20-1673-ag Singh Bhagtana v. Garland
1 In the 2 United States Court of Appeals 3 for the Second Circuit 4 5 6 7 AUGUST TERM 2023 8 9 No. 20-1673-ag 10 11 BALJINDER SINGH BHAGTANA, 12 Petitioner, 13 14 v. 15 16 MERRICK B. GARLAND, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL, 17 Respondent. 18 19 20 On Appeal from the Board of Immigration Appeals 21 22 23 ARGUED: SEPTEMBER 7, 2023 24 DECIDED: DECEMBER 5, 2023 25 AMENDED: FEBRUARY 22, 2024 26 27 28 Before: LIVINGSTON, Chief Judge, CABRANES, and KAHN, Circuit Judges.
29 1 This case presents the question of whether the Government 2 rebutted the presumption of future persecution in an asylum case by 3 establishing that Petitioner could safely relocate within his home 4 country of India. Petitioner Singh Bhagtana claims that he was 5 persecuted by members of the Bharatiya Janata Party (“BJP”), the 6 governing party in India, because of his support for the Shiromani 7 Akali Dal Amritsar or “Mann” Party, and because he is Sikh. He 8 claims that he was attacked by BJP members on three occasions, which 9 led him to relocate to other parts of India: first Patiala, then Gurgaon. 10 Singh Bhagtana alleges that, although he was free from harm in those 11 two towns, it was because he was living in hiding.
12 Both the Immigration Judge and the Board of Immigration Appeals 13 found that Singh Bhagtana’s contention that he was living in hiding 14 was unpersuasive and that, therefore, the Government had 15 successfully rebutted the presumption of future persecution. We 16 agree. Singh Bhagtana’s activities following relocation included 17 driving a taxicab and attending the Mann party’s meetings in a Sikh 18 Temple, which cast doubt on his allegation that he was in hiding.
19 Accordingly, the petition for review is DENIED. All pending 20 motions and applications are DENIED and stays VACATED.
22 THOMAS VINCENT MASSUCCI, New York, NY 23 (Deepti Vithal, on the brief), for Petitioner.
2 1 SPENCER SHUCARD (Brian Boynton, Keith I. 2 McManus, John B. Holt, on the brief), Office 3 of Immigration Litigation, United States 4 Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for 5 Respondent.
7 JOSÉ A. CABRANES, Circuit Judge:
8 Petitioner Baljinder Singh Bhagtana (“Singh Bhagtana”), a native 9 and citizen of India, seeks review of a May 8, 2020, decision of the 10 Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirming a July 20, 2018, 11 decision of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying his application for 12 asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention 13 against Torture (“CAT”).
14 The BIA and the IJ both held that Singh Bhagtana had not 15 established a well-founded fear of persecution because he could avoid 16 future persecution by relocating to another part of India. The issue 17 before us, therefore, is whether the agency erred in finding that Singh 18 Bhagtana could safely relocate within India to avoid future 19 persecution or torture and that it would be reasonable for him to do 20 so. The IJ found that Singh Bhagtana had been able to relocate within 21 India twice without incident and had been free from harm in those 22 locations for many years. We agree and conclude that the agency did 23 not err. Accordingly, we deny the petition for review. All pending 24 motions and applications are denied and all stays are vacated.
3 1 I. BACKGROUND
2 Singh Bhagtana seeks review of the order of the BIA and the
3 decision of the IJ denying his application for asylum, withholding of
4 removal and relief under the CAT.
5 Singh Bhagtana, a native and citizen of India, entered the United
6 States on August 7, 2015, without a valid entry document or a valid
7 immigrant visa. He was given a “credible fear interview” on August
8 25, 2015.
9 Singh Bhagtana claims that he was persecuted by members of the
10 Bharatiya Janata Party (“BJP”), the governing party in India, because
11 of his support for the Shiromani Akali Dal Amritsar (“Mann”) Party,
12 and because he is Sikh. He testified that he was attacked on three
13 occasions—on December 29, 2008, April 11, 2012, and January 30,
14 2015—by BJP members in the District of Kapurthala, in the state of
15 Punjab. He further testified that, as a result of those attacks, he
16 suffered serious injuries, including long-lasting back pain.
