1 F. Christopher Austin (SBN 6559) WEIDE & MILLER, LTD. 2 10655 Park Run Drive, Suite 100 Las Vegas, Nevada 89144 3 Telephone: (702) 382-4804 Email: caustin@weidemiller.com 4 Jeremy P. Oczek (Pro hac vice) 5 BOND, SCHOENECK & KING, PLLC 200 Delaware Avenue 6 Buffalo, New York 14202 Telephone: (716) 416-7000 7 Email: jpoczek@bsk.com 8 Jonathan L. Gray (Pro hac vice) BOND, SCHOENECK & KING, PLLC 9 One Lincoln Center Syracuse, New York 13202 10 Telephone: (315) 218-8500 Email: jlgray@bsk.com 11 Counsel for Plaintiffs 12 Signify North America Corporation and Signify Holding B.V. 13 14 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 15 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 16 17 SIGNIFY NORTH AMERICA Case No.: 2:22-cv-02095-JAD-EJY CORPORATION and 18 SIGNIFY HOLDING B.V. ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFFS’ UNOPPOSED 19 Plaintiffs, MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY vs. JUDGMENT ON DEFENDANTS’ 20 INVALIDITY DEFENSE AS TO U.S. LEPRO INNOVATION INC, PATENT NO. 7,014,336 21 LE INNOVATION INC, INNOVATION RULES INC., 22 HOME EVER INC., and LETIANLIGHTING, INC., ECF No. 141 23 Defendants. 24 25 26 27 1 Pursuant to Federal Rule 56 and Local Rule 56-1, Plaintiffs Signify North America 2 Corporation and Signify Holding B.V. (collectively, “Signify”) hereby move for partial summary 3 judgment on Defendants’ invalidity defense as to US.. Patent No. 7,014,336 (the ’336 Patent). 4 I. INTRODUCTION AND MEET AND CONFER CERTIFICATION 5 Defendants Lepro Innovation Inc., LE Innovation Inc., Innovation Rules Inc., Home Ever 6 Inc., and Letianlighting Inc. (collectively, “Defendants”) stand accused of infringing six of 7 Signify’s patents covering various LED technologies. In an effort to avoid liability in this case, 8 Defendants assert in their Answer that each of these patents is allegedly invalid. 9 With respect to the ’336 Patent, Defendants and their proffered expert have relied 10 exclusively on two patent references, Shimizu and Kuwabara, that do not qualify as prior art and 11 cannot be used to establish patent invalidity under 35 U.S.C. § 102 as a matter of law. A reference 12 used to support an alleged claim of patent invalidity must actually predate the patent at issue. 13 ATEN Int'l Co., Ltd. v. Uniclass Tech. Co., Ltd., 932 F.3d 1364, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2019). Shimizu 14 and Kuwabara do not predate the filing of the ’336 Patent under the applicable law of 35 U.S.C. § 15 102(e) (pre-AIA). 16 When confronted with this issue in a “meet and confer” on August 7, 2024, Defendants’ 17 counsel agreed that Shimizu and Kuwabara do not qualify as prior art as to the ’336 Patent.1 Yet, 18 Defendants refused to withdraw their expert’s invalidity opinions regarding the ’336 Patent and 19 stated that Defendants were only amenable to addressing this issue through an unopposed motion 20 for summary judgment.2 While Signify believes this effort to be a waste of party and judicial 21 resources, Defendants have left Signify with no choice but to proceed with such a motion to 22 remove this issue from the case. 23 Accordingly, Plaintiffs respectfully request partial summary judgment dismissing 24 Plaintiffs’ affirmative defense of patent invalidity with respect to the ’336 Patent. 25 1 Declaration of Jeremy P. Oczek (“Oczek Decl.”) (attached hereto as Exhibit 1), ¶¶ 4-13; see, 26 Email correspondence dated Aug. 2-8, 2014, between Jeremy Oczek and Nicholas Brown (attached hereto as Exhibit 4). 27 2 Id. 1 II. CONCISE STATEMENT OF MATERIAL UNDISPUTED FACTS 2 In accordance with Local Rule 56-1, Signify submits the following concise statement 3 setting forth each fact material to the disposition of the present motion for summary judgment that 4 the Signify claims is or is not genuinely in issue, along with citations to the particular portions of 5 any pleading, affidavit, deposition, interrogatory, answer, admission, or other evidence on which 6 Signify relies. 