SinglePoint Direct Solar LLC v. Curiel

Opinion

1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

9 SinglePoint Direct Solar, LLC; and CV-21-01076-PHX-JAT (Lead) SinglePoint, Inc., CV 21-00989-PHX-JAT (Cons) 10 Plaintiffs,

11 v. ORDER 12 Pablo Diaz Curiel; Kjelsey Johnson; Brian Odle; Solar Integrated Roofing Corporation; 13 USA Solar Network, LLC; David Massey; Elijah Chaffino; Christina Berume; and 14 Jessica Hernandez, Defendants. 15 ___________________________________

16 Pablo Diaz, individually and derivatively on behalf of Nominal Counterdefendant 17 SinglePoint Direct Solar, LLC; JAGUSA 18 Holdings, LLC; Elijah Chaffino; Kjelsey Johnson; Brian Odle; Direct Solar LLC; and 19 AI Live Transfers LLC. Counterclaimants, 20 vs.

21 SinglePoint Inc.; SinglePoint Direct Solar, LLC (as to direct counterclaims); Greg 22 Lambrecht; Wil Ralston; Corey Lambrecht; Does I-X, Inclusive; and Roe Corporations 23 I-X, Inclusive, Counterdefendants, 24 and

25 SinglePoint Direct Solar, LLC, Nominal Counterdefendant. 26

27 Pending before the Court is Defendant’s Motion to Disqualify opposing counsel 28 (Doc. 170). The Court now rules on the Motion. 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 Defendant Pablo Diaz Curiel was previously represented in this matter by attorney 3 Alexander Calaway and the law firm Marquis Aurbach Chtd (MAC). In August of 2022, 4 this Court granted a motion to substitute counsel because a conflict of interest arose 5 between the jointly represented defendants. (Doc. 164; Doc. 162). Diaz now moves to 6 disqualify both Calaway and MAC under Rule 1.9 of the Arizona Rules of Professional 7 Conduct. He claims that Calaway “switched sides” by bringing a lawsuit in Nevada that 8 was materially adverse to his interests, and by aiding another attorney in bringing a lawsuit 9 against him in California. (See Doc. 70). Diaz was not a party to the Nevada lawsuit, but 10 he asserts that the case impacted stock shares he claims to own that are involved in this 11 lawsuit. (See Doc. 170 at 1–2). Regarding the California suit, although Diaz was a 12 defendant, Calaway did not represent any parties. (See Doc. 170 at 9–10). Diaz asserts that 13 these two suits are grounds to have Calaway disqualified from representing Defendants in 14 this case. 15 II. LEGAL STANDARD 16 The Arizona Rules of Professional Conduct make clear that violation of an ethics 17 rule “does not necessarily warrant any other nondisciplinary remedy, such as 18 disqualification of a lawyer in pending litigation.” Ariz. R. Sup. Ct. Rules, Rule 42, 19 Preamble at ¶ 20 [hereinafter E.R.]. The Rules are designed to “provide guidance to lawyers 20 and to provide a structure for regulating conduct through disciplinary agencies.” Id. 21 (emphasis added). The preamble cautions that “the purpose of the Rules can be subverted 22 when they are invoked by opposing parties as procedural weapons.” Id. Thus, courts must 23 be on the lookout to ensure that the Rules are being applied and enforced for proper 24 purposes. The United States District Court for the District of Arizona has adopted the 25 Arizona ethics. LR Civ 83.2(e). Thus, these standards apply when answering ethical 26 questions. 27 Even though the Arizona Rules govern ethics in the District of Arizona, they only 28 provide standards for ethical enforcement and are “not designed to be used as a means to 1 disqualify counsel.” Amparano V. ASARCO, 93 P.3d 1086, 1092 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2004). 2 When undertaking a disqualification analysis, courts can look to the ethics rules, but these 3 rules are not binding. See id. Courts, then, play a far different role than bar associations or 4 disciplinary agencies when ethical rules are involved. 5 Ethical Rule 1.9, which Diaz claims Calaway violated, states that a “lawyer who has 6 formerly represented a client in a matter shall not thereafter represent another person in the 7 same or a substantially related matter in which that person’s interests are materially adverse 8 to” those of the former client, “unless the former client gives informed consent, confirmed 9 in writing.” Additionally, 10 (d) When a lawyer becomes associated with a firm, no lawyer 11 associated in the firm shall knowingly represent a person in a 12 matter in which that lawyer is disqualified under ER 1.9 unless:

