Simarjeet Kaur v. Baltimore County Police Department

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
• Decided: June 16, 2025
• Docket: 23-1463
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1463 Doc: 24 Filed: 06/16/2025 Pg: 1 of 4

UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 23-1463

SIMARJEET KAUR,

Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.

BALTIMORE COUNTY POLICE DEPARTMENT; OFFICER POLLACK; OFFICER BIRKMAIER; SEARS ROEBUCK AND CO, d/b/a Sears; JEFFREY MARKOWSKI,

Defendants - Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore. Stephanie A. Gallagher, District Judge. (1:21-cv-00292-SAG)

Submitted: January 29, 2025 Decided: June 16, 2025

Before QUATTLEBAUM, RUSHING, and BENJAMIN, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

ON BRIEF: David C.M. Ledyard, LEDYARD LAW LLC, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellant. Michael L. Pivor, KIERNAN TREBACH LLP, Washington, D.C.; Bradley J. Neitzel, BALTIMORE COUNTY OFFICE OF LAW, Towson, Maryland, for Appellees.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. USCA4 Appeal: 23-1463 Doc: 24 Filed: 06/16/2025 Pg: 2 of 4

PER CURIAM:

Simarjeet Kaur, a former employee of Sears, Roebuck & Co. (Sears), filed the

instant civil action against Sears and store security Manager Jeffrey Markowski (Sears

Defendants), arresting officers Pollak and Birkmaier (Police Officer Defendants), and the

Baltimore County Police Department, alleging various state and federal claims based on

her assertion that Defendants lacked legal justification to detain her. Ultimately, the district

court granted summary judgment to all Defendants and dismissed the case. On appeal,

Kaur claims that the court erred in granting summary judgment on her false arrest, false

imprisonment, and malicious prosecution claims against the Sears Defendants, claiming

that there was insufficient evidence to support a theft and that there was no probable cause

for her warrantless arrest.

This court reviews de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment, viewing

“the facts in the light most favorable to” the nonmoving party and “drawing all reasonable

inferences in [the nonmovant’s] favor.” Dean v. Jones, 984 F.3d 295, 301 (4th Cir. 2021).

Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as

to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.

Civ. P. 56(a). “A factual dispute is genuine only where the nonmovant’s version is

supported by sufficient evidence to permit a reasonable jury to find in [the nonmovant’s]

favor.” United States v. 8.929 Acres of Land, 36 F.4th 240, 252 (4th Cir. 2022) (cleaned

up). Conversely, “[w]hen a party fails to establish the existence of an element essential to

that party’s case, there is no genuine issue of material fact.” Perkins v. Int’l Paper Co.,

936 F.3d 196, 205 (4th Cir. 2019).

2 USCA4 Appeal: 23-1463 Doc: 24 Filed: 06/16/2025 Pg: 3 of 4

Upon review, we uphold the district court’s grant of summary judgment on the false

arrest and false imprisonment claims against the Sears Defendants, as the claims were

barred under Maryland’s statutory merchant’s privilege. Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc.

§ 5-402(a). Contrary to Kaur’s contention, the statutory merchant’s privilege allows the

agent of a merchant to detain a person upon probable cause that they have committed theft,

regardless of the value of goods suspected to have been stolen. See Md. Code Ann., Crim.

Law § 7-104(a). The record also amply supports the court’s finding that the Sears and

Police Defendants had probable cause to believe that Kaur had committed theft of Sears’

property from the store, as evidence of theft was captured repeatedly on video, compiled

by Defendant Markowski, and provided to police.

Given the presence of probable cause, the district court properly awarded summary

judgment to all Defendants on Kaur’s malicious prosecution claim, Montgomery Ward v.

Wilson, 664 A.2d 916, 926 (Md. 1995), as well as to the Police Officer Defendants on the

state and federal constitutional violation counts, see Brooks v. City of Winston-Salem, 85

F.3d 178, 181–82, 184 (4th Cir. 1996) (claims that a seizure violated the Fourth

Amendment or was a violation of due process require proof of an absence of probable

cause). Contrary to Kaur’s assertion, the police’s reliance on Markowski’s evidence did

not deprive them of probable cause, see Torchinsky v. Siwinski, 942 F.2d 257, 264 (4th Cir.

1991) (stating that a police officer need not “exhaust every potentially exculpatory lead or

resolve every doubt about a suspect’s guilt before probable cause is established”), or result

in an improper credibility determination by the court at the summary judgment stage.

Finally, the district court correctly concluded that Defendants were entitled to summary

3 USCA4 Appeal: 23-1463 Doc: 24 Filed: 06/16/2025 Pg: 4 of 4

judgment on the civil conspiracy and aiding and abetting counts where there were no

remaining underlying torts.

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s judgment. We dispense with oral

argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials

before this court and argument would not aid the decisional process.

AFFIRMED