Sihler v. The Fulfillment Lab, Inc

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: April 7, 2021
• Docket: 3:20-cv-01528
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9 10 JANET SIHLER, individually and on Case No.: 3:20-cv-01528-H-MSB behalf of all others similarly situated; 11 CHARLENE BAVENCOFF, ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’ 12 individually and on behalf of all MOTION TO DISMISS others similarly situated, PLAINTIFFS’ CLRA, FAL, UCL, 13 AND RICO CLAIMS AND Plaintiffs, 14 GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ v. MOTION TO DISMISS 15 PLAINTIFFS’ NON-CALIFORNIA THE FULFILLMENT LAB, INC; 16 CONSUMER PROTECTION STATE RICHARD NELSON; BEYOND LAW CLAIMS 17 GLOBAL INC.; and DOES 1-10,

18 Defendants. [Doc. No. 38.] 19 On January 7, 2021, Plaintiffs Janet Sihler and Charlene Bavencoff filed their First 20 Amended Complaint (“FAC”) alleging Defendants The Fulfillment Lab, Inc. (“TFL”), 21 Richard Nelson, and Beyond Global Inc. had violated numerous consumer protection laws. 22 (Doc. No. 32.) On February 22, 2021, Defendants TFL, Richard Nelson, and Beyond 23 Global Inc. filed a motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ FAC for failure to state a claim. (Doc. No. 24 38.) Plaintiffs filed their opposition on March 22, 2021. (Doc. No. 41.) Defendants filed 25 their reply on March 29, 2021. (Doc. No. 43.) On March 29, 2021, the Court took the matter 26 under submission. (Doc. No. 44.) For the reasons that follow, the Court denies in part and 27 grants in part Defendants’ motion to dismiss. 28 1 Background 2 The following facts are taken from Plaintiffs’ class action complaint. This lawsuit 3 involves an alleged fraudulent scheme in which the Defendants allegedly use fake celebrity 4 endorsements and reviews and misrepresentations about price and limited availability to 5 induce consumers into purchasing weight-loss pills branded “Ultra Fast Keto Boost” and 6 “Instant Keto” (collectively, “Keto Products”). (Doc. No. 32 ¶¶ 8–12.) The Defendants 7 allegedly subsequently charge consumers more than they originally agreed to pay, make it 8 difficult or impossible to return the products or receive a refund, and operate “false front” 9 websites to mislead banks and credit card companies investigating chargebacks. (Id.) 10 I. Plaintiffs’ Experiences With The Keto Products 11 In December 2019, Plaintiff Janet Sihler, a California resident, saw an advertisement 12 for a weight loss product called “InstaKeto” as she was browsing the Internet. (Id. ¶ 48.) 13 The advertisement claimed the product was featured on Shark Tank. (Id.) She clicked on 14 the advertisement, which took her to a website (which Plaintiffs refer to as a “hidden” 15 landing page). (Id.) She selected the “Buy 3 bottles, Get 2 free” promotion with the 16 expectation that she would be billed for three bottles of the product at $39.74 each, and 17 receive two additional bottles for free, for a total purchase price of $119.22. (Id. ¶ 17.) 18 Instead, her debit card was charged for $198.70, the price of all five bottles. (Id.) She 19 received five bottles branded “Instant Keto” a few days later. (Id. ¶ 51.) Plaintiff Sihler 20 called the customer service telephone number to request a refund. (Id. ¶ 53.) The 21 representative told her she would have to ship the bottles back at her own expense to obtain 22 a partial refund; Plaintiff Sihler did not receive any money back. (Id.) Plaintiff Sihler’s 23 debit card was charged by the merchant account “VYA*KETOBOOST 8889700695 Port 24 Orange FL.” (Id. ¶ 50.) The “Instant Keto” bottles stated they were distributed by “Instant 25 Keto Boost” and listed “www.instantketoboost.com” as the product’s website. (Id. ¶ 168.) 26 In October 2019, Plaintiff Charlene Bavencoff, a California resident, saw an 27 advertisement on Facebook for a weight-loss product called “Ultra Fast Keto Boost.” (Id. 28 ¶ 54.) She clicked the advertisement, which brought her to a page that claimed the product 1 was endorsed on Shark Tank. (Id.) She also selected the “Buy 3 bottles, Get 2 free” 2 promotion with the expectation that she would be billed for three bottles of the product at 3 $39.74 each, and receive two additional bottles for free, for a total purchase price of 4 $119.22. (Id. ¶ 18.) Instead, her credit card was charged for $198.70, the price of all five 5 bottles. (Id.) After receiving the product and deciding it did not work, Plaintiff Bavencoff 6 called the customer service number listed on the packing slip, but the number was 7 disconnected. (Id. ¶¶ 19, 57.) She also has not recovered any money. (Id.) Plaintiff 8 Bavencoff’s credit card was charged by the merchant account “UltraFast Keto Boost 8444- 9 7041211NV.” (Id. ¶ 55.) 10 II. The Alleged Fraudulent Scheme 11 Plaintiffs allege Defendants’ fraudulent scheme operates as follows. False claims 12 about the effectiveness of the Keto Products, as well as fake celebrity or TV show 13 endorsements, are allegedly used to induce consumers into clicking onto product 14 advertisements. (Id. ¶¶ 61–77, 97.) The advertisement “funnels” consumers to a landing 15 page for the product, where they are presented with several purchase options, including the 16 “Buy 3, Get 2 Free” option selected by Plaintiffs Sihler and Bavencoff. (Id. ¶¶ 81, 88–91, 17 98–100.) These landing pages are allegedly inaccessible to anyone who does not view the 18 advertisements or are deleted after a few weeks or months to avoid detection. (Id. ¶¶ 62, 19 79.) Plaintiffs allege that the terms and conditions of purchases, including the refund and 20 return policy, are hidden or buried on the landing page; consumers do not need to read or 21 acknowledge the terms in order to complete their purchase. (Id. ¶¶ 84–87, 89.) 22 After providing their credit card information and completing their purchase, the 23 consumers are allegedly overcharged for the full price of all five bottles of product, rather 24 than the discounted “Buy 3, Get 2 Free” price. (Id. ¶¶ 92–95, 101.) When consumers seek 25 to dispute the overcharge with their bank or credit card company, the Defendants allegedly 26 present the investigators with a second website, which Plaintiffs term a “false front” 27 website. (Id. ¶¶ 102–13.) These “false front” websites are visually similar to the landing 28 pages consumers used to make their purchase, but the terms and conditions are clearly 1 stated, the false advertisements are removed, and the actual purchase prices of the different 2 options are listed, thus deceiving the investigators into believing consumers agreed to the 3 full terms of sale. (Id.) Additionally, the Defendants create multiple shell companies, each 4 of whom signs up for a unique merchant account; these accounts are then rotated through 5 customer billings to prevent any individual account from being flagged for fraud due to 6 high levels of chargebacks. (Id.) 7 Plaintiffs allege the named Defendants are involved in this scheme as follows. The 8 “Keto Doe Defendants,” which includes Defendant Beyond Global, are the marketers 9 and/or branders of the Keto Products who allegedly operate the hidden landing pages 10 viewed by consumers as well as the false front websites provided to banks and credit card 11 companies. (Id. ¶ 