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17-P-1123 Appeals Court
JONATHAN SINAIKO & another1 vs. ZONING BOARD OF APPEALS OF PROVINCETOWN & others.2
No. 17-P-1123.
Barnstable. March 12, 2018. - May 25, 2018.
Present: Milkey, Maldonado, & Desmond, JJ.
Zoning, By-law, Judicial review, Board of appeals: decision.
Civil action commenced in the Superior Court Department on September 25, 2015.
The case was heard by Robert C. Rufo, J., on motions for summary judgment.
Brian J. Wall for the plaintiffs. Christopher J. Snow for David Mayo & another.
MILKEY, J. Defendant Stanley Sikorski wants to build a
four-bedroom, two-and-a-half story single family residence on a
vacant lot (lot) in Provincetown (town). At issue is the
1 Camille Cabrey.
2 David Mayo and Stanley Sikorski. 2
application of § 2640 of the town zoning by-law (by-law), which
regulates the scale of new construction and additions. Despite
the fact that § 2640 expressly states that it "is applicable to
all new buildings and all additions in all zoning districts in
Provincetown," the building commissioner and zoning board of
appeals (board) concluded that the by-law's proscriptions were
inapplicable to the proposed building here. In an appeal
brought by abutters Jonathan Sinaiko and Camille Cabrey
(abutters) pursuant to G. L. c. 40A, § 17, a Superior Court
judge upheld the board's decision on cross motions for summary
judgment. The abutters now appeal, arguing that the plain
language of § 2640 requires its application here, and that, as
applied, the by-law requires Sikorski to seek a special permit
for his proposed building. Because we agree, we reverse the
judgment.
Background.3 a. The by-law. Section 2640 of the by-law
regulates building scale. Its express purpose is to preserve
the town's existing character of "buildings that have relatively
consistent and harmonious scale within neighborhoods," and to
prevent the construction of "[n]ewer buildings, where the
appropriate scale has not been maintained, [that] have disrupted
3 The material facts are undisputed. The parties jointly submitted a statement of agreed material facts, to which relevant documents were appended as exhibits. 3
the character of the neighborhoods." By-law § 2640(B). To
serve these ends, the by-law limits the size of new buildings
and building additions that can be constructed. Those limits
are keyed to the size of existing structures (measured by
volume) that already exist in the relevant area.
Under the terms of § 2640, a landowner can -- as of right
-- build a new structure (or expand an existing structure) that
is up to twenty-five percent larger than the average size of
existing buildings in the area (referred to in the by-law as the
"neighborhood average").4 By-law § 2640(D). A landowner can
seek to construct a larger building than can be built as of
right by applying for a special permit from the board. Id. §
2640(E). The board is vested with broad discretion to grant a
special permit where "the deviation [from the scale allowed as
of right] is appropriate and [the proposal] meets one or more of
[six enumerated] criteria" (the specifics of which we reserve
for later discussion). Ibid.
The details of how the neighborhood average is to be
calculated are important.5 That average is set based on existing
4 In the town's historic district, only fifteen percent increases are allowed as of right. By-law § 2640(D).
5 The specific requirements that follow are all set forth in § 2640 itself. That section also states that "[d]etermination of existing and proposed building volume and neighborhood average shall be directed by the [building commissioner] based on the established methodology by calculating the volume in 4
structures that lie within 250 feet of the applicable measuring
point. That measuring point in turn varies depending on whether
the proposal is for new construction or for the expansion of an
existing structure. For new construction, the starting point is
"the center of the parcel," while for proposed expansions it is
"the center of the proposed renovation." By-law § 2640(C).
