Sims v. Wooding

2012 Ohio 3670

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: August 15, 2012
• Docket: 25818
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as Sims v. Wooding, 2012-Ohio-3670.]

STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS )ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COUNTY OF SUMMIT )

LINDA SIMS, EXECUTRIX C.A. No. 25818

Appellant

v. APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT ENTERED IN THE CLIFFORD A. WOODING, et al. COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO Appellees CASE No. CV 2009-10-7417

DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY

Dated: August 15, 2012

DICKINSON, Judge.

INTRODUCTION

{¶1} After Alice Wooding died, her daughter, Linda Sims, who was executor of her

estate, sued Clifford Wooding to recover on two loans that Ms. Wooding had made to him. Ms.

Sims also sued to recover $10,000 that she had herself lent Mr. Wooding. Following a trial to

the bench, the trial court found that Ms. Wooding had forgiven her two loans to Mr. Wooding. It

concluded, however, that Ms. Sims could recover the $10,000 she had lent him. Ms. Sims has

appealed, arguing that the trial court incorrectly admitted hearsay evidence and incorrectly

concluded that her mother’s estate could not recover on the loans Ms. Wooding made. We

affirm in part because the court correctly allowed the contested evidence and its finding that Ms.

Wooding forgave one of the loans was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. We

reverse in part because the second loan was made by Ms. Wooding’s trust and, under the terms

of the trust document, Ms. Wooding did not have authority to forgive that loan. 2

BACKGROUND

{¶2} Carl and Alice Wooding had three children, Linda Sims, Dale Wooding, and

Clifford Wooding. In 1997, Ms. Wooding loaned Clifford Wooding approximately $41,000.

Mr. Wooding made payments on the loan for two years, but then Ms. Wooding allegedly forgave

the rest of the debt. According to Mr. Wooding, Ms. Wooding told him that, in light of

assistance he had given the family, he had paid the debt in full.

{¶3} Meanwhile, in 1997, Carl and Alice Wooding created the Carl and Alice Wooding

Trust. They appointed themselves trustees. In 2000, Carl Wooding died, which triggered a

provision in the trust document that divided the trust into separate marital and family trusts. Ms.

Wooding became the sole trustee of both trusts. Carl Wooding’s death also triggered a provision

in the trust document that prohibited Ms. Wooding from amending it.

{¶4} In 2003, the marital trust loaned Clifford Wooding $30,000, which he secured

with a mortgage. Under the terms of the promissory note, Mr. Wooding did not have to pay the

loan until he sold the mortgaged property or Ms. Wooding died. Two years later, when Mr.

Wooding was suffering from a medical condition, Ms. Wooding allegedly told him that he had

enough on his plate and to consider the $30,000 paid in full.

{¶5} Ms. Wooding died in November 2005. Her will named Ms. Sims as her executor.

Under the trust document, at Ms. Wooding’s death, the principal of the marital trust transferred

to the family trust. The trust document provided that the assets of the family trust were to be

divided among Ms. Wooding’s children. It named KeyBank as the successor trustee of the

family trust. In 2009, KeyBank relinquished its role as trustee of the family trust and transferred

any interest it had in the trust assets to Ms. Wooding’s estate. 3

{¶6} In October 2009, Ms. Sims sued Clifford Wooding on behalf of Ms. Wooding’s

estate attempting to recover on the $41,000 loan. After KeyBank relinquished its role as trustee

of the family trust, Ms. Sims amended her complaint to assert a claim regarding the $30,000

loan. The parties appear to have conceded that Ms. Sims had authority to file an action on behalf

of the family trust. See R.C. 5807.04(C)(3) (allowing a vacancy in a trusteeship of a

noncharitable trust to be filled by unanimous consent of the qualified beneficiaries). Following a

trial to the bench, the court found that Ms. Sims could not recover on either loan because Ms.

Wooding had forgiven them. Ms. Sims has appealed. Although she raised six assignments of

error, she withdrew her second assignment of error at oral argument.

HEARSAY

{¶7} Ms. Sims’s first assignment of error is that the trial court incorrectly allowed Mr.

Wooding to testify that Ms. Wooding forgave the two loans that she made to him. The trial court

admitted the testimony under Rule 804(B)(3) of the Ohio Rules of Evidence. Under Rule

804(B)(3), “[t]he following are not excluded by the hearsay rule if the declarant is unavailable as

a witness: . . . A statement that was at the time of its making so far contrary to the declarant’s

pecuniary or proprietary interest, or so far tended to subject the declarant to civil or criminal

liability, or to render invalid a claim by the declarant against another, that a reasonable person in

the declarant’s position would not have made the statement unless the declarant believed it to be

true.”

