Mr. Justice Moore
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an action to recover the value of a horse which plaintiff was compelled to kill in consequence of its being injured by coming in contact with a barbed-wire fence constructed and maintained by defendant along the line of the right of way of its railroad. It is alleged in the complaint that the defendant constructed and maintained a fence at the place where the horse was injured, composed of four barbed wires, having no board or pole thereon; that the posts upon which the wires were strung were placed so far apart that the wires sagged nearly to the ground, so that a horse coming in contact therewith would become entangled and thrown down; and that, owing to such faulty construction, it became and was dangerous, of which defendant had knowledge ; that, in consequence of defendant’s negligence in constructing its fence without a board or a pole thereon, and in knowingly maintaining it in a dangerous condition, plaintiff sustained damage, by the means and in the manner aforesaid, in the sum of $75, the value of the horse. The defendant denied the material allegations of the complaint, and averred that plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence in unlawfully permitting his horse to run at large on premises not in his possession. The reply having put in issue the allegations of new matter contained in the answer, a trial was had, resulting in a judgment for plaintiff in the sum of $56.25, and defendant appeals.
1.
It is contended that the court erred in admitting oral proof tending to show that defendant was the owner of the fence by which the horse was injured. The plaintiff, appearing as a witness in his own behalf, was permitted to answer, over the defendant’s objection and exception, the following question, “Who was the owner
of that fence?” by saying, “The Coos Bay, Roseburg & Eastern Railroad & Navigation Company own it.” It is argued that, the fence being a part of the realty upon which it was built, its ownership could not be proved in this manner. True, a fence is generally considered to be a part of the -realty upon which it is built, but it is not universally so: 7 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (1 ed.), 905. “When one,” says Mr. Ewell in his work on Fixtures (p.- 60), “builds a house or fence, or places any other erection upon the land of another with his permission, with the intention that it be held as the property of the builder, it continues personal property, and the owner may remove it when the license is withdrawn.. ’ ’ If the principle contended for by defendant’s counsel be true, then it follows that a railroad company could escape all liability for damages that might result from maintaining a fence composed of barbed wires, having no board or pole thereon, if such fence were placed beyond the limits of its right of way ; and, if the ownership of the fence is to be conclusively established by proof of the ownership of the realty upon which it is built, then it also follows that the person upon whose land such a fence might be built by a railroad company would be liable to the owner of any stock that should be killed or injured thereby, for it is the owner of the fence built with barbed wires, without a board or pole thereon, whom the statute makes liable in such cases : Hill’s Ann. Laws, § 8461.
If the fence had been built within the limits of the right of way by the owner of the land through which the railroad was constructed, a certified
copy of defendant’s right of way deed, supplemented by testimony to the effect that the fence was constructed within the limits of the premises or easement granted, would make out a
prima facie
case against it; but such evidence would not be conclusive, and parol proof would undoubtedly be admissible to show who was the real owner of the fence :
Brown
v.
Bridges,
31 Iowa, 138. No error, in our judgment, was committed by the admission of this testimony.
2.
Plaintiff, having testified that defendant built the fence, and that he had seen its employees repairing it, was permitted to answer, over defendant’s objection and exception, the following question, “State whether, since the accident, you have seen them exercising ownership over the fence,” by saying, “After the horse was injured, some men repaired the fence. The same men were the section crew, and worked on the railroad, and also worked on repairing fences whenever there was any posts or anything out along the fence. The section men would put in the posts, and sometimes I have seen them nail up the wires to the posts, or logs, or trees, whatever happened to be in line.” It is contended that the court erred in admitting this testimony. But, evidence having been received tending to show that defendant, prior to the injury, built the fence and kept it in repair, these acts of ownership over the property raised a disputable presumption that it was the owner thereof (Hill’s Ann. Laws, § 776, subd. 12); and, this being so, no substantial injury could have resulted from the admission of evidence tending to show that, after the injury, defendant continued to exercise acts of ownership over the fence.