Generally, all existing structures that lie within 250 feet of
the applicable measuring point are to be included, with the
qualification that "the largest and smallest structures" within
that radius are to be excluded.6 Ibid. Thus, the neighborhood
average employs a form of what statisticians refer to as a
"trimmed mean." See Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms 412
(6th ed. 2006).
b. The proposed building. The lot in question is owned by
defendant David Mayo, but Sikorski apparently has agreed to
purchase it contingent on his obtaining a building permit. The
lot, which is rectangular, is over one acre in size, but it is
cubic feet of the building that is above grade, including roofs and porches." By-law § 2640(C). In this manner, certain details of precisely how building volume is to be calculated appear to be left to administrative norms. For example, we know from the record that the town employs a particular computer program and database to measure building volumes and that all buildings are "considered to have [ten] foot ceilings." Such details are not in dispute in the current case.
6 In addition, certain small stand-alone structures are not included in setting the neighborhood average, by-law § 2640(C), a detail that has no bearing on the current controversy. 5
exceptionally long and narrow. Specifically, the lot is only
forty-nine feet wide, but over 1,000 thousand feet long. One of
the narrow sides fronts on Bradford Street, with the lot
extending north from that street deep into a wooded area.7
Sikorski originally proposed to build a two-family
residence at a particular location on the lot. Because of
neighborhood opposition to that proposal, Sikorski changed it to
a single-family home, reduced its size, moved its location on
the lot, and modified its design in certain respects. Under the
revised proposal, the building would remain a not insubstantial
structure. For example, the building will include two-and-a-
half stories8 -- the maximum allowed in the town9 -- and comprise
33,810 cubic feet in volume.10
7 The record reveals that there are other lots in the area - - including those on either side of this lot -- that have a similar shape, but are not quite as narrow.
8 It appears that under a different provision of the town's zoning by-law, a top floor under a pitched roof is considered only half of a story if less than fifty percent of it lies under dormers. See by-law, Article 1 (definitions).
9 See by-law § 2560.
10We caution the reader that this figure is in cubic feet, not the more familiar measure of square feet. Although we know that the town treats each story as being ten feet tall, it is not clear on the record before us how the town measures the volume of "half stories." As a matter of simple arithmetic, one can discern that the proposed building is at least 3,381 square feet in size. 6
The proposed house is to be located at the southern edge of
the lot, that is, next to Bradford Street. It is undisputed
that there are many existing structures in close proximity to
that proposed location. For example, as the abutters pointed
out in their appeal to the board, there are approximately
sixteen structures that lie within 250 foot of the center of the
proposed building, and the average volume of those structures --
not including the largest and smallest -- is 9,250 cubic feet.
Thus, the proposed building is over three times larger than what
the neighborhood average would have been if that figure were
calculated using the actual location of the proposed structure.
As noted, however, the neighborhood average for new
construction is to be calculated based on the center of the lot,
not where the proposed building is in fact to be located.
Because of the relatively unusual shape of the lot here, that
difference has a significant effect. There are only two
existing buildings that lie within 250 feet of the center of the
lot. Those structures have volumes of 8,200 and 4,560 cubic
feet, respectively. Thus, if the ordinary mean of those two
structures were used (6,380 cubic feet), the proposed structure
would be over five times as large (a disparity in scale even
greater than if the actual location were used).
Excluding the two nearby structures from the calculation --
based on their being considered the largest and the smallest of 7
the structures lying within 250 feet of the center of the lot --
left no existing structures on which to base a neighborhood
average. This presented town officials with the conundrum of
how to calculate the neighborhood average here. As evidenced by
a "scratch out" on the relevant form, an assistant assessor for
the town initially calculated the neighborhood average as zero.11
However, apparently upon further reflection, he concluded that
the neighborhood average simply was "N/A," which the parties
agree is shorthand for "not applicable." Under this
interpretation, § 2640 placed no constraints on the size of
building that Sikorski could build as of right. The building
commissioner relied on this interpretation in determining that a
building permit should issue.
On an appeal brought by the abutters, the board affirmed.
While acknowledging that § 2640 was required "to be applied to
all new buildings," the board concluded that in the
circumstances of this case, "there [was] no scale calculation
procedure to follow." The board also stated that it had taken
into consideration that Sikorski had redesigned his original
proposal to reduce its scale "in response to previous neighbor
objections."
