for suppression prejudiced them, the Skrzypeks assert, because the hidden records led to their convictions for obstruction of justice and — so they say — the government all but conceded that it would have had difficulty proving any part of its case without those documents.

In denying the Skrzypeks’ collateral challenge, the district court deemed it particularly significant that the pull-down stairs had been lowered, suggesting that someone recently had gone up into the attic. That inference, combined with the agent’s awareness that armed security guards were in the area, the court reasoned, was sufficient to justify the decision to do a cursory check of the attic to make sure no one would harm him during the search and seizure of the vehicle. The court also noted that defense counsel likely chose not to file a motion to suppress because they instead pursued a strategy of fighting the obstruction charge by attempting to show that the seized records duplicated information already in the government’s possession. Given the government’s overwhelming evidence against the Skrzypeks, the court concluded, even if the attic records had been excluded, there was plenty of other evidence to support the Skrzypeks’ convictions, including CHA billing records, the security company’s computerized records, and the testimony of Federal Security employees. In reviewing this decision, we evaluate questions of law de novo and findings of fact for clear error. Hutchings v. United States, 618 F.3d 693, 696 (7th Cir.2010).

To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance, the movant must establish both deficient performance and prejudice. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 [518]*518S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); Pole v. Randolph, 570 F.3d 922, 934 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 130 S.Ct. 562, 175 L.Ed.2d 384 (2009). If a movant’s showing on either element is wanting, we do not have to address the other element. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697, 104 S.Ct. 2052; Pole, 570 F.3d at 934. And since any number of defense strategies may be reasonable in a given case, we give great deference to counsel’s choice and evaluate the reasonableness of counsel’s performance in the context of the case as a whole. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052. Moreover, because in this instance the Skrzypeks criticize a choice to forgo a motion to suppress, they were required to show that a Fourth Amendment claim would have been meritorious and “that there is a reasonable probability that the verdict would have been different absent the excludable evidence.” Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 375, 106 S.Ct. 2574, 91 L.Ed.2d 305 (1986); see United States v. Cieslowski, 410 F.3d 353, 360 (7th Cir.2005). As the district judge surmised, the Skrzypeks made neither showing.

Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI

Related

United States v. Delgado
814 F. Supp. 2d 874 (E.D. Wisconsin, 2011)

Cite This Page — Counsel Stack

Bluebook (online)
425 F. App'x 516, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/skrzypek-v-united-states-ca7-2011.