11.) The “Ultra Fast Keto Boost” bottles purchased by Plaintiff 12 Bavencoff stated they were distributed by “Beyond Global Inc.” and listed 13 “www.thesuperbooster.com” as the product’s website. (Id. ¶¶ 148, 168.) Defendant TFL, 14 owned by Defendant Nelson, is a fulfillment company that allegedly provides generic 15 “white label” products to the Keto Doe Defendants, assists them with marketing and 16 advertising, distributes the products to consumers, and handles returns when customers 17 complain. (Id. ¶¶ 11, 168–79.) Plaintiffs allege Defendant TFL is the fulfillment company 18 for both the “Instant Keto” and “Ultra Fast Keto Boost” products, and that both products 19 are the same white-labeled products offered by Defendant TFL. (Id. ¶¶ 168–70.) The 20 packing slip accompanying the five bottles shipped to Plaintiff Sihler described the product 21 as “KetoBoost” and identified the shipper as “Ultra Fast Instant Keto” with an office 22 located at 3201 Hillsborough Avenue 153201-1378, Tampa, Florida, 33684. (Id. ¶ 52.) The 23 packing slip accompanying the five bottles shipped to Plaintiff Bavencoff described the 24 product as “Ultra Fast Keto Boost” and identified the shipper as “Ultra Fast Instant Keto” 25 with an office located at 3201 Hillsborough Avenue 153201-1378, Tampa, Florida, 33684. 26 (Id. ¶ 56.) Plaintiffs allege the Hillsborough address is for a United States Post Office that 27 is close to the TFL headquarters. (Id. ¶ 170.) 28 1 III. Procedural History 2 The Court’s previous Order regarding Plaintiffs’ original complaint granted in part 3 and denied in part the Defendants’ motions to dismiss, and granted Plaintiffs leave to 4 amend most of their claims. (Doc. No. 31.) Plaintiffs’ FAC seeks certification of a 5 nationwide class and a California subclass. (Doc. No. 32 ¶¶ 194–95.) They allege the 6 following causes of action: (1) violation of California’s Consumer Legal Remedies Act 7 (“CLRA”); (2) violation of California’s False Advertising Law (“FAL”); (3) violation of 8 the unfair and fraudulent prongs of California’s Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”); (4) 9 violation of the unlawful prong of California’s Unfair Competition Law; (5) civil Racketeer 10 Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (“RICO”) Act violations; and (6) violation of 11 various state’s consumer protection laws. (Id. ¶¶ 207–458.) By the present motion, 12 Defendants move to dismiss Plaintiffs’ FAC pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state 13 claims upon which relief can be granted. (Doc. No. 38 at 2–3.) 14 Discussion 15 I. Legal Standards 16 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a) requires that a complaint contain “a short and 17 plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 18 8(a)(2). A defendant may move to dismiss a complaint for failing to state a claim upon 19 which relief can be granted under Rule 12(b)(6). “Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) is 20 appropriate only where the complaint lacks a cognizable legal theory or sufficient facts to 21 support a cognizable legal theory.” Mendiondo v. Centinela Hosp. Med. Ctr., 521 F.3d 22 1097, 1104 (9th Cir. 2008). To survive a 12(b)(6) motion, a plaintiff must plead “enough 23 facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 24 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is facially plausible when a plaintiff pleads “factual content 25 that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 26 misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 27 In reviewing the plausibility of a complaint, courts “accept factual allegations in the 28 complaint as true and construe the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving 1 party.” Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008); 2 see Cook, Perkiss & Liehe, Inc. v. N. Cal. Collection Serv., Inc., 911 F.2d 242, 245 (9th 3 Cir. 1990) (“It is well-established that questions of fact cannot be resolved or determined 4 on a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.”). “The 5 standard at this stage of the litigation is not that plaintiff’s explanation must be true or even 6 probable. The factual allegations of the complaint need only ‘plausibly suggest an 7 entitlement to relief.’” Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1216–17 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing Iqbal, 8 556 U.S. at 681.) Nonetheless, courts do not “accept as true allegations that are merely 9 conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” In re Gilead Scis. 10 Secs. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Sprewell v. Golden State 11 Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001)). 12 Where a motion to dismiss is granted, “leave to amend should be granted ‘unless the 13 court determines that the allegation of other facts consistent with the challenged pleading 14 could not possibly cure the deficiency.’” DeSoto v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc., 957 F.2d 15 655, 658 (9th Cir. 1992) (quoting Schreiber Distrib. Co. v. Serv-Well Furniture Co., 806 16 F.2d 1393, 1401 (9th Cir. 1986)). In other words, where leave to amend would be futile, 17 the Court may deny leave to amend. See DeSoto, 957 F.2d at 658. 18 II. Analysis 19 A. Plaintiffs’ CLRA, FAL, and UCL Claims 20 The Consumer Legal Remedies Act provides a cause of action to consumers who 21 suffer “any damage” as a result of “unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive 22 acts or practices.” Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1770(a), 1780(a).1 The CLRA is intended to “be 23

24 1 Plaintiffs allege Defendants violated several CLRA provisions: § 1770(a)(2) (“Misrepresenting 25 the source, sponsorship, approval, or certification of goods or services.”); § 1770(a)(3) (“Misrepresenting the affiliation, connection, or association with, or certification by, another.”); § 1770(a)(5) (“Representing 26 that goods or services have sponsorship, approval, characteristics, ingredients, uses, benefits, or quantities that they do not have or that a person has a sponsorship, approval, status, affiliation, or connection that 27 the person does not have.); § 1770(a)(7) (“Representing that goods or services are of a particular standard, 28 quality, or grade, or that goods are of a particular style or model, if they are of another.”); § 1770(a)(9) 1 liberally construed and applied to promote its underlying purposes, which are to protect 2 consumers against unfair and deceptive business practices.” Cal. Civ. Code § 1760. 3 California’s False Advertising Law prohibits any “unfair, deceptive, untrue or misleading 4 advertising.” Williams v. Gerber Prod. Co., 552 F.3d 934, 938 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting 5 Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17500). California’s Unfair Competition Law generally prohibits 6 “any unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business act or practice and unfair, deceptive, untrue or 7 misleading advertising.” Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200. “[A] plaintiff may proceed under 8 the UCL on three possible theories. First, ‘unlawful’ conduct that violates another law is 9 independently actionable under Section 17200. Alternatively, a plaintiff may plead the 10 defendants’ conduct is ‘unfair’ within the meaning of the several standards developed by 11 the courts. Finally, a plaintiff may challenge ‘fraudulent’ conduct by showing that 12 ‘members of the public are likely to be deceived’ by the challenged business acts or 13 practices.” Stewart v. Screen Gems-EMI Music, Inc., 81 F. Supp. 3d 938, 967 (N.D. Cal. 14 2015) (internal citations omitted). “Because the statute is written in the disjunctive, it is 15 violated where a defendant’s act or practice violates any of the foregoing prongs.” Davis 16 v. HSBC Bank Nevada, N.A., 691 F.3d 1152, 1168 (9th Cir. 2012). Additionally, “[a]ny 17 violation of the [FAL] . . . necessarily violates the [UCL].” Moore v. Mars Petcare US, 18 Inc., 966 F.3d 1007, 1016 (9th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing Gerber 19 Prod., 552 F.3d at 938). 20 “Whether a business practice is deceptive or misleading ‘under these California 21 statutes [CLRA, FAL, and UCL] [is] governed by the ‘reasonable consumer’ test.’” Moore, 22 966 F.3d at 1017 (citing Gerber Prod., 552 F.3d at 938). Under this test, “conduct is 23 deceptive or misleading if it is likely to deceive an ordinary consumer.” Peviani v. Nat. 24 Balance, Inc., 774 F. Supp. 2d 1066, 1070 (S.D. Cal. 2011) (citing Gerber Prod., 552 F.3d 25 at 938). “The California Supreme Court has recognized ‘that these laws prohibit not only 26 27 28 or misleading statements of fact concerning reasons for, existence of, or amounts of, price reductions.”). 1 advertising which is false, but also advertising which . . . is either actually misleading or 2 which has a capacity, likelihood or tendency to deceive or confuse the public.’” Gerber 3 Prod., 552 F.3d at 938 (quoting Kasky v. Nike, Inc., 45 P.3d 243, 250 (Cal. 2002)). 4 To satisfy the standing requirements of the UCL and FAL, a plaintiff must 5 “(1) establish a loss or deprivation of money or property sufficient to qualify as injury in 6 fact, i.e., economic injury, and (2) show that that economic injury was the result of, i.e., 7 caused by, the unfair business practice or false advertising that is the gravamen of the 8 claim.” Van Patten v. Vertical Fitness Grp., LLC, 847 F.3d 1037, 1048 (9th Cir. 2017) 9 (quoting Kwikset Corp. v. Superior Court, 246 P.3d 877, 885 (Cal. 2011)). Accordingly, 10 “a plaintiff must allege actual reliance in order to have standing to pursue UCL and FAL 11 claims.” Moore, 966 F.3d at 1020 (citing Hinojos v. Kohl’s Corp., 718 F.3d 1098, 1103– 12 04 (9th Cir. 2013)); see Peviani, 774 F. Supp. 2d at 1070; In re Ferrero Litig., 794 F. Supp. 13 2d 1107, 1111 (S.D. Cal. 2011). “[A]ny plaintiff who has standing under the UCL’s and 14 FAL’s ‘lost money or property’ requirement will, a fortiori, have suffered ‘any damage’ 15 for purposes of establishing CLRA standing.” Moore, 966 F.3d at 1020 (citing Hinojos, 16 718 F.3d at 1108). 17 Finally, Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading standard applies to UCL, FAL, and CLRA 18 causes of actions where, as here, they are “grounded in fraud” or “sound in fraud.” See 19 Kearns v. Ford Motor Co., 567 F.3d 1120, 1125 (9th Cir. 2009); Elias v. Hewlett-Packard 20 Co., 903 F. Supp. 2d 843, 853 (N.D. Cal. 2012). “Rule 9(b) demands that the circumstances 21 constituting the alleged fraud ‘be specific enough to give defendants notice of the particular 22 misconduct . . . so that they can defend against the charge and not just deny that they have 23 done anything wrong.’” Kearns, 567 F.3d at 1124 (citing Bly–Magee v. California, 236 24 F.3d 1014, 1019 (9th Cir. 2001)). There is substantial overlap in the requirements of the 25 CLRA, UCL, and FAL; as such, when the cause of action under each is premised on the 26 same allegedly misleading acts, a plaintiff who plausibly and with sufficient particularity 27 pleads (1) misleading or deceptive advertising, as judged by the reasonable consumer test, 28 1 (2) actual reliance, and (3) economic injury has likely stated a claim under all three statutes, 2 assuming other statute-specific requirements are met. See Moore, 966 F.3d at 1016 n.7. 3 In its prior Order, the Court concluded Plaintiffs’ complaint had stated claims for 4 violations of the CLRA, FAL, and the unfair, fraudulent, and unlawful prongs of the UCL. 5 (Doc. No. 31 at 30–33.) Plaintiffs provided multiple examples of the misleading and 6 deceptive advertising they viewed throughout their experience with the Keto Products. (Id.; 7 see Doc. No. 32 ¶¶ 63–74.) They identified misrepresentations and omissions regarding 8 reviews and endorsements of the Keto Products, the results consumers can expect by using 9 the products, the limited supply of the products, the actual price of the products, and the 10 existence of “false front” websites. (Id.; see Doc. No. 32 ¶¶ 124–45.) Plaintiffs alleged how 11 the statements found in advertisements and on the landing pages would be false or 12 misleading to a reasonable consumer: the pictured and quoted celebrities have not in fact 13 endorsed the Keto Products in question, there is not actually a limited supply of Keto 14 Products remaining, and contrary to the claim to the claim that consumers will “Buy 3 Get 15 2 Free,” they actually are charged the full price of five products. (Id.; see Doc. No. 32 16 ¶¶ 50, 55, 64–68, 70, 76, 83, 90, 92, 95.) Plaintiffs also alleged how the failure to disclose 17 to customers that they are viewing a different website than the one that would be shown to 18 their financial institution should they seek a chargeback or investigation would be 19 misleading and deceptive to a reasonable consumer. (Id.; see Doc. No. 32 ¶¶ 102–13.) They 20 alleged that they provided their financial information and completed their orders for a “Buy 21 3 Get 2 Free” offer of Keto Products in reliance on the statements published on these 22 advertisements and website. (Id.; see Doc. No. 32 ¶¶ 17–18, 132, 135, 245, 278.) They 23 alleged they suffered economic injuries in that they were overcharged for the products, 24 never received a full refund, and would not have completed their purchases in the first place 25 if not for the misrepresentations about the endorsements, effectiveness, price, etc. of the 26 products, and the omissions about the false front websites and other details of the fraudulent 27 scheme. (Id.; see Doc. No. 32 ¶¶ 59, 132, 135, 245, 278.) They alleged that all consumers 28 who purchased Keto Products – including them – were subjected to similar or identical 1 representations, and reasonably relied on them in making their purchase decisions. (Id.; see 2 Doc. No. 32 ¶¶ 61, 77, 124, 127, 132, 135.) The Court concluded these allegations were 3 sufficient to place Defendants on notice of the circumstances constituting the alleged 4 fraudulent scheme, and to plausibly state claims under the CLRA, FAL, and UCL. (Id.) 5 The Court declined to dismiss Plaintiffs’ CLRA, FAL, and UCL claims, and gave Plaintiffs 6 leave to amend their complaint to re-plead their theories of indirect liability (aiding and 7 abetting and conspiracy). (Id. at 22, 33.) Thus, the issue of whether Plaintiffs’ allegations 8 are sufficient to state claims under the CLRA, FAL, and UCL and to meet Rule 9(b)’s 9 standard has already been decided by this Court. The remaining issue for the Court to 10 decide is whether, under a direct or indirect theory of liability, Plaintiffs’ FAC states a 11 claim for violations of the CLRA, FAL, and UCL against any or all of the Defendants. 