7 A. The Present Litigation 8 1. Defendants stand accused in this action of infringing six Signify patents, including 9 the ’336 Patent.3 10 2. Defendants filed an Answer in this case alleging broadly, without any substance or 11 facts, that the ’336 Patent is invalid.4 12 3. Defendants bear the burden of proof on their affirmative defense of invalidity of 13 the ’336 Patent by clear and convincing evidence.5 14 B. The ’336 Patent 15 4. The ’336 Patent, titled “Methods and Apparatus for Providing Power to Lighting 16 Devices,” was filed on November 20, 2000.6 17 5. The ’336 Patent is presumed valid.7 18 C. Defendants’ Invalidity Defense as to the ’336 Patent 19 6. On May 19, 2023, Defendants served their invalidity contentions pursuant to Local 20 Patent Rule 1-8 alleging that the ’336 Patent was invalid as anticipated or obvious in view of U.S. 21 Patent No. 6,577,073 (“Shimizu”) and U.S. Patent No. 6,508,564 (“Kuwabara”). Defendants did 22 23 3 See ECF 1, Complaint for Patent Infringement, Count One, at ¶¶ 43-56. 4 See ECF 26, Defendants’ Answer to Plaintiffs’ Complaint, Third Affirmative Defense, at pg. 21. 24 5 See Transclean Corp. v. Bridgewood Services, Inc., 290 F.3d 1364, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2002). 25 6 See ECF 1-1, ’336 Patent. 7 “A patent shall be presumed valid. Each claim of a patent (whether in independent, dependent, 26 or multiple dependent form) shall be presumed valid independently of the validity of other claims; dependent or multiple dependent claims shall be presumed valid even though dependent upon an 27 invalid claim.” 35 U.S.C. § 282. 1 not chart any other references in their invalidity contentions for the ’336 Patent as required by 2 Local Patent Rule 1-8.8 3 7. The only other ground of invalidity raised by Defendants in their invalidity 4 contentions was alleged indefiniteness of claims 132 and 186 under 35 U.S.C. 112, but this ground 5 was rejected by the Court’s Claim Construction Order issued on December 4, 2023.9 6 8. On June 5, 2023, Signify served responses to Defendants’ invalidity contentions 7 pursuant to Local Patent Rule 1-8 in which Signify expressly informed Defendants that Shimizu 8 and Kuwabara were not entitled to their foreign priority dates. Accordingly, Defendants have been 9 on notice for over a year that Shimizu and Kuwabara do not qualify as prior art to the ’336 Patent.10 10 9. Shimizu stems from an application that was filed in the United States on May 25, 11 2001, 11 after the November 20, 2000, filing date of the ’336 Patent. 12 10. Kuwabara stems from an application that was filed in the United States on 13 November 22, 2001, 12 after the November 20, 2000, filing date of the ’336 Patent. 14 11. On July 22, 2024, Defendants served an expert report of John W. Curran, Ph.D. 15 regarding alleging that the ’336 Patent was invalid as anticipated or obvious in view Shimizu and 16 Kuwabara. 13 17 12. Defendants’ invalidity defense and Dr. Curran’s invalidity opinion as to the ’336 18 Patent rely exclusively on the availability of Shimizu or Kuwabara as prior art.14 19 13. In the parties’ meet and confer on August 7, 2024, Defendants’ counsel agreed that 20 Shimizu and Kuwabara do not qualify as prior art to the ’336 Patent and, thus, cannot be used to 21 establish invalidity under 35 U.S.C. § 102 as a matter of law.15 22 8 See Exhibit 1, Oczek Decl., at ¶ 4. 23 9 See ECF 91, Claim Construction Order, at 3-6.
