COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA PUBLISHED
Present: Judges Ortiz, Chaney and Senior Judge Haley Argued at Richmond, Virginia
SIDNEY JORDAN BRANDON, III OPINION BY v. Record No. 0440-22-2 JUDGE DANIEL E. ORTIZ MAY 16, 2023 LAURIE COFFEY
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF BRUNSWICK COUNTY Carson E. Saunders, Jr., Judge
John S. Koehler (The Law Office of James Steele, PLLC, on brief), for appellant.
Carl J. Witmeyer, II (The Witmeyer Law Firm LLC, on brief), for appellee.
When granting primary physical custody to a parent in an initial custody determination, the
trial court need not separately determine whether living out-of-state is in the best interests of the
child, if the prospective custodial parent already lives out of state. In other words, if the trial court
properly conducts a best interests of the child analysis, pursuant to Code § 20-124.3, when awarding
primary physical custody to an out-of-state parent, its analysis is satisfactory. Here, in an initial
custody determination, the Brunswick County Circuit Court awarded primary physical custody of
the minor child to Laurie Coffey, the mother, at Coffey’s domicile in New York. On appeal, Sidney
Jordan Brandon, III, the father, argues that the trial court erred because it failed to make an express
finding that relocating the child from Virginia to New York was in the child’s best interest. Because the trial court properly considered the best interests of the child in moving to New York when it
awarded primary physical custody in the initial custody matter, we find no error and affirm.1
BACKGROUND2
Brandon and Coffey have a twelve-year-old child in common. Although the parties did not
marry or have a formal custody agreement, the child lived with Coffey from birth until ten years old
by joint agreement. Because Coffey was an officer in the Navy, the child lived in various places,
including Virginia, Maryland, and Italy. Brandon lived separately—in Dundas, Virginia—for the
child’s entire life.
In June 2019, Coffey retired from the Navy and accepted a job offer in England. Coffey
applied for a student visa for the child, with Brandon’s consent. In support of this visa, Brandon
executed a declaration stating that the child had lived with the mother “[h]er whole life” and that it
was “impossible and unacceptable [t]o separate them.” Due to a delay in processing the child’s
visa, the parties agreed that the child would live with Brandon until May 2020. Coffey moved to
England alone in October 2019, while the child moved temporarily to Dundas with Brandon.
In February 2020, Brandon told Coffey that “it would be nice if . . . [the child] could stay
here” and asked her to keep the child enrolled in school in Virginia. Coffey reminded Brandon that
they agreed the child would move to England after her school year and stated that she had already
1 We grant Brandon’s motion to amend his original notice of appeal to include notice to the child’s guardian ad litem and accept his “Revised Notice of Appeal.” Despite notice of the appeal, the guardian ad litem has not filed a brief or joined in the brief of either party. 2 This record was sealed. This appeal necessitates unsealing relevant portions of the record to resolve the issues raised. Evidence and factual findings below that are necessary to address the assignments of error are included in this opinion. “To the extent that this opinion mentions facts found in the sealed record, we unseal only those specific facts, finding them relevant to the decision in this case. The remainder of the previously sealed record remains sealed.” Levick v. MacDougall, 294 Va. 283, 288 n.1 (2017). -2- enrolled the child in an English private school. In May 2020, Coffey asked Brandon when the child
was coming to England; Brandon responded by asking for Coffey’s address, which she provided.
On June 5, 2020, Brandon filed a petition seeking custody and visitation in the Juvenile and
Domestic Relations District (“J&DR”) Court of Brunswick County. Coffey cross-petitioned for the
same relief. While the petitions were pending, Brandon refused to allow Coffey visitation until
December 2020, when the J&DR court awarded Coffey temporary visitation. Brandon told Coffey
that she could have custody if she “moved back” to “the East Coast.” In June 2020, Coffey resigned
from her job and moved to New York. On April 1, 2021, the J&DR court awarded Brandon sole
legal/primary physical custody. Coffey appealed.
On appeal, the circuit court heard that the child spent her first ten years with Coffey, by
agreement. It also heard that both parents have succeeded at addressing the child’s physical and
intellectual needs but have failed to meet the child’s emotional needs.3 Coffey testified that she
3 The trial court found that:
the parents ha[ve] a very good relationship with [the child] and . . . have had positive involvement in [the child’s] life. Both parents have demonstrated an ability to access and meet her intellectual and physical needs . . . . As to accurately assessing and meeting the emotional needs of [the child], this Court has some concerns. There was a great deal of testimony about [Coffey] putting the needs of [the child] first . . . . However, the evidence convinced this Court that [Coffey] discusses issues with [Brandon] at times with [the child] present, placing [the child] in the middle . . . which this Court does not find to be in her best interest and causes concern . . . . As to [Brandon’s] ability to accurately assess and meet [the child’s] emotional needs, the Court finds that [Brandon] has failed, as he let his own interest prevail over hers . . . . It was initially planned for [the child] to live in England with mother, which was fully supported by [Brandon] . . . [but a]t some point, [Brandon] determined that he believed it in [the child’s] best interest to remain with him . . . . As a result, [Brandon] blocked [the child] from visiting [Coffey] for a period of nine months, though she had lived with her mother for the ten years of her life . . . . [B]locking this ten-year-old child . . . from seeing her mother . . . for a nine-month period of time . . . demonstrates that -3- moved to her hometown in New York for the child’s benefit, as Coffey’s family and support system
lived there, that she had purchased a home there, and that she had various sources of income,
including retirement income. Brandon testified that the child was “thriving” in Virginia, that his
family had lived in Dundas for four generations, and that the child had friends and family in
Virginia. He argued that Coffey was “unstable” because she had moved to New York and did not
consider “where [the child’s] life” would be in doing so.