12 First, Plaintiffs allege Defendant Beyond Global is directly liable for violations of 13 the CLRA, FAL, and UCL. (Doc. No. 32 ¶¶ 213, 247, 281, 370.) Plaintiffs allege 14 Defendant Beyond Global created the advertisements containing the false statements about 15 the price, endorsements, limited supply, effectiveness, and “Buy 3 Get 2 Free” nature of 16 the Keto Products. (Id. ¶¶ 124–47.) They allege they created and operated both the landing 17 pages viewed by consumers, such as ultrafastketoboost.com and instaketo.com, as well as 18 the “false fronts” shown to financial institutions. (Id. ¶¶ 11, 62, 102, 108–09, 136–45.) 19 They allege they have opened hundreds of merchant accounts and spread charges to 20 different consumers across the merchant accounts in order to avoid detection by financial 21 institutions. (Id. ¶¶ 112–13.) They allege Defendant Beyond Global charged Plaintiff 22 Bavencoff’s credit cards for $198.70, the price of all five bottles, rather than $119.22, the 23 price of three bottles, despite the representation that she would only be charged for three 24 bottles and receive two more for free. (Id. ¶¶ 18, 126.) These allegations are sufficient to 25 state a plausible claim for relief against Defendant Beyond Global for directly violating the 26 CLRA, FAL, and UCL. 27 Next, Plaintiffs allege Defendants TFL and Nelson aided and abetted Defendant 28 Beyond Global’s violations of the CLRA, FAL, and UCL, (id. ¶¶ 214–21, 248–54, 282– 1 88, 372–78), and conspired with Defendant Beyond Global to violate the CLRA, FAL, and 2 UCL, (id. ¶¶ 222–29, 255–63, 289–96, 379–86). Defendants TFL and Nelson argue 3 Plaintiffs have not stated a claim against either of them, under any of the theories, under 4 any of the statutes. (Doc. No. 38 at 2.) For the reasons below, the Court concludes that 5 Plaintiffs have stated plausible claims for relief under the CLRA, FAL, and UCL against 6 Defendants TFL and Nelson under an aiding and abetting theory of liability. 7 In order to plead a claim for aiding and abetting an intentional tort, a plaintiff “must 8 plead facts that make it plausible that defendants either ‘(a) [knew] the other’s conduct 9 constitute[d] a breach of duty and [gave] substantial assistance or encouragement to the 10 other to so act or (b) [gave] substantial assistance to the other in accomplishing a tortious 11 result and the person’s own conduct, separately considered, constitute[d] a breach of duty 12 to the third person.’” Bradshaw v. SLM Corp., 652 F. App’x 593, 594 (9th Cir. 2016) 13 (citing Casey v. U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n, 26 Cal. Rptr. 3d 401, 405 (Cal. Ct. App. 2005)); 14 see Decarlo v. Costco Wholesale Corp., No. 14cv00202 JAH-BLM, 2020 WL 1332539, at 15 *5 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 23, 2020) (“Liability may be imposed on those who aid and abet 16 another’s violation of the UCL if the individual knows the other’s conduct constitutes a 17 violation and gives substantial assistance or encouragement to the other to so act.”). 18 Plaintiffs plead both theories of aiding and abetting against Defendants TFL and Nelson; 19 the Court focuses its analysis on the first theory. 20 The first element, knowledge, requires a plaintiff to “plead sufficient facts to permit 21 a ‘reasonable inference’ that [the defendant] knew of the ‘specific wrongful act[s]’ of fraud 22 by the [principal(s)] at the relevant time.” Bradshaw, 652 F. App’x at 594; see Casey, 26 23 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 407, 411 (holding that the complaint must allege the defendant’s “actual 24 knowledge of the specific primary wrong the defendant substantially assisted” to 25 adequately plead aiding and abetting fraud). “General allegations that [a defendant] knew 26 that [the principal] engaged ‘in a criminal and wrongful enterprise’ are ‘too generic to 27 satisfy the requirements of actual knowledge of a specific primary violation’ under 28 California law, nor do conclusory allegations of ‘actual knowledge’ suffice.” Id. (citing 1 Casey, 26 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 412). Under Rule 9(b), while fraud must be pled with specificity, 2 “[m]alice, intent, knowledge, and other condition of mind of a person may be averred 3 generally.” Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 9(b). But while “this obviates the necessity of pleading 4 detailed facts supporting allegations of knowledge, it does not relieve a pleader of the 5 burden of alleging the nature of the knowledge a defendant purportedly possessed. In the 6 case of an aider and abettor under California law, this must be actual knowledge of the 7 primary violation.” Neilson v. Union Bank of California, N.A., 290 F. Supp. 2d 1101, 1119 8 (C.D. Cal. 2003) (citing Howard v. Superior Court, 3 Cal. Rptr. 2d 575, 576–77 (Cal. Ct. 9 App. 1992)). Courts have found that a defendant’s “decision to ignore suspicious activity 10 or red flags is sufficient to demonstrate actual knowledge” for aiding and abetting liability. 11 In re Woodbridge Invs. Litig., No. CV 18-103-DMG (MRWX), 2020 WL 4529739, at *7 12 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 5, 2020); see In re First All. Mortg. Co., 471 F.3d 977, 999 (9th Cir. 2006) 13 (noting that coming “upon red flags which were seemingly ignored was enough to establish 14 actual knowledge under the California aiding and abetting standard”). Courts have also 15 considered allegations concerning a defendant’s knowledge and familiarity with the 16 structure and operation of an alleged fraudulent scheme to be relevant to the actual 17 knowledge inquiry. See Gonzales v. Lloyds TSB Bank, PLC, 532 F. Supp. 2d 1200, 1208 18 (C.D. Cal. 2006) (“In further support of their allegation that Defendant had knowledge of 19 the Ponzi scheme, Plaintiffs allege that Defendant knew the hallmark characteristics of a 20 Ponzi scheme, and identified these characteristics in the Midland Entities’ accounts.”). The 21 second element, substantial assistance, “requires that the defendant’s actions be a 22 ‘substantial factor’ in causing the plaintiff’s injury.” Facebook, Inc. v. MaxBounty, Inc., 23 274 F.R.D. 279, 285 (N.D. Cal. 2011) (quoting Impac Warehouse Lending Group v. Credit 24 Suisse First Boston LLC, 270 Fed. Appx. 570, 572 (9th Cir. 2008)). “[O]rdinary business 25 transactions” can satisfy the substantial assistance element of an aiding and abetting claim 26 “if the [defendant] actually knew those transactions were assisting the [principal] in 27 committing a specific tort. Knowledge is the crucial element.” In re First All. Mortg. Co., 28 471 F.3d at 993 (quoting Casey, 26 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 406). 1 In their motion to dismiss, Defendants TFL and Nelson do not challenge Plaintiffs’ 2 allegations regarding the substantial assistance they allegedly provided to Beyond Global. 