11Under the procedures adopted by the town, the neighborhood average is calculated by the assessor's office, which maintains the available database. 8
On cross motions for summary judgment, a Superior Court
judge affirmed the board's decision. He reasoned that § 2640
was ambiguous because it did not address how the neighborhood
average was to be calculated in the circumstances of this case.
He then observed that the by-law's purpose was to "maintain
consistent scale among existing buildings," and that it did not
reference "preserving undeveloped land in its natural state."
Finally, he concluded that in light of this intent, "it [was]
reasonable for the [b]oard to conclude that where no qualifying
structures exist in the 250 foot radius, there is no existing
scale which must be protected."
Discussion. To help frame the analysis that follows, we
begin with some preliminary observations. It is important to
keep in mind that the abutters make two different arguments.
The first is that the board's interpretation of § 2640 is
invalid because it is at odds with that section's plain language
and otherwise unreasonable. The second is that their own
proffered interpretation (under which the neighborhood average
here had to be taken as zero) must be accepted. These
contentions, while related, are conceptually distinct. As
elucidated below, it is possible to conclude that the
interpretation offered by the board is untenable without
concluding that the abutters' particular counter interpretation
necessarily is required. 9
Overall, this case raises two inquiries. One is whether
the building scale by-law applies. The other is, if so, how it
applies (that is, how the neighborhood average here should be
determined). The first question is addressed by the plain
language of the by-law, which begins with the edict that the by-
law "is applicable to all new buildings and all additions in all
zoning districts in Provincetown."12 By-law § 2640(A). That
language is binding on the board, and the board therefore is not
free to determine that the by-law simply is inapplicable. See
MacGibbon v. Board of Appeals of Duxbury, 356 Mass. 635, 640
(1970) (board of appeals could not adopt interpretation of by-
law where its plain language provided "no basis for such an
interpretation"). Cf. Warcewicz v. Department of Envtl.
Protection, 410 Mass. 548, 550 (1991) ("[C]ourts will not
hesitate to overrule agency interpretations [of their own
regulation] when those interpretations are arbitrary,
unreasonable, or inconsistent with the plain terms of the
regulation itself").
Having resolved that § 2640 applies, we now turn to the
second inquiry: how the neighborhood average is to be
12The by-law includes some express exemptions, including with regard to "remodeling where the total volume of the building is to be reduced," "structures destroyed by fire or other similar casualty," and additions of "less than . . . 324 cubic feet of space." By-law § 2640(A). No such exemptions apply to the case before us. 10
calculated in the circumstances presented. As noted, the board
concluded that the by-law places no limits on the proposed
building's size. As the abutters point out, having rejected a
neighborhood average of zero, the board effectively set that
average at infinity instead.