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1 F. Christopher Austin (SBN 6559) WEIDE & MILLER, LTD. 2 10655 Park Run Drive, Suite 100 Las Vegas, Nevada 89144 3 Telephone: (702) 382-4804 Email: caustin@weidemiller.com 4 Jeremy P. Oczek (Pro hac vice) 5 BOND, SCHOENECK & KING, PLLC 200 Delaware Avenue 6 Buffalo, New York 14202 Telephone: (716) 416-7000 7 Email: jpoczek@bsk.com 8 Jonathan L. Gray (Pro hac vice) BOND, SCHOENECK & KING, PLLC 9 One Lincoln Center Syracuse, New York 13202 10 Telephone: (315) 218-8500 Email: jlgray@bsk.com 11 Counsel for Plaintiffs 12 Signify North America Corporation and Signify Holding B.V. 13 14 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 15 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 16 17 SIGNIFY NORTH AMERICA Case No.: 2:22-cv-02095-JAD-EJY CORPORATION and 18 SIGNIFY HOLDING B.V. ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFFS’ UNOPPOSED 19 Plaintiffs, MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY vs. JUDGMENT ON DEFENDANTS’ 20 INVALIDITY DEFENSE AS TO U.S. LEPRO INNOVATION INC, PATENT NO. 7,014,336 21 LE INNOVATION INC, INNOVATION RULES INC., 22 HOME EVER INC., and LETIANLIGHTING, INC., ECF No. 141 23 Defendants. 24 25 26 27 1 Pursuant to Federal Rule 56 and Local Rule 56-1, Plaintiffs Signify North America 2 Corporation and Signify Holding B.V. (collectively, “Signify”) hereby move for partial summary 3 judgment on Defendants’ invalidity defense as to US.. Patent No. 7,014,336 (the ’336 Patent). 4 I. INTRODUCTION AND MEET AND CONFER CERTIFICATION 5 Defendants Lepro Innovation Inc., LE Innovation Inc., Innovation Rules Inc., Home Ever 6 Inc., and Letianlighting Inc. (collectively, “Defendants”) stand accused of infringing six of 7 Signify’s patents covering various LED technologies. In an effort to avoid liability in this case, 8 Defendants assert in their Answer that each of these patents is allegedly invalid. 9 With respect to the ’336 Patent, Defendants and their proffered expert have relied 10 exclusively on two patent references, Shimizu and Kuwabara, that do not qualify as prior art and 11 cannot be used to establish patent invalidity under 35 U.S.C. § 102 as a matter of law. A reference 12 used to support an alleged claim of patent invalidity must actually predate the patent at issue. 13 ATEN Int'l Co., Ltd. v. Uniclass Tech. Co., Ltd., 932 F.3d 1364, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2019). Shimizu 14 and Kuwabara do not predate the filing of the ’336 Patent under the applicable law of 35 U.S.C. § 15 102(e) (pre-AIA). 16 When confronted with this issue in a “meet and confer” on August 7, 2024, Defendants’ 17 counsel agreed that Shimizu and Kuwabara do not qualify as prior art as to the ’336 Patent.1 Yet, 18 Defendants refused to withdraw their expert’s invalidity opinions regarding the ’336 Patent and 19 stated that Defendants were only amenable to addressing this issue through an unopposed motion 20 for summary judgment.2 While Signify believes this effort to be a waste of party and judicial 21 resources, Defendants have left Signify with no choice but to proceed with such a motion to 22 remove this issue from the case. 23 Accordingly, Plaintiffs respectfully request partial summary judgment dismissing 24 Plaintiffs’ affirmative defense of patent invalidity with respect to the ’336 Patent. 25 1 Declaration of Jeremy P. Oczek (“Oczek Decl.”) (attached hereto as Exhibit 1), ¶¶ 4-13; see, 26 Email correspondence dated Aug. 2-8, 2014, between Jeremy Oczek and Nicholas Brown (attached hereto as Exhibit 4). 27 2 Id. 1 II. CONCISE STATEMENT OF MATERIAL UNDISPUTED FACTS 2 In accordance with Local Rule 56-1, Signify submits the following concise statement 3 setting forth each fact material to the disposition of the present motion for summary judgment that 4 the Signify claims is or is not genuinely in issue, along with citations to the particular portions of 5 any pleading, affidavit, deposition, interrogatory, answer, admission, or other evidence on which 6 Signify relies. 