17 After the first attack in December 2008, Singh Bhagtana relocated
18 to Patiala, a city—also in Punjab—where he lived for several years free
19 from harm. In 2012, he decided to permanently move back to
20 Kapurthala but was attacked again shortly after his return. In 2013, he
21 applied for a U.S. visa, which was denied. He then relocated for a few
4 1 years to Gurgaon, near New Delhi and in the district of Haryana in
2 northern India, where he safely worked as a taxicab driver. Singh
3 Bhagtana again decided to permanently return to Kapurthala and was
4 attacked in January 2015. Subsequently, he left India and travelled to
5 the United States.
7 II. DISCUSSION
8 A. Applicable Law
9 10 “When the BIA issues an opinion, ‘the opinion becomes the basis
11 for judicial review of the decision of which the alien is complaining.’” 1
12 And when, as here, the decision of the BIA is consistent with the
13 decision of the IJ, we may consider both decisions “for the sake of
14 completeness . . . .” 2
15 We review the agency’s factual findings under the substantial
16 evidence standard. 3 Congress has specified that “the administrative
17 findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator
1Yan Chen v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 268, 271 (2d Cir. 2005) (quoting Niam v. Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 652, 655 (7th Cir. 2004)).
2 Wangchuck v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 448 F.3d 524, 528 (2d Cir. 2006).
3 See Gao v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 400 F.3d 963, 964 (2d Cir. 2005) (per curiam).
5 1 would be compelled to conclude to the contrary[.]” 4 Additionally, we
2 have been repeatedly directed to give the IJ significant deference. 5
3 Accordingly, we “must defer to the factfinder’s findings based on
4 ‘such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate
5 to support a conclusion.’” 6 Review “under the substantial evidence
6 standard is exceedingly narrow, and we will uphold the BIA’s decision
7 unless the petitioner demonstrates that the record evidence was so
8 compelling that no reasonable factfinder could fail to find him eligible
9 for relief . . . .” 7 We review legal conclusions de novo. 8
4 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).
5Garland v. Ming Dai, 141 S. Ct. 1669, 1677 (2021) (“[S]o long as the record contains contrary evidence of a kind and quality that a reasonable factfinder could find sufficient, a reviewing court may not overturn the agency’s factual determination.” (internal quotations marks omitted)); see also Xiu Xia Lin v. Mukasey, 534 F.3d 162, 167 (2d Cir. 2008) (per curiam); see generally Xiao Ji Chen v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 471 F.3d 315
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20-1673-ag Singh Bhagtana v. Garland
1 In the 2 United States Court of Appeals 3 for the Second Circuit 4 5 6 7 AUGUST TERM 2023 8 9 No. 20-1673-ag 10 11 BALJINDER SINGH BHAGTANA, 12 Petitioner, 13 14 v. 15 16 MERRICK B. GARLAND, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL, 17 Respondent. 18 19 20 On Appeal from the Board of Immigration Appeals 21 22 23 ARGUED: SEPTEMBER 7, 2023 24 DECIDED: DECEMBER 5, 2023 25 AMENDED: FEBRUARY 22, 2024 26 27 28 Before: LIVINGSTON, Chief Judge, CABRANES, and KAHN, Circuit Judges.
29 1 This case presents the question of whether the Government 2 rebutted the presumption of future persecution in an asylum case by 3 establishing that Petitioner could safely relocate within his home 4 country of India. Petitioner Singh Bhagtana claims that he was 5 persecuted by members of the Bharatiya Janata Party (“BJP”), the 6 governing party in India, because of his support for the Shiromani 7 Akali Dal Amritsar or “Mann” Party, and because he is Sikh. He 8 claims that he was attacked by BJP members on three occasions, which 9 led him to relocate to other parts of India: first Patiala, then Gurgaon. 10 Singh Bhagtana alleges that, although he was free from harm in those 11 two towns, it was because he was living in hiding.
12 Both the Immigration Judge and the Board of Immigration Appeals 13 found that Singh Bhagtana’s contention that he was living in hiding 14 was unpersuasive and that, therefore, the Government had 15 successfully rebutted the presumption of future persecution. We 16 agree. Singh Bhagtana’s activities following relocation included 17 driving a taxicab and attending the Mann party’s meetings in a Sikh 18 Temple, which cast doubt on his allegation that he was in hiding.
19 Accordingly, the petition for review is DENIED. All pending 20 motions and applications are DENIED and stays VACATED.
22 THOMAS VINCENT MASSUCCI, New York, NY 23 (Deepti Vithal, on the brief), for Petitioner.
2 1 SPENCER SHUCARD (Brian Boynton, Keith I. 2 McManus, John B. Holt, on the brief), Office 3 of Immigration Litigation, United States 4 Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for 5 Respondent.