13 (1) the matter does not involve a proceeding before a tribunal 14 in which the personally disqualified lawyer had a substantial role; 15

16 (2) the personally disqualified lawyer is timely screened from any participation in the matter and is apportioned no part of the 17 fee therefrom; and 18 (3) written notice is promptly given to any affected former 19 client to enable it to ascertain compliance with the provisions 20 of this Rule.

21 E.R. 1.10(d). 22 Looking to this ethical rule as a guide, Arizona courts have noted that while 23 notifying clients of conflicts and receiving consent to move forward with a representation 24 is an important ethical duty of a lawyer, “[o]nly in extreme circumstances should a party 25 to a lawsuit be allowed to interfere with the attorney-client relationship of his opponent.” 26 Alexander v. Super. Ct. In and For Maricopa Cnty., 685 P.2d 1309, 1313 (Ariz. 1984). The 27 movant must show “sufficient reason” why an attorney must be disqualified. See id. 28 Disqualification should be the option of last resort. And, whenever possible, courts “should 1 endeavor to reach a solution that is least burdensome upon the client ....” Id. This is why 2 the Ninth Circuit has stated that disqualification motions are subject to a “particularly strict 3 scrutiny ....” Roosevelt Irr. Dist. v. Salt River Project Agr. Imp. and Power Dist., 810 4 F.Supp.2d 929, 944 (D. Ariz. 2011). 5 In the disqualification analysis, joint representation presents a unique situation. As 6 the comments to Ethical Rule 1.7 state, “as between commonly represented clients, the 7 [attorney-client] privilege does not attach.” See E.R. 1.7 cmt. 28. Thus if the commonly 8 represented clients end up in litigation “the privilege will not protect any such 9 communications.” Id.; Ariz. Eth. Op. 07-04. The same is true for confidentiality. As 10 comment 29 notes, “each client has the right to be informed of anything bearing on the 11 representation that might affect that client’s interests and the right to expect that the lawyer 12 will use that information to that client’s benefit.” Id. at cmt. 29. Indeed, if one client wishes 13 to keep a piece of information confidential from the other client, the lawyer must withdraw 14 from the joint representation. See id. In its most basic formulation, as the Arizona Supreme 15 Court has stated, “there is a recognized presumption that as between joint clients ordinarily 16 there is no expectation of confidentiality.” Alexander, 685 P.2d at 1315; Udall & 17 Livermore, Arizona Practice, Law of Evidence § 74 at 142. 18 When these principles overlap with the context of former clients the analysis 19 involved in Ethical Rule 1.9 changes. Because there is no confidential or privileged 20 information as between jointly represented clients, if a lawyer who at one time jointly 21 represented two clients, and who is now suing one on behalf of the other, discloses 22 information learned from the former client, there is no violation of Rule 1.9. See Alexander, 23 685 P.2d at 1316. Thus, as the Arizona Supreme Court has held, in this context “the 24 substantial relationship test [of Rule 1.9] is not applicable.” See id.1 25 III. ANALYSIS 26 While the question of whether it is an ethical violation for an attorney who formerly 27 1 Although the Arizona Supreme Court was interpreting the old Arizona Ethical Rules in 28 Alexander, it did discuss the then Model Rule 1.9 stating “[w]e believe our holding in the present case meets both sections of Rule 1.9.” Alexander, 685 P.2d at 1316. 1 represented a client under a joint defense agreement to subsequently bring a case involving 2 that client’s financial interests seems to be one of first impression, in the specific 3 circumstances here, the answer is clear. First, Diaz signed a Joint Representation Letter 4 and Waiver of Potential Conflict document that bars him from seeking to disqualify 5 Calaway or Marquis Aurbach for any reason. (See Doc. 170-2 at 11). Second, even if he 6 was allowed to move to disqualify, because he was jointly represented, none of the 7 information he shared with his former attorney was privileged or confidential as between 8 the other jointly represented defendants. Thus, Rule 1.9 was not violated. Finally, the 9 Nevada suit, which he was not party to, was voluntarily dismissed, and the California suit, 10 which he was party to, was not brought with the help of Calaway or Marquis Aurbach. And 11 there is no evidence that Calaway aided the California attorneys in bringing that suit. 12 Ultimately this issue is better left to the bar to decide. 13 a. The Conflict Waiver 14 Diaz expressly waived his right to move to disqualify Calaway and Marquis 15 Aurbach, thus, his motion will be denied.2 To overcome this result, Diaz argues that the 16 waiver is unenforceable. Before undertaking the joint representation, Marquis Aurbach had 17 all defendants sign a Joint Representation Letter and Waiver of Potential Conflict. 18 [hereinafter Letter]. (See Doc. 170-2). The Letter stated “[b]y signing below, you agree 19 that you will not seek to disqualify MAC from representing Current Clients and 20 Defendants, or any related individual or entity at any time, for any reason, whether now of 21 in the future.” (See id. at 11) (emphasis added). The document also acknowledged that this 22 was a valid conflict waiver under the ethics rules. (See id.). Diaz, along with Calaway, 23 signed the document. (See Doc. 172-2 at 9). Such waivers have long been recognized as 24 “valid to cure conflicts with the ethical rules.” United States v. Lacey, No. CR-18-00422, 25 2018 WL 4953279, *4 (D. Ariz. Oct. 12, 2018). This is recognized under Rule 1.7, which