The results of the board's interpretation are highly
anomalous: how can it be that a proposed new building is exempt
from regulation under a generally-applicable building scale by-
law no matter how large that building would be? In addition, by
exempting a structure that in fact grossly exceeds the scale of
other buildings in the area, the board's interpretation flies in
the face of the by-law's directive that "[a]ll new buildings or
additions shall comply with appropriate scale to their
neighborhood." By-law § 2640(B). Even to the extent that the
judge was correct that the by-law is ambiguous with regard to
how the neighborhood average should be interpreted in the
circumstances of this case, the board's resolution of that
ambiguity was not reasonable. See Britton v. Zoning Bd. of
Appeals of Gloucester, 59 Mass. App. Ct. 68, 72 (2003), quoting
from MacGibbon v. Board of Appeals of Duxbury, 356 Mass. at 639
(zoning board decision will be overturned if "based on a legally
untenable ground or it is unreasonable, whimsical, capricious or
arbitrary"). See also Pelullo v. Croft, 86 Mass. App. Ct. 908,
909 (2014) ("[A]court owes deference to the interpretation of a 11
zoning by-law by local officials only when that interpretation
is reasonable").13
In contrast, the abutters' alternative interpretation is
based on an arguably straightforward application of the by-law's
language: where there are no buildings in the relevant
neighborhood, the neighborhood average is zero. Moreover, their
interpretation does not mean that Sikorski necessarily will be
13Sikorski and Mayo attempt to support the board's interpretation of § 2640 by pointing out that after the controversy about how to interpret the by-law emerged, one of the abutters proposed an amendment to the by-law that failed to secure a majority at town meeting, much less the two-thirds majority necessary to pass. They argue that "[t]he rejection of . . . [the] amendment to the scale by-law is proof that the citizens of Provincetown were satisfied with, and in effect ratified, the uniform interpretation of the by-law by the . . . [b]oard . . . that the by-law is inapplicable to projects that have no buildings within a 250 radius." This argument fails for at least two reasons. First, "'[w]e do not draw conclusions concerning the intent of [a legislative body] based on the failure to enact a subsequent amendment.' See Massachusetts Comm'n Against Discrimination v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 371 Mass. 186, 193-194 (1976) ('Such inaction by a subsequent legislative body "has no persuasive significance" with reference to the intent of the Legislature which passed the original bill')." Cook v. Patient Edu, LLC, 465 Mass. 548, 555 n.14 (2013). Second, the specific amendment that had been proposed here would not have clarified that the by-law should be interpreted along the lines that the abutters had argued. Instead, it would have amended the by-law by making the measuring point the center of the applicable structure, regardless of whether the proposal was for new construction or an addition. Thus, at least as applied to the facts of this case, the unsuccessful amendment would have increased the resulting neighborhood average (as compared to the zero that the abutters asserted was appropriate under the existing by-law). It is impossible to know whether those who voted against the amendment did so because they favored or opposed more intensive development. 12
unable to build his desired house, but only that he will have to
seek a special permit to do so. The by-law delegates to the
board broad discretion to grant case-by-case exemptions from the
by-law's strict application.14
At the same time, the abutters' interpretation produces its
own anomalies. How can it be, for example, that a landowner who
has proposed to construct a new structure in an area populated
by numerous other existing structures nevertheless be burdened
by a neighborhood average of zero (and thereby be forced to seek
a special permit) no matter how small his proposed structure may
be? In addition, as a matter of mathematics, trying to divide
zero by zero is an endeavor destined to produce an indeterminate
result.
As noted, a special permit may be granted where "the 14
deviation [from the scale allowed as of right] is appropriate and [the proposal] meets one or more of [six enumerated] criteria." By-law § 2640(E). As the abutters have acknowledged, two of those criteria potentially provide fertile ground for Sikorski:
"1. The proposed building or addition is in keeping with the goals and objectives of the Local Comprehensive Plan.
". . .
"5. The proposed building or addition successfully integrates into its surroundings and is sited in a manner that minimizes the appearance of mass from the streetscape and will not have a significant negative impact on the natural light to, or views from, neighboring structures." 13
Thus, it is apparent that if the board's available choices
for setting the neighborhood average were limited to zero and
infinity, there are anomalies either way. That realization
should have caused the town officials to question whether they
were limited to these two problematic options. In other words,
could there be a third interpretation that better fit with both
the letter and intent of the by-law? Cf. Reade v. Secretary of
the Commonwealth, 472 Mass. 573, 578 (2015), quoting from Watros
v. Greater Lynn Mental Health & Retardation Assn., 421 Mass.
106, 113 (1995) ("[I]t is a well-established canon of statutory
construction that a strictly literal reading of a statute should
not be adopted if the result will be to thwart or hamper the
accomplishment of the statute's obvious purpose, and if another
construction which would avoid this undesirable result is
possible"). One does not have to look far to find such an
interpretation.15
Here, the building commissioner ended up with no existing
structures on which to determine a neighborhood average only
because he excluded the two existing structures that in fact are
located within 250 feet of the center of the lot. The obvious
question is whether the terms of § 2640 required him to do so.