{¶8} Ms. Sims has not disputed that Ms. Wooding was unavailable as a witness or that

Ms. Wooding’s statements to Mr. Wooding about forgiving the loans were so far contrary to her

pecuniary interests that a reasonable person in her position would not have made them unless 4

they were true. See Evid. R. 804(A)(4), (B)(3). Rather, her argument is that Rule 804(B)(3)

does not apply to a statement if the declarant’s estate is a party to the action.

{¶9} There is no language in the text of Rule 804(B)(3) or the rule’s staff notes that

leads this Court to believe that the rule does not apply when a declarant’s estate is a party to an

action. While the Seventh District, considering a comparable situation, wrote that “[t]he only

exception which could possibly allow for the admission of the statements attributed to a deceased

donor is that found in Evid.R. 804(B)(5),” it does not appear that either of the parties in that case

argued that Rule 804(B)(3) could apply and the court did not specifically analyze the

applicability of Rule 804(B)(3) in its opinion. Kovshovik v. Mandik, 7th Dist. No. 97 CA 41,

1999 WL 783982 at *3 (Sept. 29, 1999). Accordingly, we reject Ms. Sims’s argument that a

party may not use Rule 804(B)(3) to admit statements just because the declarant’s estate is a

party to the action. Ms. Sims’s first assignment of error is overruled.

THE FIRST LOAN

{¶10} Ms. Sims’s third assignment of error is that the trial court incorrectly determined

that Ms. Wooding could orally modify the $41,000 loan. She has argued that the court failed to

recognize that the promissory note specifically provided that no modifications to the document

were binding unless they were in writing. She has also argued that there was no meeting of the

minds regarding the purported modification of the loan. Ms. Sims’s fifth assignment of error is

that the court incorrectly found that the loan modification was supported by sufficient

consideration.

{¶11} Regarding whether the parties could modify the loan, in Fraher Transit Inc. v.

Aldi Inc., 9th Dist. No. 24133, 2009-Ohio-336, this Court held that a written contract may be

orally modified and that even a “no-oral-modification clause” may be waived. Id. at ¶ 13-14. 5

Ms. Sims has not persuaded us to reject our precedent. In Fraher Transit, we recognized Judge

Cardozo’s insight that “whenever two men contract, no limitation self-imposed can destroy their

power to contract again.” Id. at ¶ 13 (quoting Fahlgren & Swink Inc. v. Impact Res. Inc., 10th

Dist. No. 92AP-303, 1992 WL 385941 at *4 (Dec. 24, 1992) (quoting Beatty v. Geggenheim

Exploration Co., 122 N.E. 378, 381 (N.Y. 1919))). Furthermore, the Ohio Supreme Court has

held that, “[s]ince a person may, if he choose, make a gift to another, which when accepted will

be irrevocable, a creditor may, on receiving a part of the debt, forgive the debtor the residue[.]”

Gholson v. Savin, 137 Ohio St. 551, 562 (1941).

{¶12} Regarding whether there was a meeting of the minds or sufficient consideration,

Ms. Sims’s argument, essentially, is that the trial court’s findings were against the manifest

weight of the evidence. When reviewing the manifest weight of the evidence in a civil case, this

Court “weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses

and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [finder of fact] clearly lost its

way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the [judgment] must be reversed and

a new trial ordered.” Eastley v. Volkman, __ Ohio St. 3d __, 2012-Ohio-2179, ¶ 20 (quoting

Tewarson v. Simon, 141 Ohio App. 3d 103, 115 (9th Dist. 2001)).

{¶13} Mr. Wooding testified that he stopped making payments on the $41,000 loan

because his mother told him that he had paid enough. According to Mr. Wooding, Ms. Wooding

told him and his wife to “consider [the note] paid in full . . . for the work that we had provided”

in taking care of his grandparents.

{¶14} The trial court found Mr. Wooding’s testimony credible. We conclude that,

whether Ms. Wooding’s statements about forgiving Mr. Wooding’s debt are viewed as an inter

vivos gift, as a modification of the loan agreement, or as an offer to compensate Mr. Wooding 6

for his assistance with the care of his grandparents, those statements, combined with her failure

to take action to recover on the note after Mr. Wooding stopped making payments, demonstrate

that the trial court did not lose its way when it determined that the $41,000 debt had been

cancelled. See Perrine v. Perrine, 9th Dist. No. 17736, 1996 WL 668996, *5 (Nov. 20, 1996)

(concluding that mother’s “interest in maintaining a good relationship with her . . . son and in

ensuring his financial well-being was sufficient to constitute new and valid consideration in

exchange for forgiveness” of debt). Ms. Sims’s third and fifth assignments of error are

overruled.

THE SECOND LOAN

{¶15} Ms. Sims’s fourth assignment of error is that the trial court incorrectly concluded

that Ms. Wooding could forgive the $30,000 loan without adequate consideration. Her sixth

assignment of error is that the court’s determination that there was adequate consideration was

against the manifest weight of the evidence.