26 2 As discussed below in Sections III.b. and c., even if Diaz was not bound by the waiver of his right to disqualify, he still would not be successful in his motion. There was no breach 27 of ethical duties that warrants disqualification, the suit in Nevada was dismissed, and there is no connection between Calaway and the California suit. Furthermore, there does not 28 appear to be any damage that would befall Diaz from Calaway’s continued representation of Defendants. Consequently, there is no basis for disqualification. 1 notes that Rule 1.9 conflicts can be waived by a client through “informed consent, 2 confirmed in writing ....” ER 1.7. This waiver can be given in advance. See Lacey, 2018 3 WL 4953279 at *4. This Court finds that the agreement clearly anticipated circumstances 4 in which the jointly represented parties would become adverse. The Letter notes both that 5 there is a risk that information communicated by Defendant to the attorney cay be used 6 adversely to him, and that the jointly represented parties, and their interests, could come 7 into conflict. (See Doc. 172-2 at 3). Understanding this, Diaz affirmatively waived his right 8 to move to disqualify counsel. This agreement is valid and enforceable, and Diaz agreed to 9 its terms. Thus, he cannot bring this motion. 10 Diaz claims that he is relieved from his duties under the Letter because Calaway 11 breached the Letter. He asserts that the Letter states that at the time it was signed there was 12 no conflict between defendants, and that Calaway was directed not to bring any cross 13 claims. (See Doc. 170 at 12). Further, Diaz asserts that the Letter only noted the possibility 14 that MAC would withdraw from representation of Diaz if a conflict arose, but said nothing 15 about bringing claims against Diaz after withdrawing. (See id.). Finally, he claims that the 16 Letter states that MAC may be precluded from representing any party if a dispute arises 17 without “first obtaining the consent of the concerned parties.” (See id.). Because his 18 consent was not received, and he was not advised in the Letter that MAC could potentially 19 sue him, he maintains that MAC and Calaway breached their duties under the Letter, and 20 that he is relieved of his duties. 21 Yet there was enough information in the Letter that indicated that a dispute could 22 arise between the jointly represented defendants, and nothing in the agreement stated that 23 Calaway would not bring a lawsuit against Diaz on behalf of any of the other defendants. 24 Indeed, by alerting Diaz to the fact that a dispute could develop between the defendants 25 and that Calaway would withdraw only from representing him, the Letter indicated that 26 there was a chance that the other defendants would sue Diaz and that Calaway would 27 represent them. Consequently, this Court finds that neither Calaway nor MAC breached 28 the Letter. Diaz is still bound by its express terms. 1 It should be noted that while the Court finds that the agreement not to move to 2 disqualify is valid and enforceable as to Diaz, the Court does not pronounce on whether 3 the inclusion of such a clause comports with ethical standards. A disciplinary agency could 4 very well find that the inclusion of such a clause constitutes an ethical violation. Yet, the 5 Bar is far better suited to making this determination than is this Court. The only question 6 the Court is answering is whether Calaway and MAC should be disqualified from 7 continuing their representation. This is different from whether an attorney has breached an 8 ethical duty. 9 b. Ethical Rules 1.7 and 1.9 10 There is also no viable claim based on Ethical Rule 1.9 because Calaway never 11 learned any information that was confidential or privileged from Diaz. Diaz, then, cannot 12 claim that there was any misuse of confidential information by Calaway. As the Arizona 13 Supreme Court has held, there is a “presumption that as between joint clients ordinarily 14 there is no expectation of confidentiality.” Alexander, 685 P.2d at 1315. Alexander 15 involved an attorney who represented a group of investors as well as the owners of a 16 company they were investing in. See id. at 1312, 1314. The court first ruled that the attorney 17 could not represent both groups. See id. at 1315. It then addressed the question of