3 (See Doc. No. 32 ¶¶ 216, 220, 250, 253, 284, 287.)2 They solely argue that Plaintiffs have 4 failed to sufficiently allege the element of knowledge. (Doc. Nos. 38-1 at 9–11; 43 at 3–7.) 5 Plaintiffs allege Defendants TFL and Nelson had actual knowledge of the CLRA, FAL, 6 and UCL violations involving the Keto Products. (Doc. No. 32 ¶¶ 214–15, 218–19, 249, 7 252, 283, 286.) They allege Defendants TFL and Nelson knew how the fraudulent scheme 8 worked, that they were shipping products sold using deceptive and unfair advertising, that 9 the contents and representations made in the Keto Products advertisements and on the 10 websites were false and misleading, and the nature of the tortious conduct being committed 11 by Beyond Global and the Keto Doe Defendants. (Id.) Plaintiffs allege Defendants TFL 12 and Nelson directly run advertising campaigns for their clients, including Defendant 13 Beyond Global. (Id. ¶¶ 166, 174–75.) Plaintiffs note that TFL’s website provides a variety 14 “Affiliate Marketing Resources,” and that its marketing director’s LinkedIn profile states 15 that his duties include “Run[ning] and monitor[ing] marketing campaigns.” (Id.) Plaintiffs 16 allege that because Defendants TFL and Nelson were involved in Defendant Beyond 17 Global’s advertising campaign, they must been aware of the fake celebrity endorsements, 18 claims about price, and other misrepresentations in the Keto Products advertisements and 19 websites. (Id. ¶¶ 215.) Plaintiffs also allege that Defendants TFL and Nelson provided 20 TFL’s custom software to Beyond Global and the Keto Doe Defendants, and integrated 21 that software into the Keto Product landing pages; Plaintiffs allege this activity would have 22 necessitated knowledge of the deceptive and misleading content on those websites. (Id.) 23 Plaintiffs also allege that Defendants TFL and Nelson ignored a significant number 24 of red flags associated with the Keto Doe Defendants’ tortious conduct. See In re First All. 25 26 2 Plaintiffs allege the same conduct gives rise to aiding and abetting liability under all three statutes, and as a result plead specific allegations in their CLRA cause of action, and then incorporate those facts 27 and allegations by reference in their FAL and UCL causes of action. (See, e.g., Doc. No. 32 ¶ 249.) As 28 such, when the Court cites to the allegations in the CLRA cause of action, it does so with the understanding 1 Mortg. Co., 471 F.3d at 999. They allege that Defendants TFL and Nelson received and 2 processed customer returns and complaints regarding the Keto Products, and that these 3 activities necessitated knowledge of the Keto Doe Defendants’ tortious conduct, as the 4 complaints would detail the nature of the wrongful activity, i.e., that customers were being 5 overcharged for products after viewing misleading advertisements. (Doc. No. 32 ¶¶ 172– 6 73.) They also allege that Defendants TFL and Nelson were notified of their clients’ 7 deceptive and fraudulent advertising tactics via complaints about Keto Products on TFL’s 8 Better Business Bureau (“BBB”) page. (Id. ¶¶ 214–15.) Plaintiffs point to several 9 complaints posted on TFL’s BBB page throughout late 2019 referring to “Ultrafast Keto 10 Boost,” “keto diet pill[s],” and “Keto Boost” that detail experiences nearly identical to 11 those of Plaintiffs; one complaint specifically mentioned viewing a false Shark Tank 12 advertisement. (Id. ¶ 214.) Plaintiffs note that Defendants TFL and Nelson responded to 13 several of these comments, demonstrating that they read them and were aware of their 14 contents. (Id.)

15 Defendants TFL and Nelson argue that the BBB complaint about “Ultra Fast Keto 16 Boost” they responded to post-dated Plaintiff Bavencoff’s October 14, 2019 transaction, 17 and therefore could not have put them on notice of the fraudulent conduct associated with 18 the Keto Products. (Doc. No. 38-1 at 9–10.) But Plaintiffs provide examples of comments 19 referencing similar Keto Products made prior to Plaintiff Bavencoff’s transaction, and there 20 are several examples of comments referencing similar Keto Products made prior to Plaintiff 21 Sihler’s December 2019 transaction. (Doc. No. 32 ¶ 214.) And Plaintiffs pled that 22 Defendants TFL and Nelson responded to other comments on their BBB page during that 23 time period, which supports the reasonable inference that they viewed and were aware of 24 other comments posted during that time, even if they did not directly respond to them. (Id.) 25 Citing Baba v. Hewlett-Packard Co., Defendants TFL and Nelson argue awareness of a 26 few customer complaints is insufficient to establish they had actual knowledge of the 27 deceptive and misleading advertising. No. C 09-05946 RS, 2011 WL 317650, at *3 (N.D. 28 Cal. Jan. 28, 2011). As Plaintiffs note, Baba, which dealt with awareness of a product 1 defect, not awareness of an ongoing fraudulent scheme, is distinguishable. Furthermore, 2 unlike in Baba, Plaintiffs do not solely rely on allegations of BBB complaints that 3 Defendants TFL and Nelson allegedly ignored; they have pled other specific allegations to 4 support the inference that Defendants TFL and Nelson had actual knowledge of the alleged 5 violations. See In re Woodbridge Invs. Litig., 2020 WL 4529739, at *7 (holding plaintiff’s 6 other detailed allegations, “on top of those relating to the red flags that Comerica allegedly 7 ignored,” were sufficient to state a claim for aiding and abetting). Defendants’ arguments 8 are better suited to a motion for summary judgment when the record is more fully 9 developed. 10 Defendants TFL and Nelson contend that providing order fulfillment software does 11 not mean they would have been aware of the website content, or have known that the 12 representations on the website were false. (Doc. No. 38-1 at 10.) They also argue that 13 Plaintiffs’ allegation that they run marketing campaigns and assist with advertising for their 14 clients does not plausibly show that they knew misrepresentations and omissions were 15 being used on Defendant Beyond Global’s website. (Id. at 11.) The Court disagrees. It is 16 plausible that an entity responsible for integrating order fulfillment software with a client’s 17 website would have knowledge of the content, representations, and general nature of the 18 website. And it is very plausible that providing assistance with advertising campaigns for 19 clients would necessitate knowledge of the content of the advertisements and the nature of 20 the campaign. Defendants’ arguments are better suited to a motion for summary judgment 21 when the record is more fully developed. In sum, the Court concludes the FAC’s 22 allegations are sufficient to state a plausible claim against Defendants TFL and Nelson for 23 violations of the CLRA, FAL, and UCL under an aiding and abetting theory of liability. 24 See Bradshaw, 652 F. App’x at 594. As such, the Court denies Defendants Beyond Global, 25 TFL, and Richard Nelson’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ CLRA, UCL, and FAL claims.3 26