7 A. The Present Litigation 8 1. Defendants stand accused in this action of infringing six Signify patents, including 9 the ’336 Patent.3 10 2. Defendants filed an Answer in this case alleging broadly, without any substance or 11 facts, that the ’336 Patent is invalid.4 12 3. Defendants bear the burden of proof on their affirmative defense of invalidity of 13 the ’336 Patent by clear and convincing evidence.5 14 B. The ’336 Patent 15 4. The ’336 Patent, titled “Methods and Apparatus for Providing Power to Lighting 16 Devices,” was filed on November 20, 2000.6 17 5. The ’336 Patent is presumed valid.7 18 C. Defendants’ Invalidity Defense as to the ’336 Patent 19 6. On May 19, 2023, Defendants served their invalidity contentions pursuant to Local 20 Patent Rule 1-8 alleging that the ’336 Patent was invalid as anticipated or obvious in view of U.S. 21 Patent No. 6,577,073 (“Shimizu”) and U.S. Patent No. 6,508,564 (“Kuwabara”). Defendants did 22 23 3 See ECF 1, Complaint for Patent Infringement, Count One, at ¶¶ 43-56. 4 See ECF 26, Defendants’ Answer to Plaintiffs’ Complaint, Third Affirmative Defense, at pg. 21. 24 5 See Transclean Corp. v. Bridgewood Services, Inc., 290 F.3d 1364, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2002). 25 6 See ECF 1-1, ’336 Patent. 7 “A patent shall be presumed valid. Each claim of a patent (whether in independent, dependent, 26 or multiple dependent form) shall be presumed valid independently of the validity of other claims; dependent or multiple dependent claims shall be presumed valid even though dependent upon an 27 invalid claim.” 35 U.S.C. § 282. 1 not chart any other references in their invalidity contentions for the ’336 Patent as required by 2 Local Patent Rule 1-8.8 3 7. The only other ground of invalidity raised by Defendants in their invalidity 4 contentions was alleged indefiniteness of claims 132 and 186 under 35 U.S.C. 112, but this ground 5 was rejected by the Court’s Claim Construction Order issued on December 4, 2023.9 6 8. On June 5, 2023, Signify served responses to Defendants’ invalidity contentions 7 pursuant to Local Patent Rule 1-8 in which Signify expressly informed Defendants that Shimizu 8 and Kuwabara were not entitled to their foreign priority dates. Accordingly, Defendants have been 9 on notice for over a year that Shimizu and Kuwabara do not qualify as prior art to the ’336 Patent.10 10 9. Shimizu stems from an application that was filed in the United States on May 25, 11 2001, 11 after the November 20, 2000, filing date of the ’336 Patent. 12 10. Kuwabara stems from an application that was filed in the United States on 13 November 22, 2001, 12 after the November 20, 2000, filing date of the ’336 Patent. 14 11. On July 22, 2024, Defendants served an expert report of John W. Curran, Ph.D. 15 regarding alleging that the ’336 Patent was invalid as anticipated or obvious in view Shimizu and 16 Kuwabara. 13 17 12. Defendants’ invalidity defense and Dr. Curran’s invalidity opinion as to the ’336 18 Patent rely exclusively on the availability of Shimizu or Kuwabara as prior art.14 19 13. In the parties’ meet and confer on August 7, 2024, Defendants’ counsel agreed that 20 Shimizu and Kuwabara do not qualify as prior art to the ’336 Patent and, thus, cannot be used to 21 establish invalidity under 35 U.S.C. § 102 as a matter of law.15 22 8 See Exhibit 1, Oczek Decl., at ¶ 4. 23 9 See ECF 91, Claim Construction Order, at 3-6. 24 10 See Exhibit 1, Oczek Decl., at ¶ 6. 11 See Exhibit 2, Shimizu. 25 12 See Exhibit 3, Kuwabara. 26 13 See Exhibit 1, Oczek Decl., at ¶ 7. 14 See Exhibit 1, Oczek Decl., at ¶ 8. 27 15 See Exhibit 1, Oczek Decl., at ¶ 10. 