whether 18 the attorney could continue to represent the business owners in an action that is adverse to 19 the investors. See id. The court held that he could continue to represent the business owners 20 because in the joint representation context, none of the information learned from a client is 21 confidential. See id. at 1315–1316. Thus, there is no violation of ethical rules. See id. 22 Consequently, when an attorney who jointly represent clients withdraws from the 23 representation of the secondary client and subsequently sues that client on behalf of the 24 primary client, there is no violation of Rule 1.9. See id. at 1316. Here, then, there is no 25 violation of the ethical rules because no privileged or confidential information was learned 26 by Calaway from its then secondary client Diaz. Thus, in joint representation situations, 27 such as this one, it is clear that there is no violation of Rule 1.9. 28 This is confirmed by the comments to the Arizona Rules of Professional Conduct. 1 As the comments to Rule 1.7 note, “as between commonly represented clients, the 2 [attorney-client] privilege does not attach. Hence, it must be assumed that if litigation 3 eventuates between the clients, the privilege will not protect any such communications ....” 4 E.R. 1.7 cmt. 28. This also applies in the context of confidential communications. Lawyers, 5 the comments state, have “an equal duty of loyalty to each client, and each client has the 6 right to be informed of anything bearing on the representation ....” E.R. 1.7 cmt. 29. Thus, 7 there is no confidentiality as between commonly represented clients either. The Arizona 8 State Bar Association has confirmed this. In a published ethics opinion it stated that “there 9 is no attorney-client privilege between jointly represented clients ....” Ariz. Ethics Op. 07- 10 04. Indeed, “Privilege is inapplicable to disputes between joint clients[.]” Id. (internal 11 quotations and citations omitted). Furthermore, the opinion asserts that “there is no 12 individual confidentiality when a joint representation exists.” Id. Clearly Diaz was 13 informed of this. The Letter, which he signed, states that multiple representation may result 14 in the loss of attorney-client privilege for “communications between each of the 15 Defendants and members of our firm.” (Doc. 170-2 at 7–8). On this basis as well, then, 16 Diaz’s motion to disqualify Calaway and MAC will be denied. 17 c. Materially Adverse 18 Although the Joint Representation Letter and the Arizona Rules of Professional 19 Conduct are dispositive, this Court will address Diaz’s claim that Calaway is engaged in a 20 representation that is materially adverse to his interests. (See Doc. 170 at 2). As stated 21 above, Diaz claims that Calaway brought a lawsuit in Nevada seeking to prevent the 22 transfer of certain shares of stock to Diaz. Additionally, he asserts that Calaway assisted 23 attorneys in California in bringing a lawsuit against him. Thus, he claims, Calaway is 24 violating ethical rules and should be disqualified. Neither of these lawsuits provide an 25 adequate basis for claiming an ethical violation that necessitates disqualification, however. 26 First, Diaz was not a party to the Nevada suit. (See Doc. 172 at 2). The only part of the 27 lawsuit that concerned Diaz was that it involved shares that he had a claim to. (See id. at 28 8–9). While this might have been enough were the suit still pending, it is not. (See id. at 1 11). The suit was voluntarily dismissed because it was no longer deemed necessary to stop 2 the transfer of the shares. (See id. at 10–11). Consequently, even if Calaway was 3 representing a client in a way that is materially adverse to Diaz, he is no longer. Thus, there 4 is no basis for a claim that Calaway should be disqualified.3 5 Nor can such a claim be based on the California case. Although Diaz was a named 6 party in that case, neither Calaway nor Marquis Aurbach represented any of the parties. 