The circuit court awarded joint legal custody and primary physical custody to Coffey. In a
letter opinion, the circuit court reviewed the factors of Code § 20-124.3. Although it noted that both
parents had a “very good” relationship with the child, its decision was heavily influenced by factors
(3), (6), and (10):
3. The relationship existing between each parent and each child, giving due consideration to the positive involvement with the child’s life, the ability to accurately assess and meet the emotional, intellectual, and physical needs of the child . . .
6. The propensity of each parent to actively support the child’s contact and relationship with the other parent, including whether a parent has unreasonably denied the other parent access to or visitation with the child . . . [and]
10. Such other factors as the court deems necessary and proper . . . .
Code § 20-124.3.
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA PUBLISHED
Present: Judges Ortiz, Chaney and Senior Judge Haley Argued at Richmond, Virginia
SIDNEY JORDAN BRANDON, III OPINION BY v. Record No. 0440-22-2 JUDGE DANIEL E. ORTIZ MAY 16, 2023 LAURIE COFFEY
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF BRUNSWICK COUNTY Carson E. Saunders, Jr., Judge
John S. Koehler (The Law Office of James Steele, PLLC, on brief), for appellant.
Carl J. Witmeyer, II (The Witmeyer Law Firm LLC, on brief), for appellee.
When granting primary physical custody to a parent in an initial custody determination, the
trial court need not separately determine whether living out-of-state is in the best interests of the
child, if the prospective custodial parent already lives out of state. In other words, if the trial court
properly conducts a best interests of the child analysis, pursuant to Code § 20-124.3, when awarding
primary physical custody to an out-of-state parent, its analysis is satisfactory. Here, in an initial
custody determination, the Brunswick County Circuit Court awarded primary physical custody of
the minor child to Laurie Coffey, the mother, at Coffey’s domicile in New York. On appeal, Sidney
Jordan Brandon, III, the father, argues that the trial court erred because it failed to make an express
finding that relocating the child from Virginia to New York was in the child’s best interest. Because the trial court properly considered the best interests of the child in moving to New York when it
awarded primary physical custody in the initial custody matter, we find no error and affirm.1
BACKGROUND2
Brandon and Coffey have a twelve-year-old child in common. Although the parties did not
marry or have a formal custody agreement, the child lived with Coffey from birth until ten years old
by joint agreement. Because Coffey was an officer in the Navy, the child lived in various places,
including Virginia, Maryland, and Italy. Brandon lived separately—in Dundas, Virginia—for the
child’s entire life.
In June 2019, Coffey retired from the Navy and accepted a job offer in England. Coffey
applied for a student visa for the child, with Brandon’s consent. In support of this visa, Brandon
executed a declaration stating that the child had lived with the mother “[h]er whole life” and that it
was “impossible and unacceptable [t]o separate them.” Due to a delay in processing the child’s
visa, the parties agreed that the child would live with Brandon until May 2020. Coffey moved to
England alone in October 2019, while the child moved temporarily to Dundas with Brandon.
In February 2020, Brandon told Coffey that “it would be nice if . . . [the child] could stay
here” and asked her to keep the child enrolled in school in Virginia. Coffey reminded Brandon that
they agreed the child would move to England after her school year and stated that she had already
1 We grant Brandon’s motion to amend his original notice of appeal to include notice to the child’s guardian ad litem and accept his “Revised Notice of Appeal.” Despite notice of the appeal, the guardian ad litem has not filed a brief or joined in the brief of either party. 2 This record was sealed. This appeal necessitates unsealing relevant portions of the record to resolve the issues raised. Evidence and factual findings below that are necessary to address the assignments of error are included in this opinion. “To the extent that this opinion mentions facts found in the sealed record, we unseal only those specific facts, finding them relevant to the decision in this case. The remainder of the previously sealed record remains sealed.” Levick v. MacDougall, 294 Va. 283, 288 n.1 (2017). -2- enrolled the child in an English private school. In May 2020, Coffey asked Brandon when the child
was coming to England; Brandon responded by asking for Coffey’s address, which she provided.