27 3 Plaintiffs allege Defendants violated several state and federal laws and regulations as part of their 28 UCL “unlawful” prong claim. (Doc. No. 32 ¶¶ 297–386.) “An action brought under the ‘unlawful’ prong 1 B. Plaintiffs’ RICO Claim 2 In its prior Order, the Court dismissed Plaintiffs’ RICO claims against Defendants 3 with leave to amend. (Doc. No. 31 at 22–28.) The Court concluded that the allegations in 4 the original complaint were insufficient to plausibly establish a RICO claim, and noted that 5 Plaintiffs had not sufficiently pleaded that Defendants possessed the requisite common 6 purpose, fraudulent intent, knowledge, and other elements to allow the Court to reasonably 7 infer that their facially legitimate conduct constituted a RICO violation. (Id.) In the FAC, 8 Plaintiffs have significantly amended their RICO allegations. They allege Defendants have 9 violated section 1962(c), which makes it “unlawful for any person employed by or 10 associated with any enterprise engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or 11 foreign commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such 12 enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity.” 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). They 13 also allege Defendants have violated section 1962(d), which makes it unlawful “to conspire 14 to violate any of the provisions of subsection (a), (b), or (c).” Id. § 1962(d). 15 To maintain a civil RICO claim, a plaintiff must allege that the defendant engaged 16 in: “(1) conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity and, 17 additionally, must establish that (5) the defendant caused injury to plaintiff’s business or 18 property.” Black v. Corvel Enter. Comp Inc., 756 F. App’x 706, 708 (9th Cir. 2018) (citing 19 18 U.S.C. §§ 1962(c), 1964(c)). Plaintiffs allege the existence of an associated-in-fact 20 “Keto Enterprise,” made up of all the Defendants. (Doc. No. 32 ¶¶ 401–08.)4 They allege 21 22 v. Slendertone Distribution, Inc., 420 F. Supp. 3d 1046, 1085 (S.D. Cal. 2019). “Violation of almost any federal, state, or local law may serve as the basis for a UCL claim,” including the CLRA and FAL. 23 Plascencia v. Lending 1st Mortg., 583 F. Supp. 2d 1090, 1098 (N.D. Cal. 2008). Because the Court 24 concludes that Plaintiffs have stated claims under the CLRA and FAL against the Defendants, it does not need to address the other alleged grounds for violations of the “unlawful” prong of the UCL at this time. 25 As such, the Court denies Defendants’ request for judicial notice of the fact sheet from the National Institutes of Health, as it is only relevant to their argument regarding the alleged Sherman Act violations. 26 (Doc. No. 38-1 at 15.)

27 4 Plaintiffs also allege the existence of an additional sub-enterprise, the TFL Enterprise. (Doc. No. 28 32 ¶¶ 393–400.) Because the Court concludes that Plaintiffs have sufficiently pled a RICO claim based 1 that Defendants operated the Keto Enterprise through multiple related predicate acts of 2 mail fraud, wire fraud, and bank fraud over a period of several years. (Id. ¶¶ 402, 409–38.) 3 They allege the predicate acts affected interstate commerce, and that the Defendants’ RICO 4 violations were the but-for cause and proximate cause of their concrete financial injuries. 5 (Id. ¶¶ 439, 442–44.) Defendants Beyond Global, TFL, and Nelson argue Plaintiffs have 6 failed to plausibly allege the existence of an enterprise or a pattern of racketeering activity. 7 (Doc. No. 38-1 at 15–21.) The Court addresses each requirement in turn. 8 1. Enterprise 9 For purposes of a civil RICO claim, an “‘enterprise’ includes any individual, 10 partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity, and any union or group of 11 individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity.” 18 U.S.C. § 1961(4). An 12 association-in-fact enterprise is “a group of persons associated together for a common 13 purpose of engaging in a course of conduct.” Boyle v. U.S., 556 U.S. 938, 946 (2009); see 14 Odom v. Microsoft Corp., 486 F.3d 541, 549 (9th Cir. 2007). “Such an enterprise . . . is 15 proved by evidence of an ongoing organization, formal or informal, and by evidence that 16 the various associates function as a continuing unit.” Id. at 945. “An association-in-fact 17 enterprise must have at least three structural features: a purpose, relationships among those 18 associated with the enterprise, and longevity sufficient to permit these associates to pursue 19 the enterprise’s purpose.” Id. “[A]n associated-in-fact enterprise under RICO does not 20 require any particular organizational structure.” Odom, 486 F.3d at 551; see Boyle, 556 21 U.S. at 948 (“Such a group need not have a hierarchical structure or a ‘chain of 22 command.’”). However, “[s]imply characterizing routine commercial dealing as a RICO 23 enterprise is not enough.” Gardner v. Starkist Co., 418 F. Supp. 3d 443, 461 (N.D. Cal. 24 2019); see Shaw v. Nissan N. Amer., Inc., 220 F. Supp. 3d 1046, 1054 (C.D. Cal. 2016) 25 (“[C]ourts have overwhelmingly rejected attempts to characterize routine commercial 26 relationships as RICO enterprises.”). Plaintiffs must “do ‘[s]omething more’ to ‘render 27 [their] allegations plausible within the meaning of Iqbal and Twombly.’” Eclectic 28 1 Properties East, LLC v. Marcus & Millichap Co., 751 F.3d 990, 999 (9th Cir. 2014) 2 (quoting In re Century Aluminum Co. Sec. Litig., 729 F.3d 1104, 1108 (9th Cir. 2013)). 3 Plaintiffs allege the common purpose of the Keto Enterprise was to defraud victims 4 purchasing Keto Products, and that each member benefited financially from doing so. (Doc. 5 No. 32 ¶ 403.) They allege the enterprise has been in existence since at least February 2018, 6 when the first “false front” website was registered for Ultra Fast Keto Boost, and 7 functioned as a continuing unit until at least the date the original complaint was filed in 8 June 2020. (Id. ¶¶ 401, 407.) They allege that all the members worked together in an 9 indispensable and integrated manner to carry out the fraudulent scheme: the Keto Doe 10 Defendants, including Defendant Beyond Global, created the landing pages, 11 advertisements, false fronts, and other aspects of the “sales funnel” containing the 12 deceptive and misleading advertising; and Defendants TFL and Nelson labeled and shipped 13 the products, assisted with advertising and marketing, received returns and complaints from 14 customers, and provided specialized software for monitoring and tracking shipments and 15 customers. (Id. ¶¶ 124–47, 171–75, 404.) They allege their coordinated activities were 16 necessary to successfully complete the fraudulent consumer transactions and generally 17 carry out the fraudulent scheme. (Id. ¶ 404.) They allege the Keto Doe Defendants 18 contracted with Defendants TFL and Nelson to provide these services, and that each 19 member aided the others in carrying out their roles. (Id. ¶¶ 404, 406.) They allege each 20 member of the Keto Enterprise knew that the enterprise extended beyond their individual 21 roles and carried out their activities and operations with the intent to further the fraudulent 22 scheme. (Id.) 23 Defendants Beyond Global, TFL and Nelson contend that Plaintiffs’ allegations 24 demonstrate nothing more than commercial relationships pursuant to routine business 25 contracts between them, and that they have failed to plausibly plead the existence of an 26 enterprise. (Doc. No. 38-1 at 15–18.) The Court disagrees. The FAC sets forth sufficient 27 allegations that tend to