7 (See Doc. 172 at 2–3). Diaz claims, upon information and belief, that because Calaway 8 stated that he was dealing with “emergency litigation matters[,]” missed a conference call, 9 and used language and statements in the Nevada lawsuit that are somewhat similar to those 10 used in the California lawsuit, that he aided California attorneys in preparation of that 11 lawsuit. (See Doc. 170 at 9–10). Yet, this only amounts to speculation. There is no actual 12 evidence that Calaway worked with attorneys from California or that he disclosed any 13 confidential information to them. The disqualification of an attorney is a serious 14 interference with the client’s ability to choose its counsel. At minimum it requires some 15 admissible evidence of wrongdoing. Here there is none. Thus, it cannot be said that 16 Calaway is acting in a way that is materially adverse to his former client’s interests. 17 Diaz hypothesizes that this Court will find evidence of collaboration if we look at 18 the communications between Calaway and the attorneys in the California case. They thus 19 request that this Court conduct an in camera review of all communications, phone records, 20 text exchanges, and billing entries between Calaway and the California attorneys. (See Doc. 21 173 at 8). This is an extraordinary request. Assuming there were any communications, 22 which too is speculation, this would most certainly require the disclosure of privileged and 23 confidential information. This Court declines to undertake such a review. This type of 24 investigation is one more easily undertaken by the state bar, rather than a district court. Not 25 only does the bar have the resources, but they are also far more suited to such a task. It is 26 far easier for them, through their investigative wing, to determine whether Calaway had 27 3 The Court here is not ruling on whether there is an ethical violation that would warrant 28 action by the state bar. It is simply holding that the Nevada case is not an adequate ground for the disqualification of Calaway. 1 any improper contacts with the California attorneys than it is for this Court. This Court is 2 not an investigative body. It merely resolves disputes. 3 d. Appearance of Impropriety 4 Finally, Diaz claims that Calaway should be disqualified because of the “appearance 5 of impropriety[.]” (Doc. 170 at 10). Recognizing that this standard is no longer included in 6 the Arizona Rules of Professional Conduct, Diaz asserts that it is still a viable ethical 7 principle that this Court should consider. (See id. at 5). In this context, this ethical guidepost 8 is not a sturdy enough basis for a disqualification, however. As the District Court and the 9 Ninth Circuit have both noted, “disqualification motions should be subjected to 10 ‘particularly strict scrutiny’ because of their potential for abuse.” Roosevelt Irr. Dist., 810 11 F.Supp.2d at 944 (quoting Optyl Eyewear Fashion Int’l Corp. v. Style Cos., Ltd., 760 F.2d 12 1045, 1050 (9th Cir. 1985)). As part of this, the Arizona Supreme Court has directed courts 13 to try to reach the least burdensome solution in such cases. Additionally, it has set fourth 14 four factors for courts to weigh against the benefit of allowing a party to keep his counsel 15 in “appearance of impropriety” cases. First, whether the motion is being made to harass the 16 defendant; second, whether the movant will be damaged if the motion is denied; third, 17 whether there are alternative solutions, or is the requested relief the “least damaging 18 possible under the circumstances[;]” and fourth, whether the possibility of public suspicion 19 outweighs the benefits of continued representation. See Alexander, 685 P.2d at 1317. When 20 set against the benefits of continued representation, these factors point towards the denial 21 of the motion. 22 The first factor is neutral. Calaway suggests that the motion is simply a “retaliatory 23 tactic” by Diaz against his former employers. Yet there is no clear evidence of this. It thus 24 does not weigh in either direction. The second factor weighs in favor of denial, however. 