7 JOSÉ A. CABRANES, Circuit Judge:
8 Petitioner Baljinder Singh Bhagtana (“Singh Bhagtana”), a native 9 and citizen of India, seeks review of a May 8, 2020, decision of the 10 Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirming a July 20, 2018, 11 decision of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying his application for 12 asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention 13 against Torture (“CAT”).
14 The BIA and the IJ both held that Singh Bhagtana had not 15 established a well-founded fear of persecution because he could avoid 16 future persecution by relocating to another part of India. The issue 17 before us, therefore, is whether the agency erred in finding that Singh 18 Bhagtana could safely relocate within India to avoid future 19 persecution or torture and that it would be reasonable for him to do 20 so. The IJ found that Singh Bhagtana had been able to relocate within 21 India twice without incident and had been free from harm in those 22 locations for many years. We agree and conclude that the agency did 23 not err. Accordingly, we deny the petition for review. All pending 24 motions and applications are denied and all stays are vacated.
3 1 I. BACKGROUND
2 Singh Bhagtana seeks review of the order of the BIA and the
3 decision of the IJ denying his application for asylum, withholding of
4 removal and relief under the CAT.
5 Singh Bhagtana, a native and citizen of India, entered the United
6 States on August 7, 2015, without a valid entry document or a valid
7 immigrant visa. He was given a “credible fear interview” on August
8 25, 2015.
9 Singh Bhagtana claims that he was persecuted by members of the
10 Bharatiya Janata Party (“BJP”), the governing party in India, because
11 of his support for the Shiromani Akali Dal Amritsar (“Mann”) Party,
12 and because he is Sikh. He testified that he was attacked on three
13 occasions—on December 29, 2008, April 11, 2012, and January 30,
14 2015—by BJP members in the District of Kapurthala, in the state of
15 Punjab. He further testified that, as a result of those attacks, he
16 suffered serious injuries, including long-lasting back pain.
17 After the first attack in December 2008, Singh Bhagtana relocated
18 to Patiala, a city—also in Punjab—where he lived for several years free
19 from harm. In 2012, he decided to permanently move back to
20 Kapurthala but was attacked again shortly after his return. In 2013, he
21 applied for a U.S. visa, which was denied. He then relocated for a few
4 1 years to Gurgaon, near New Delhi and in the district of Haryana in
2 northern India, where he safely worked as a taxicab driver. Singh
3 Bhagtana again decided to permanently return to Kapurthala and was
4 attacked in January 2015. Subsequently, he left India and travelled to
5 the United States.
7 II. DISCUSSION
8 A. Applicable Law
9 10 “When the BIA issues an opinion, ‘the opinion becomes the basis
11 for judicial review of the decision of which the alien is complaining.’” 1
12 And when, as here, the decision of the BIA is consistent with the
13 decision of the IJ, we may consider both decisions “for the sake of
14 completeness . . . .” 2
15 We review the agency’s factual findings under the substantial
16 evidence standard. 3 Congress has specified that “the administrative
17 findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator
1Yan Chen v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 268, 271 (2d Cir. 2005) (quoting Niam v. Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 652, 655 (7th Cir. 2004)).
2 Wangchuck v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 448 F.3d 524, 528 (2d Cir. 2006).
3 See Gao v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 400 F.3d 963, 964 (2d Cir. 2005) (per curiam).
5 1 would be compelled to conclude to the contrary[.]” 4 Additionally, we
2 have been repeatedly directed to give the IJ significant deference. 5
3 Accordingly, we “must defer to the factfinder’s findings based on
4 ‘such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate
5 to support a conclusion.’” 6 Review “under the substantial evidence
6 standard is exceedingly narrow, and we will uphold the BIA’s decision
7 unless the petitioner demonstrates that the record evidence was so
8 compelling that no reasonable factfinder could fail to find him eligible
9 for relief . . . .” 7 We review legal conclusions de novo. 8
4 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).
5Garland v. Ming Dai, 141 S. Ct. 1669, 1677 (2021) (“[S]o long as the record contains contrary evidence of a kind and quality that a reasonable factfinder could find sufficient, a reviewing court may not overturn the agency’s factual determination.” (internal quotations marks omitted)); see also Xiu Xia Lin v. Mukasey, 534 F.3d 162, 167 (2d Cir. 2008) (per curiam); see generally Xiao Ji Chen v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 471 F.3d 315 (2d Cir. 2006).