15At oral argument, we inquired of the parties whether the by-law was susceptible to a third interpretation, and we sua sponte invited the parties to submit supplemental briefs addressing this issue. Both parties accepted that invitation. 14
The only apparent reason for the by-law's relying on a trimmed
mean instead of an ordinary "arithmetic mean" is to try to avoid
the problem of outliers unduly skewing the resulting average.
See Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms 412 (idea of trimmed
mean is "[to reduce] the sensitivity of the arithmetic mean to
extreme observations").16 In other words, excluding values at
either end is done based on the theory that doing so may yield a
more representative center value. Here, the exclusion of the
only two available data points had the opposite result: it left
a null set, which in turn presented town officials with having
to choose between zero and infinity as the operative
neighborhood average.
Nothing in the language of § 2640 compelled the building
commissioner to exclude existing structures when doing so would
leave him without a basis upon which to set a neighborhood
average.17 In fact, the specific language of the by-law cuts in
the other direction. That is because the terms "largest" and
16See also Finkelstein & Levin, Statistics for Lawyers § 1.9, at 29 (1990) (characterizing trimmed mean as effort to address fact that ordinary means are "sensitive to deviant or outlying data points arising from a distribution with 'heavy tails'").
17We do not know whether -- elsewhere in the town -- there could be situations where there are no structures within 250 feet of the applicable measuring point, and, in any event, such a case is not before us. We therefore do not address how the by-law should be interpreted in such a situation. 15
"smallest" that appear in the by-law properly are used only in
relation to three or more items (for two items, "larger" and
"smaller" would be proper). See by-law § 2640(C); Chicago
Manual of Style § 5.86, at 253 (17th ed. 2017) ("A superlative
adjective expresses the relationship between at least three
things and denotes an extreme of intensity or amount in a
particular shared quality"). Thus, under a grammatically
correct reading of the by-law's plain language, the directive
that the building commissioner exclude the "largest" and
"smallest" structures in calculating a neighborhood average
would apply only where there are three or more structures within
250 feet of the applicable measuring point. See generally
Commonwealth v. Wright, 88 Mass. App. Ct. 82, 86 (2015) ("In
interpreting legislation, we employ familiar canons of statutory
and grammatical interpretation"). Applying such an
interpretation here, the two structures within 250 feet of the
applicable measuring point would not be excluded in calculating
the neighborhood average.
Conclusion. In sum, we agree with the abutters both that
the by-law applies to the proposed building and that the board
unreasonably interpreted how it applies. Although the
particular counter-interpretation proposed by the abutters has
its own problems, there is at least one interpretation of the 16
by-law that accords with both its language and express purpose.18
The proposed building is too large to be approved under that
interpretation without a special permit.19 With none of the
defendants having offered a reasonable interpretation of the by-
law under which the proposed building could be constructed as a
matter of right, we reverse the judgment. A new judgment shall
enter in favor of the abutters.20
So ordered.
18In the first instance, it is the board's role to decide how to interpret the by-law, and such an interpretation must be upheld so long as it is supported by the by-law's plain language and is otherwise reasonable. Shirley Wayside Ltd. Partnership v. Board of Appeals of Shirley, 461 Mass. 469, 474-475 (2012). We therefore refrain from holding that only one specific interpretation of the by-law is reasonable.
19If the two existing buildings that lie within 250 feet of the proposed building are not excluded, the neighborhood average for the lot, as noted earlier, is 6,380 cubic feet. That means that -- as of right -- Sikorsky is able to build a structure twenty-five percent larger than that, that is, 7,975 cubic feet. Sikorski's current proposal is more than four times that number.
20Sikorski and Mayo argue that the town's interpretation has been "long-accepted and uniformly applied," and that a reversal here "would potentially place in jeopardy the legitimacy of hundreds of building permits issued over the years." Putting aside that such statements enjoy no support in the record before us, an unlawful interpretation does not cease to be unlawful simply because it long has been applied.