14. In the parties’ meet and confer on August 7, 2024, Defendants’ counsel confirmed 1 that Defendants would not oppose a motion for summary judgment on Defendants' invalidity 2 position on the ’336 Patent.16 3 15. OnA ugust8 ,20 24,P laintiffs’co unselw roteto D efendants’co unselto c onfirm the 4 discussiond uringt hep arties’m eetan dc onfero nA ugust7 ,2 024.T hec orrespondences tated: 5 6 Thank you for your confirmation on yesterday’s meet and confer that the Shimizu and Kuwabara references relied upon by Dr. Curran for his invalidity positions 7 regarding the ’336 Patent are not prior art references under 102(e). You also 8 confirmed that Defendants would not oppose a motion for summary judgment on Defendants' invalidity position on the '336 Patent. Yet Defendants refused to 9 withdraw Dr. Curran’s invalidity opinions regarding the ’336 Patent and stated that they were only amenable to addressing this issue through an unopposed motion for 10 summary judgment. While we believe this effort to be a waste of party and judicial 11 resources, the Defendants have left Signify with no choice but to proceed with such a motion to remove this issue from the case. Given that the parties agree that 12 Shimizu and Kuwabara are not prior art references under 102(e), Dr. Pattison will not be providing a substantive response to the Shimizu and Kuwabara references in 13 his rebuttal report given that these references are moot.17 14 16. Defendants’ counsel has not objected to Plaintiffs’ above-recited confirmation of 15 the August 7, 2024 meet and confer.18 16 III. LEGAL STANDARD 17 Summary judgment is appropriate when, as here, the “pleadings, depositions, answers to 18 interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits, if any, show that there is no 19 genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter 20 of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). A genuine issue exists if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury 21 could find for the nonmoving party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). 22 When evaluating a motion for summary judgment, the court views the evidence through the 23 evidentiary standard of proof that would pertain at a trial on the merits. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252– 24 53. Under the patent statutes, a patent enjoys a presumption of validity, see 35 U.S.C. § 282, which 25 16 See Exhibit 1, Oczek Decl., at ¶ 11. 26 17 See Exhibit 1, Oczek Decl., at ¶ 12; see also Exhibit 4, email correspondence from Plaintiffs’ counsel Mr. Oczek to Defendants’ counsel Mr. Brown, dated August 8, 2024. 27 18 See Exhibit 1, Oczek Decl., at ¶ 13. 1 canb eo vercomeon lyt hroughf actss upportedb yc learan dc onvincinge vidence,se eU .S.Su rgical 2 Corp.v. E thicon,In c.,1 03F .3d1 554,1 563( Fed.C ir.1 997). 3 Whena n on-movantc annotc omef orwardw itha nye videncet os upporti tsd efense, 4 summaryj udgmentis a ppropriate.C elotexC orp.v .C atrett,4 77U .S.3 17,3 25( 1986)( “[T]he 5 burdeno nt hem ovingp artym ayb ed ischargedb y‘ showing’—thatis ,p ointingo utto t hed istrict 6 court—thatth ereis a na bsenceo fe videnceto s upportth en onmovingp arty’sc ase”).T hea bsence 7 ofe vidences upportinga p atentin validityd efensef ailsto r aisea m aterialis sueo ffa cta ndm ay 8 thereforer esulti ns ummaryj udgmento fn op atenti nvalidity.C reativeC ompounds,L LC v. 9 StarmarkL abs.,6 51F .3d1 303,1 311( Fed.C ir.2 011). 10 IV. SIGNIFY IS ENTITLED TO PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT 11 Defendants’ invalidity defense as to the ’336 Patent is based on two references that do not 12 qualify as prior art to the ’336 Patent as a matter of black letter patent law. More specifically, 13 Defendants’ claim of invalidity for the ’336 Patent is entirely dependent on Defendants’ 14 (admittedly) erroneous belief that Shimizu and Kuwabara are prior art under 35 U.S.C. § 102(e) 15 (pre-AIA) as of its May 31, 2000, foreign priority claim, i.e., the date when an earlier application 16 was filed in Japan. Defendants’ (admittedly) erroneous position is contrary to the law. 17 As stated in Section § 102(e) (pre-AIA), an applicant is entitled to a patent unless the 18 invention was described in a published application or granted patent that was “filed in the United 19 States before the invention by the applicant.” 