{¶16} Unlike the $41,000 loan, Ms. Wooding did not make the $30,000 loan from her

personal assets. Rather, she loaned the money to Mr. Wooding as trustee of the marital trust.

Under Section 5.01(8) of the trust document, Ms. Wooding had the power to “abandon any trust

assets or interest therein[.]” That power, however, was “exercisable . . . only in a fiduciary

capacity.” According to Section 5.02, “[n]o power given to the Trustee hereunder shall be

construed to enable [the Trustee] . . . to purchase, exchange, or otherwise deal with or dispose of

the principal or income therefrom for less than an adequate consideration in money or money’s

worth; . . . or to authorize loans to a person other than [the settlor] or any . . . contributor to the

trust except on the basis of an adequate interest charge and with adequate security.” 7

{¶17} Section 5.02 of the trust document, in effect, limited Ms. Wooding’s power to

abandon trust property granted in Section 5.01(8) to property that was burdensome to the trust or

that was of inconsequential value. See Standard Fed. Bank v. Staff, 168 Ohio App. 3d 14, 2006-

Ohio-3601, ¶ 34 (1st Dist.). The $30,000 note to the trust was neither burdensome nor of

inconsequential value. The trust document also did not grant Ms. Wooding the power to make

gifts of trust assets.

{¶18} Although the trial court found that Ms. Wooding’s interest in maintaining a good

relationship with her son and in ensuring his financial well-being were adequate consideration

for the loan modification, Ms. Wooding did not have the authority to modify the promissory note

for anything other than “money or money’s worth.” Because of this restriction on the type of

consideration Ms. Wooding could accept for disposing of trust assets, we conclude that she did

not have authority to forgive the $30,000 loan just because she wanted to maintain a good

relationship with Mr. Wooding or ensure his financial well-being. The trial court incorrectly

concluded that Ms. Wooding could forgive the debt Mr. Wooding owed the trust. Ms. Sims’s

fourth assignment of error is sustained. Her sixth assignment of error is moot, and it is overruled

on that basis. See App. R. 12(A)(1)(c).

CONCLUSION

{¶19} The trial court correctly concluded that Ms. Wooding’s hearsay statements could

be admitted under Rule 804(B)(3) of the Ohio Rules of Evidence. It did not lose its way when it

found that Ms. Wooding had forgiven a $41,000 loan that she had made to Mr. Wooding. The

court incorrectly concluded that Ms. Wooding had authority to forgive a $30,000 loan that she

made to Mr. Wooding as trustee of the marital trust. The judgment of the Summit County 8

Common Pleas Court is affirmed in part and reversed in part, and this matter is remanded to the

trial court so that it may enter judgment consistent with this decision.

Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and cause remanded.

There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common

Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy

of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.

Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of

judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the

period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is

instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the

mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.

Costs taxed equally to both parties.

CLAIR E. DICKINSON FOR THE COURT

MOORE, J. CONCURS. 9

CARR, P. J. CONCURRING IN PART, AND DISSENTING IN PART.

{¶20} I concur in judgment only in regard to the first, third, and fifth assignments of

error.

{¶21} I respectfully dissent from the majority’s opinion in regard to the fourth

assignment of error. By the plain language of the trust agreement, Alice Wooding, as trustee,

had the power to loan trust assets to others “on the basis of an adequate interest charge and with

adequate security.” She did exactly that when she loaned money from the trust to Clifford and

Sharon Wooding at an interest rate of five percent and where the note was secured by a mortgage

on their property. At that point, the trust held an interest in the repayment of the $30,000, plus

any accumulated interest at the agreed rate.

{¶22} Article V of the trust agreement sets out twenty-seven specific powers of the

trustee (in addition to all other powers inherently granted by law), which could be exercised in

the discretion of the trustee. Provision 5.01(8) expressly grants to the trustee the following

power “[t]o abandon any trust asset or interest therein in the discretion of the Trustee.”

Accordingly, Alice and Carl Wooding, as settlors of the trust, expressly provided themselves, as

trustees, with the power to abandon any interest in any trust asset in the sole discretion of the

trustee. That is the precise power Ms. Wooding would have been exercising by forgiving the

$30,000 note. Therefore, I would conclude that the trial court did not err in determining that

Alice Wooding, as trustee, could have forgiven this note. I would overrule the fourth assignment

of error.

{¶23} Finally, I would decline to address the sixth assignment of error as moot.

{¶24} In conclusion, I would affirm the trial court’s judgment in toto. 10

APPEARANCES:

TERRENCE L. SEEBERGER, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.

MARK W. BERNLOHR and SARAH B. BAKER, Attorney at Law, for Appellee.