rule out an innocent explanation for Defendants’ conduct. See 28 Eclectic Properties, 751 F.3d at 998–99. Plaintiffs have alleged that the nature of the 1 services provided by Defendants TFL and Nelson necessitated knowledge of and direct 2 participation in the fraudulent aspects of the scheme, meaning their conduct could not be 3 that of a routine service provider. (Doc. No. 32 ¶ 397.) They have explained how the nature 4 of the fraudulent scheme necessitated coordination, integration, and shared purpose 5 between all of the enterprise members, making it less plausible that each member was 6 independently carrying out its own business activities. See Shaw, 220 F. Supp. 3d at 1057 7 (rejecting RICO claim and noting the instances where each party appeared to act an 8 independent manner, such as by reaching independent conclusions). And significantly, 9 they allege that all of the Defendants’ activities were undertaken with common fraudulent 10 intent: to mislead, deceive, and overcharge customers purchasing Keto Products, on a 11 repeated and continuous basis. (Doc. No. 32 ¶¶ 214–15, 218–19.) These allegations and 12 others in the FAC go beyond connecting Defendants to each other by way of normal 13 commercial dealings. At the motion to dismiss stage, “[i]f there are two alternative 14 explanations, one advanced by defendant and the other advanced by plaintiff, both of which 15 are plausible, plaintiff’s complaint survives.” Starr, 652 F.3d at 1216. The Court concludes 16 Plaintiffs have plausibly pled the existence of an association-in-fact enterprise among the 17 Defendants. 18 2. Predicate Acts and Pattern of Racketeering Activity 19 “‘[R]acketeering activity’ is any act indictable under several provisions of Title 18 20 of the United States Code.” Turner v. Cook, 362 F.3d 1219, 1229 (9th Cir. 2004) (citing 21 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)). “In order to establish a pattern of racketeering activity, a plaintiff 22 must allege at least two related predicate acts occurring within a ten-year time period that 23 ‘amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity.’” Campos v. Failla, No. 15-cv- 24 790-BAS(JLB), 2016 WL 1241545, at *7 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 30, 2016) (citing H.J. Inc. v. Nw. 25 Bell Tel. Co., 492 U.S. 229, 239–40 (1989)). “Where, as here, the racketeering activity 26 alleged is fraud, . . . the heightened pleading requirements of Rule 9(b) apply to the 27 predicate acts.” Shaw, 220 F. Supp. 3d at 1053; see Doan v. Singh, 617 F. App’x 684, 685 28 (9th Cir. 2015) (“RICO fraud allegations are subject to the heightened pleading standard 1 of Rule 9(b).”). “In the RICO context, a Plaintiff must ‘detail with particularity the time, 2 place, and manner of each act of fraud, plus the role of each defendant in each scheme.’” 3 Shaw, 220 F. Supp. 3d at 1053 (citing Lancaster Cmty. Hosp. v. Antelope Valley Hosp. 4 Dist., 940 F.2d 397, 405 (9th Cir. 1991)). Further, where a plaintiff alleges RICO claims 5 against multiple defendants, the “plaintiff must allege at least two predicate acts by each 6 defendant.” In re WellPoint, Inc. Out-of-Network UCR Rates Litig., 865 F. Supp. 2d 1002, 7 1035 (C.D. Cal. 2011). 8 Plaintiffs allege Defendant Beyond Global and the Keto Doe Defendants committed 9 predicate acts of wire fraud, (Doc. No. 32 ¶¶ 413, 417), and mail fraud, (id. ¶¶ 414, 418). 10 They allege Defendants TFL and Nelson committed predicate acts of mail fraud, (id. 11 ¶¶ 414, 418), and conspired to commit wire fraud, (id. ¶¶ 413, 417). “The mail and wire 12 fraud statutes are identical except for the particular method used to disseminate the fraud, 13 and contain three elements: (A) the formation of a scheme to defraud, (B) the use of the 14 mails or wires in furtherance of that scheme, and (C) the specific intent to defraud.” 15 Monterey Bay Mil. Hous., LLC v. Ambac Assurance Corp., No. 17-cv-04992-BLF, 2019 16 WL 4888693, at *12 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 3, 2019) (quoting Eclectic Properties, 751 F.3d at 17 997). “The gravamen of the offense is the scheme to defraud, and any ‘mailing that is 18 incident to an essential part of the scheme satisfies the mailing element,’ even if the mailing 19 itself ‘contain[s] no false information.’” In re Outlaw Lab’y, LP Litig., No. 18-cv-840- 20 GPC-BGS, 2020 WL 1953584, at *6 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 23, 2020) (citation and internal 21 quotation marks omitted) (quoting Schmuck v. United States, 489 U.S. 705, 712, 715 22 (1989)). Additionally, a defendant “need not personally have mailed the letter or made the 23 telephone call; the offense [of mail or wire fraud] may be established where one acts with 24 the knowledge that the prohibited actions will follow in the ordinary course of business or 25 where the prohibited acts can reasonably be foreseen.” Shinde v. Nithyananda Found., No. 26 EDCV 13-363, 2015 WL 12732434, at *9 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 23, 2015) (citing United States 27 v. Lothian, 976 F.2d 1257, 1262 (9th Cir. 1992)). “The intent to defraud may be inferred 28 from a defendant’s statements and conduct.” Eclectic Properties, 751 F.3d at 997 (quoting 1 United States v. Peters, 962 F.2d 1410, 1414 (9th Cir. 1992)). “In the absence of direct 2 evidence of intent, the party asserting fraud must first prove ‘the existence of a scheme 3 which was reasonably calculated to deceive persons of ordinary prudence and 4 comprehension,’ and then, ‘by examining the scheme itself’ the court may infer a 5 defendant’s specific intent to defraud.” Id. (quoting United States v. Green, 745 F.2d 1205, 6 1207 (9th Cir. 1984)). “When companies engage in [] transactions that are facially 7 legitimate . . . a significant level of factual specificity is required to allow a court to infer 8 reasonably that such conduct is plausibly part of a fraudulent scheme.” Id. at 997–98. 9 Plaintiffs allege that the sale and shipment of Keto Products to them involved the 10 commission of several predicate acts by each Defendant. They allege the Defendants 11 formed a scheme to defraud consumers using deceptive and misleading advertising in order 12 to bill them for the full price of products. (Doc. No. 32 ¶¶ 412, 415, 419.) They allege each 13 Defendant had the specific intent to defraud consumers to earn a continuous stream of 14 money from the full price billings, and that each Defendant was a knowing participant in 15 the fraudulent scheme. (Id. ¶¶ 413, 414, 417, 419.) They allege the Defendants used the 16 United States mails and wires in furtherance of the fraudulent scheme in several ways. 17 Plaintiff Sihler alleges the (1) advertisement she viewed, which falsely claimed that the 18 Keto Products had been endorsed on Shark Tank, and (2) the InstaKeto landing page 19 website she was then taken to, which contained numerous false statements about the 20 products’ endorsements, limited supply, effectiveness, actual price, etc. were both 21 transmitted via United States wire and thus each constitute a separate predicate act of wire 22 fraud. (Id. ¶¶ 412–13.) Plaintiff Bavencoff similarly alleges the (1) false Shark Tank 23 advertisement she viewed, and (2) the Ultra Fast Keto Boost landing page website she was 24 then taken to, which contained similar numerous false statements, were both transmitted 25 via United States wire and thus each constitute a separate predicate act of wire fraud. (Id. 26 ¶¶ 416–17.) They allege the shipments of Keto Products to them from TFL’s Tampa 27 fulfillment center constitute predicate acts of mail fraud. (Id. ¶¶ 414, 418.) 