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Mr. Justice Moore
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an action to recover the value of a horse which plaintiff was compelled to kill in consequence of its being injured by coming in contact with a barbed-wire fence constructed and maintained by defendant along the line of the right of way of its railroad. It is alleged in the complaint that the defendant constructed and maintained a fence at the place where the horse was injured, composed of four barbed wires, having no board or pole thereon; that the posts upon which the wires were strung were placed so far apart that the wires sagged nearly to the ground, so that a horse coming in contact therewith would become entangled and thrown down; and that, owing to such faulty construction, it became and was dangerous, of which defendant had knowledge ; that, in consequence of defendant’s negligence in constructing its fence without a board or a pole thereon, and in knowingly maintaining it in a dangerous condition, plaintiff sustained damage, by the means and in the manner aforesaid, in the sum of $75, the value of the horse. The defendant denied the material allegations of the complaint, and averred that plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence in unlawfully permitting his horse to run at large on premises not in his possession. The reply having put in issue the allegations of new matter contained in the answer, a trial was had, resulting in a judgment for plaintiff in the sum of $56.25, and defendant appeals.
1.
It is contended that the court erred in admitting oral proof tending to show that defendant was the owner of the fence by which the horse was injured. The plaintiff, appearing as a witness in his own behalf, was permitted to answer, over the defendant’s objection and exception, the following question, “Who was the owner
of that fence?” by saying, “The Coos Bay, Roseburg & Eastern Railroad & Navigation Company own it.” It is argued that, the fence being a part of the realty upon which it was built, its ownership could not be proved in this manner. True, a fence is generally considered to be a part of the -realty upon which it is built, but it is not universally so: 7 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (1 ed.), 905. “When one,” says Mr. Ewell in his work on Fixtures (p.- 60), “builds a house or fence, or places any other erection upon the land of another with his permission, with the intention that it be held as the property of the builder, it continues personal property, and the owner may remove it when the license is withdrawn.. ’ ’ If the principle contended for by defendant’s counsel be true, then it follows that a railroad company could escape all liability for damages that might result from maintaining a fence composed of barbed wires, having no board or pole thereon, if such fence were placed beyond the limits of its right of way ; and, if the ownership of the fence is to be conclusively established by proof of the ownership of the realty upon which it is built, then it also follows that the person upon whose land such a fence might be built by a railroad company would be liable to the owner of any stock that should be killed or injured thereby, for it is the owner of the fence built with barbed wires, without a board or pole thereon, whom the statute makes liable in such cases : Hill’s Ann. Laws, § 8461.
If the fence had been built within the limits of the right of way by the owner of the land through which the railroad was constructed, a certified
copy of defendant’s right of way deed, supplemented by testimony to the effect that the fence was constructed within the limits of the premises or easement granted, would make out a
prima facie
case against it; but such evidence would not be conclusive, and parol proof would undoubtedly be admissible to show who was the real owner of the fence :
Brown
v.
Bridges,
31 Iowa, 138. No error, in our judgment, was committed by the admission of this testimony.
2.
Plaintiff, having testified that defendant built the fence, and that he had seen its employees repairing it, was permitted to answer, over defendant’s objection and exception, the following question, “State whether, since the accident, you have seen them exercising ownership over the fence,” by saying, “After the horse was injured, some men repaired the fence. The same men were the section crew, and worked on the railroad, and also worked on repairing fences whenever there was any posts or anything out along the fence. The section men would put in the posts, and sometimes I have seen them nail up the wires to the posts, or logs, or trees, whatever happened to be in line.” It is contended that the court erred in admitting this testimony. But, evidence having been received tending to show that defendant, prior to the injury, built the fence and kept it in repair, these acts of ownership over the property raised a disputable presumption that it was the owner thereof (Hill’s Ann. Laws, § 776, subd. 12); and, this being so, no substantial injury could have resulted from the admission of evidence tending to show that, after the injury, defendant continued to exercise acts of ownership over the fence.
3.