6Majidi v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 77, 81 (2d Cir. 2005) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)).
7 Mu Xiang Lin v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 432 F.3d 156, 159 (2d Cir. 2005) (internal citations, quotation marks, and alterations omitted).
8 Gallina v. Wilkinson, 988 F.3d 137, 142 (2d Cir. 2021).
6 1 B. Analysis
2 3 In this matter, we consider whether the agency erred in finding that
4 Singh Bhagtana could safely and reasonably relocate within India. The
5 agency presumed that Singh Bhagtana had suffered past persecution
6 in his home region, which shifted the burden to the Government to
7 rebut the presumption that Singh Bhagtana has a well-founded fear of
8 future persecution on the same basis. 9 The Government can rebut this
9 presumption by establishing, “by a preponderance of the evidence,”
10 that the applicant can “avoid future persecution by relocating to
11 another part of the applicant’s country of nationality . . ., and under all
12 the circumstances, it would be reasonable to expect the applicant to do
13 so.” 10 At the time the case was decided, in determining whether
14 internal relocation would be reasonable, the IJ should have considered,
15 among any other relevant factors, “whether the applicant would face
16 other serious harm in the place of suggested relocation; any ongoing
17 civil strife within the country; administrative, economic, or judicial
18 infrastructure; geographical limitations; and social and cultural
19 constraints, such as age, gender, health, and social and familial ties.
9 See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1).
10 Id. § 1208.13(b)(1)(i)(B), (ii); see also id. § 1208.16(b)(1)(i)(B), (ii).
7 1 Those factors may, or may not, be relevant, depending on all the
2 circumstances of the case, and are not necessarily determinative of
3 whether it would be reasonable for the applicant to relocate.” 11
4 We hold that the agency’s finding that Singh Bhagtana could safely
5 relocate within India is supported by substantial evidence, and
6 conclude that it did not err in holding that Singh Bhagtana had
7 therefore not established a well-founded fear of persecution. First,
8 Singh Bhagtana testified that he lived in two cities, one inside and one
9 outside of his home state of Punjab, for a total of five to six years
10 without harm despite continuing to support the Mann party. This
11 Court discerns no reason why he would not be able to relocate to those
12 places again and be free from harm, particularly as there is no legal
13 restriction on internal movement within India. Although Singh
14 Bhagtana contends that he was not harmed when he relocated to
15 Patiala and Gurgaon because he was “living in hiding,” the BIA found
16 this claim unpersuasive. We agree. Singh Bhagtana supported the
17 Mann party, even when he was presumably in hiding: he testified that
18 he showed up for party meetings and would regularly go to the Sikh
11 Id. § 1208.13(b)(3); see also id. § 1208.16(b)(3). We rely on the version of the
regulations in effect at the time of the agency’s decisions.
8 1 Temple to attend those meetings. He also drove a taxi to support his
2 family during his relocation in both cities.
3 Second, the U.S. Department of State’s 2016 Country Report on
4 Human Rights Practices in India, which Singh Bhagtana introduced in
5 support of his CAT claim, notes that security forces detained and
6 assaulted some political protestors but not that members of the Mann
7 party or Sikhs advocating for the creation of a sovereign Sikh state,
8 known as Khalistan, were victims of such treatment. We have also
9 repeatedly recognized that Indian citizens such as Singh Bhagtana
10 “[are] unlikely to face persecution for [their] Sikh beliefs and [their]
11 membership in [the Mann Party]” and “any threat faced by [such
12 applicants] in India is not country-wide.” 12
13 Lastly, Singh Bhagtana’s ability to relocate within India is
14 dispositive of the claims of asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT
15 relief because safe relocation precludes a finding of an objectively
16 reasonable fear of future harm. 13
12 Singh v. BIA, 435 F.3d 216, 219 (2d Cir. 2006); see also Singh v. Garland, 11 F.4th 106, 118 (2d Cir. 2021).
13 See 8 C.F.R. §§ 1208.13(b), 1208.16(b), 1208.16(c)(3); Singh, 11 F.4th at 118; Lecaj v. Holder, 616 F.3d 111, 119–20 (2d Cir. 2010) (holding that where the record does not demonstrate chance of persecution required for asylum, it “necessarily fails to demonstrate” the likelihood of harm for withholding of removal and CAT relief).
9 1 III. CONCLUSION
2 For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is DENIED. All
3 pending motions and applications are DENIED and stays VACATED.