28 1 In addition to the predicate acts involved in their Keto Products transactions, 2 Plaintiffs also allege that their experiences were part of a pattern of related transactions and 3 shipments to other consumers that occurred from at least early 2018. (Id. ¶¶ 420–37.) They 4 state that they are unable to fully plead details of those predicate acts because the facts are 5 largely within the possession of Defendants, but provide several representative examples 6 of customers describing their experience with Keto Products in BBB complaints, and allege 7 those experiences each involved the commission of several predicate acts by the 8 Defendants. (Id.) For example, in a complaint posted on January 14, 2020, a customer 9 stated that in October 2019 they viewed a Facebook advertisement, which included 10 members of Shark Tank, for an offer to purchase three bottles of Ultra Fast Keto Boost and 11 get two free. (Id. ¶¶ 424–25.) After providing their credit card information, they were 12 charged for the full price of all five bottles, and received products that were not the item 13 depicted in the advertisement. (Id.) Plaintiffs allege this transaction involved predicate acts 14 substantially identical to those committed against them: wire fraud (the Facebook 15 advertisement and the Ultra Fast Keto Boost website), and mail fraud (shipment of the 16 Ultra Fast Keto Boost product). (Id.) Plaintiffs provide similar details for six other BBB 17 complaints posted about Keto Products and allege there are likely many more instances. 18 (Id. ¶¶ 420–37.) They allege all of these predicate acts, including those involved in their 19 own transactions, are related, in that they have the same participants, purpose, structure, 20 and method of commission, and they were all done in furtherance of the same scheme to 21 defraud. (Id. ¶ 440.) They allege the predicate acts are not isolated or sporadic and pose a 22 threat of continued racketeering activity. (Id. ¶¶ 408, 420, 440.) 23 The Court concludes the FAC sufficiently and plausibly pleads a pattern of 24 racketeering activity by the Defendants. Plaintiffs have pled the time, place, and manner of 25 each predicate act, plus the role of each Defendant in the scheme, with sufficient 26 particularity to give Defendants “notice of the particular misconduct which is alleged to 27 constitute the fraud charged so that they can defend against the charge.” Swartz v. KPMG 28 LLP, 476 F.3d 756, 764 (9th Cir. 2007). They have pled that the predicate acts are related 1 and amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity, and thus constitute a pattern 2 of racketeering activity. See Turner, 362 F.3d at 1229. Defendants TFL and Nelson contend 3 Plaintiffs have not plausibly alleged that they shipped products to Plaintiffs with 4 knowledge of the alleged fraud, and therefore cannot plead that their actions constitute 5 predicate acts. (Doc. No. 38-1 at 19–20.) The Court has already concluded Plaintiffs have 6 sufficiently and plausibly pled that Defendants TFL and Nelson had actual knowledge of 7 the Keto Product fraudulent scheme, and therefore rejects this argument. 8 Defendant Beyond Global argues that Plaintiffs have failed to establish that its 9 alleged predicate acts of wire fraud or mail fraud are part of a pattern of racketeering 10 activity. (Doc. No. 38-1 at 20–21.) They argue Plaintiffs have failed to plead that the 11 predicate acts amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity. (Id.) The continuity 12 requirement may be satisfied by alleging either “close-ended” or “open-ended” continuity. 13 Close-ended continuity involves “a series of related predicates extending over a substantial 14 period of time.” H.J. Inc., 492 U.S. at 242; see also Religious Tech. Ctr. v. Wollersheim, 15 971 F.2d 364, 366–67 (9th Cir. 1992). Open-ended continuity involves “a specific threat 16 of repetition extending indefinitely into the future,” or predicate acts that “are part of an 17 ongoing entity’s regular way of doing business.” H.J. Inc., 492 U.S. at 242; Ticor Title Ins. 18 Co. v. Florida, 937 F.2d 447, 450 (9th Cir. 1991). Plaintiffs allege that the Keto Enterprise 19 qualifies as both. (Doc. No. 32 ¶ 408.) They allege it is a close-ended enterprise because 20 the predicate acts allegedly occurred over a period exceeding a year and a half (from 21 February 20, 2018 to the date the lawsuit was filed). (Id.) They allege it is an open-ended 22 enterprise because it was actively continuing to commit predicate acts as of the date of the 23 filing of this lawsuit, and it has continued to receive BBB complaints of fraudulent billing 24 post-suit. (Id.) They allege the past conduct poses a threat of repetition because the conduct 25 has continued post-suit, and because the Defendants’ businesses have been structured 26 around defrauding customers. (Id.) The Court concludes these allegations are sufficient to 27 satisfy the continuity requirement for a pattern of racketeering activity. Defendants’ 28 arguments are better suited to a motion for summary judgment when the record is more 1 || fully developed. In sum, the Court concludes Plaintiffs have plausibly and sufficiently 2 ||alleged the predicate acts and pattern of racketeering elements of her RICO claim. 3 || Accordingly, it denies Defendants Beyond Global, TFL, and Nelson’s motion to dismiss 4 || Plaintiffs’ RICO claims. 5 C. Plaintiffs’ Non-California Consumer Protection State Law Claims 6 Finally, Defendants move to dismiss Plaintiffs’ sixth cause of action, which asserts 7 ||Defendants have violated various states’ consumer protection statutes. (Doc. No. 32 8 1/99 448-58.) Defendants correctly point out that the Court dismissed this cause of action in 9 || Plaintiffs’ original complaint, and that Plaintiffs have not fixed the defect with this claim 10 ||—that they are residents of California and were injured in California, and therefore have no 11 || standing to bring claims under the laws of other states — in their FAC. (Doc. No. 38-1 at 12 Plaintiffs state the claim 1s only included in the FAC to preserve error and avoid waiver 13 their original arguments. (Doc. No. 41 at 25.) As such, for the reasons outlined in its 14 || prior Order, (Doc. No. 31 at 33-36), the Court grants the Defendants’ motion to dismiss 15 || Plaintiffs’ claims under non-California state laws. 16 Conclusion 17 For the reasons above, the Court denies Defendants Beyond Global, TFL, and 18 || Richard Nelson’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ first amended complaint for failure to state 19 claims under the CLRA, FAL, UCL, and RICO. The Court grants Defendants’ motion to 20 || dismiss Plaintiffs’ non-California state consumer protection law claims. 21 IT IS SO ORDERED. 22 || DATED: April 7, 2021 lu 23 I) ILYN f HUFF, he 24 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 25 26 27 28