25 Since Calaway is not representing a client in this case in a way that is materially adverse 26 to Diaz’s interests, Diaz will in no way be damaged if Calaway is not disqualified here. 27 Disqualification to protect against the disclosure and use of confidential information is 28 often necessary to protect a party. Yet, this disqualification motion is not based on 1 Calaway’s continued representation of parties in this case, but in others. Thus, it is hard to 2 see what damage is occurring to Diaz here from the continued representation. The third 3 factor also weighs in favor of denial. There is a perfectly adequate alternative. Diaz is 4 completely free to bring this issue before the state bar and seek disciplinary action. This 5 alternative would be the least damaging to both the parties and the Court. The fourth 6 consideration, public suspicion, too weighs against disqualification. The case of an attorney 7 who formerly represented a client bringing a separate case involving assets belonging to 8 that client does not raise the specter of public mistrust of the legal profession. Finally, there 9 are large benefits to continued representation. This case began over a year ago. Calaway 10 and Marquis Aurbach are deeply familiar with the issues involved and the evidence. 11 Disqualifying them now would set the case, the parties, and this Court back significantly, 12 and would be a tax on both limited judicial resources and the opposing parties’ resources 13 to pay a new lawyer to get up to speed. Here, as is often the case, the “appearance of 14 impropriety is simply too slender a reed on which to rest a disqualification order ....” See 15 id. (internal quotations removed). 16 e. Future Harm from Continued Representation 17 Fundamentally, the central question in any disqualification inquiry is whether there 18 will be harm, going forward in a case, from an attorney’s representation of a client. While 19 Diaz did allege serious ethical violations, his papers failed to answer this question because 20 they did not allege any future harm in this case. The Court gave counsel for Diaz the 21 opportunity to answer during oral argument. In response to the Court’s question, counsel 22 raised, for the first time, the possibility that statements made by Calaway in the Nevada 23 litigation could be brought in as evidence in this case. Specifically, Diaz’s counsel stated 24 that statements made by Calaway in the Nevada case could constitute “party opponent 25 admissions” under Federal Rule of Evidence 801. See Fed. R. Evid. 801. He also noted that 26 these statements could be used to establish a pattern and practice, and thus be brought in 27 as character evidence under rule 404(b). See Fed. R. Evid. 404(b). He also argued that 28 Calaway’s continued representation would raise issues relating to his credibility, creating unfair prejudice. This court finds, however, that these potential harms are too speculative 2|| at this point in time to constitute a basis for disqualifying Calaway. 3 None of these harms have occurred in this case, and it does not seem likely that they will. Furthermore, if they do, this Court has the ability to issue limiting instructions and 5 || use other tools to prevent any unduly prejudicial information from reaching the jury. If and 6 || when any of these issues arise, the parties are free to bring it to the attention of the Court 7\| so that they can be dealt with appropriately. Importantly, even if this Court were to 8 || disqualify Calaway, all of the evidence that counsel for Diaz is concerned about could still 9|| potentially be brought in by substitute counsel. Thus, it does not seem that the harms || alleged would be remedied by disqualification. When this Court asked counsel for Diaz 11 || about this, counsel pointed to the issue of Calaway’s credibility. Yet this Court has the 12 || tools available to ensure that no unfair prejudice arises from the fact of Calaway’s former 13 || representation of Diaz. Thus, the harms as alleged do not meet the high standard for 14]| disqualification. 15 Because disqualification is an extreme remedy and Diaz has not shown a violation of the conflicts waiver; the ethics rules; or the “appearance of impropriety” standard; and || further, has not pointed to any tangible harm that is occurring or could likely result from 18 |} Calaway’s continued representation of defendants, the Motion to Disqualify and to revoke Calaway’s Pro Hac Vice admission is denied. 20 IV. CONCLUSION 21 Based on the foregoing, 22 IT IS ORDERED that Defendant’s Emergency Motion to Disqualify (Doc. 170) is 23 || denied. 24 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendant’s motion to Revoke the Pro Hac 25 || Vice Admissions of Marquis Aurbach’s Attorneys (Doc.170) is denied. 26 Dated this 5th day of December, 2022. 27 A 0 ; l 5 28 James A. Teilborg Senior United States District Judge -12-