It is contended that the evidence conclusively shows that plaintiff was guilty of such contributory negligence in permitting his horse to become entangled in the fence as to preclude a recovery for the injury sus
tained, and hence the court erred in refusing to grant a judgment of nonsuit. The substance of plaintiff’s testimony is to the effect that, on the day the injury occurred, he was engaged in hauling hay on a sled with his horses, in the county road across certain premises of which he was in possession ; that his team, haying been frightened by a passing train, suddenly turned aside, breaking the sled; that he thereupon unhitched the horses, fastened the tugs to the hames, and turned them loose, with their bridles on, to graze in the county road, while he repaired the sled; that the horses, turning from the highway, went along a path through the brush, about two .rods, to the barbed wire fence, in which one of them became entangled, and sustained the injury complained of; that this horse had been theretofore caught in the wires of said fence at a point about fifty yards from where the injury occurred ; and that plaintiff, at the time he turned the horses loose, knew the character and condition of the defendant’s fence. In
Gressey
v.
Northern Railroad Co.,
59 N. H. 564 (47 Am. Rep. 227), it is held that railroad companies neglecting to fence their tracks are liable to the owner of adjoining lands for injury to his cattle on the track, although he turned them out to graze, knowing of that neglect. Mr. Justice Stanley, in rendering the decision, says : “The plaintiff’s mare was grazing upon his land. It is not material that it was on land in which the public had an easement, since her grazing did not interfere with the public rights, and, subject to these rights, the plaintiff was entitled to the use of the land within the limits of the highway as fully as to the use of any land he owned.” Further in the opinion it is said : “As we haye seen, the plaintiff’s rights in the highway were the same as in any other land owned by him, except so far as they were modified by the public rights ; and in such cases neither
bis rights nor the defendants’ liabilities are affected by the plaintiff’s want of ordinary care. If the plaintiff had the right to turn his mare into the highway to feed, due care was not required of him to prevent her escape to the defendants’ track. The fact that they had neglected to fence their roadway, and the plaintiff’s knowledge of that fact, did not deprive him of the rightful use of his land. The defendants’ neglect did not impose upon the plaintiff any obligation, or put him under any disability, with respect to the reasonable enjoyment of his property. The defendants electing to use their road without complying with the law which required them to fence it, they assumed the risk of the accident which happeiied in this case as a consequence of their neglect.”
In
McCoy
v.
California Pac. R. R. Co.,
40 Cal. 532 (6 Am. Dec. 623), it is held that, where plaintiff’s horses and mules were running in his field, through which defendants’ railroad passed, and upon which they strayed, and were injured, the owner of the stock was not guilty of contributory negligence from the fact that he knew the road was not fenced when he turned his stock in the field. In
Wilder
v.
Maine Cent. R. R. Co.,
65 Me. 332 (20 Am. Rep. 698), an action having been brought to recover the value of a horse killed by a locomotive on defendants’ railroad, which passed through plaintiff’s land, it was held that he was not guilty of contributory negligence in turning the horse upon such land, knowing the track was not fenced, when it was the legal duty of the railroad company to build the fence. In
Congdon
v.
Central Vt. R. R. Co.,
56 Vt. 390 (48 Am. Rep. 793), it is held that a railroad company neglecting to maintain a proper fence is liable to the owner of adjoining lands for his horse, escaping through a defect in the fence, and killed by a train, although the owner knew of the defect, and that the horse was breachy, and there was no negligence
in running the train. The plaintiff, being in possession of the land through which the railroad and county road passed, possessed the right to turn his horses on the latter road to graze, so long as he did not interfere with the right of the public therein ; and his knowledge of the character and condition of the barbed-wire fence does not render him guilty of such contributory negligence as to preclude his right of recovery; for, as was said by Mr. Justice Cooley in
Flint & P. M. R. R. Co.
v.
Lull,
28 Mich. 510 : “Indeed, if contributory negligence could constitute a defense, the purpose of the statute might be, in a great measure, if not wholly, defeated; for the mere neglect of the railway company to observe the directions of the statute would render it unsafe for the owner of beasts to suffer them to be at large, or even on his own grounds in the vicinity of the road ; so that, if he did what, but for the neglect of the company, it would be entirely safe and proper for him to do, the very neglect of the company would constitute its protection, since that neglect alone rendered the plaintiff negligent.” The notice of appeal assigns other alleged errors, but we do not deem them of sufficient importance to merit consideration, and hence it follows that the judgment is affirmed. Affirmed.