35 U.S.C. § 102(e) (pre-AIA) (emphasis added). It 20 has been long-settled law that this language in Section 102(e) means that a published United States 21 application or issued United States is prior art only as of its earliest filing date in the United States 22 – not any earlier foreign priority date. In re Hilmer, 359 F.2d 859 (C.C.P.A. 1966) (expressly 23 rejecting the foreign application filing date as the effective date of the reference as prior art). 24 Shimizu is only available as prior art as of Shimizu’s earliest filing date in the United States, 25 i.e., May 25, 2001, which was more than six months after the ’336 Patent was filed. As a result, 26 Shimizu is not prior art to the ’336 Patent under 35 U.S.C. § 102(e) (pre-AIA). 27 1 Kuwabara is also only available as prior art as of Kuwabara’s earliest filing date in the 2 United States, i.e., November 22, 2001, which was more than one year after the ’336 Patent was 3 filed. As a result, Kuwabara is not prior art to the ’336 Patent under 35 U.S.C. § 102(e) (pre-AIA). 4 It is axiomatic that a reference used to support a claim of patent invalidity must actually 5 predate the patent at issue. ATEN Int'l Co., Ltd. v. Uniclass Tech. Co., Ltd., 932 F.3d 1364, 1368 6 (Fed. Cir. 2019). There is no factual dispute regarding the United States filing dates of the Shimizu 7 and Kuwabara references, so the determination of whether they qualify as prior art is a question of 8 law. See Cordis Corp. v. Boston Scientific Corp., 561 F.3d 1319, 1332-33 (Fed. Cir. 2009). 9 The two references, Shimizu and Kuwabara, on which Defendants’ entire affirmative 10 defense of invalidity for the ’336 Patent depends do not actually predate the filing date of the ’336 11 Patent and thus fail to quality as prior art under 35 U.S.C. § 102. 12 Thereis n of actuald isputeh ere.T heis suer aisedb yt hism otioni ss implya m attero fla w. 13 Thep artiesa greet hatS himizua ndK uwabaraa ren otp riora rtre ferencesu nder3 5U .S.C.§ 1 02, 14 andD efendantsh aven oo therg roundso fin validityf orth e’ 336P atent. 15 // / 16 / / / 17 / / / 18 / / / 19 / / / 20 / / / 21 / / / 22 / / / 23 / / / 24 / / / 25 / / / 26 / / / 27 / / / 1 CONCLUSION 2 As Defendants’ affirmative defense that the *336 Patent is invalid relies entirely on patent 3 ||references that Defendants now admit are not prior art to the °336 Patent, and as Defendants have 4 || no other grounds of invalidity for the ’336 Patent, Signify respectfully requests that the Court grant 5 || partial summary judgment dismissing Defendants’ invalidity defense as to the ’336 Patent. 6 || Dated: August 19, 2024 Respectfully submitted, 7 /s/_ Christopher Austin F. Christopher Austin (SBN 6559) 8 WEIDE & MILLER, LTD. 10655 Park Run Drive, Suite 100 9 Las Vegas, Nevada 89144 Telephone: (702) 382-4804 10 Email: caustin@ weidemiller.com 11 Jeremy P. Oczek (Pro hac vice) BOND, SCHOENECK & KING, PLLC 12 200 Delaware Avenue Buffalo, New York 14202 13 Telephone: (716) 416-7000 Email: jpoczek @bsk.com 14 Jonathan L. Gray (Pro hac vice) 15 BOND, SCHOENECK & KING, PLLC One Lincoln Center 16 Syracuse, New York 13202 Telephone: (315) 218-8500 17 Email: jlgray @bsk.com 18 COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFFS Signify North America Corporation and 19 Signify Holding B.V. 20 21 fl YG abbaeW? afla’ %4adEg_ _ Sdk pVY_ WF 22 As the deadline to oppose this motion for summary judgment passed without response or request to extend the deadline to file one, and plaintiffs have demonstrated that the defendants’ 23 || invalidity defense as to U.S. Patent No. 7,014,366 (the '336 Patent) is unsupported by the record and that plaintiffs are entitled to judgment on that affirmative defense as a matter of law, IT □□ ORDERED that Plaintiffs’ Unopposed Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on 95 || Defendants' Invalidity Defense as to U.S. Patent No. 7,014,336 [ECF No. 141] is GRANTED, and defendants’ invalidity defense as to the '336 Patent is DISMISSED. 26 27 USS. District Judge Jenni eh Dorsey Dated: September 10, 2024 28 -7-