On June 5, 2020, Brandon filed a petition seeking custody and visitation in the Juvenile and
Domestic Relations District (“J&DR”) Court of Brunswick County. Coffey cross-petitioned for the
same relief. While the petitions were pending, Brandon refused to allow Coffey visitation until
December 2020, when the J&DR court awarded Coffey temporary visitation. Brandon told Coffey
that she could have custody if she “moved back” to “the East Coast.” In June 2020, Coffey resigned
from her job and moved to New York. On April 1, 2021, the J&DR court awarded Brandon sole
legal/primary physical custody. Coffey appealed.
On appeal, the circuit court heard that the child spent her first ten years with Coffey, by
agreement. It also heard that both parents have succeeded at addressing the child’s physical and
intellectual needs but have failed to meet the child’s emotional needs.3 Coffey testified that she
3 The trial court found that:
the parents ha[ve] a very good relationship with [the child] and . . . have had positive involvement in [the child’s] life. Both parents have demonstrated an ability to access and meet her intellectual and physical needs . . . . As to accurately assessing and meeting the emotional needs of [the child], this Court has some concerns. There was a great deal of testimony about [Coffey] putting the needs of [the child] first . . . . However, the evidence convinced this Court that [Coffey] discusses issues with [Brandon] at times with [the child] present, placing [the child] in the middle . . . which this Court does not find to be in her best interest and causes concern . . . . As to [Brandon’s] ability to accurately assess and meet [the child’s] emotional needs, the Court finds that [Brandon] has failed, as he let his own interest prevail over hers . . . . It was initially planned for [the child] to live in England with mother, which was fully supported by [Brandon] . . . [but a]t some point, [Brandon] determined that he believed it in [the child’s] best interest to remain with him . . . . As a result, [Brandon] blocked [the child] from visiting [Coffey] for a period of nine months, though she had lived with her mother for the ten years of her life . . . . [B]locking this ten-year-old child . . . from seeing her mother . . . for a nine-month period of time . . . demonstrates that -3- moved to her hometown in New York for the child’s benefit, as Coffey’s family and support system
lived there, that she had purchased a home there, and that she had various sources of income,
including retirement income. Brandon testified that the child was “thriving” in Virginia, that his
family had lived in Dundas for four generations, and that the child had friends and family in
Virginia. He argued that Coffey was “unstable” because she had moved to New York and did not
consider “where [the child’s] life” would be in doing so.
The circuit court awarded joint legal custody and primary physical custody to Coffey. In a
letter opinion, the circuit court reviewed the factors of Code § 20-124.3. Although it noted that both
parents had a “very good” relationship with the child, its decision was heavily influenced by factors
(3), (6), and (10):
3. The relationship existing between each parent and each child, giving due consideration to the positive involvement with the child’s life, the ability to accurately assess and meet the emotional, intellectual, and physical needs of the child . . .
6. The propensity of each parent to actively support the child’s contact and relationship with the other parent, including whether a parent has unreasonably denied the other parent access to or visitation with the child . . . [and]
10. Such other factors as the court deems necessary and proper . . . .
Code § 20-124.3. Specifically, the circuit court found that: Brandon had a more limited relationship
with the child, Brandon had prevented Coffey from visiting the child, the child had developed issues
at school since living with Brandon, Coffey had never prevented Brandon from visiting the child—
and had, in fact, “always actively supported the child’s contact with father”—and the child appeared
[Brandon] failed to accurately assess and meet the emotional needs of the child. [Brandon] has attempted to meet other emotional needs through medical care and counseling for which he is to be commended. -4- to “always c[o]me first” in Coffey’s life. On February 25, 2022, the circuit court entered a final
order in accordance with its written opinion. This appeal followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Custody and visitation matters are reviewed for abuse of discretion. Rainey v. Rainey, 74
Va. App. 359, 376 (2022). A trial court abuses its discretion by making an error of law, ignoring “a
relevant factor that should have been given significant weight,” “giving significant weight to an
irrelevant or improper factor,” or “committing a clear error of judgment, even while weighing
‘all proper factors.’” Davenport v. Util. Trailer Mfg. Co., 74 Va. App. 181, 206 (2022) (quoting
Lawlor v. Commonwealth, 285 Va. 187, 213 (2013)). “The trial court’s decision on factual
issues is entitled to great weight and will not be disturbed unless plainly wrong or without
evidence to support it.” Rainey, 74 Va. App. at 377 (quoting Lanzalotti v. Lanzalotti, 41
Va. App. 550, 554 (2003)). “So ‘long as the evidence in the record supports’ the circuit court’s
determination and it ‘has not abused its discretion, its ruling must be affirmed on appeal.’” Id.
(quoting Kane v. Szymczak, 41 Va. App. 365, 372-73 (2003)). “On appeal, we view the evidence
‘in the light most favorable to the prevailing party below and its evidence is afforded all
reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom’”—here, Coffey. Bedell v. Price, 70 Va. App.
497, 500-01 (2019) (quoting Bristol Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Welch, 64 Va. App. 34, 40 (2014)).
ANALYSIS
On appeal, Brandon argues that any initial custody determination involving removing a
child from the Commonwealth must include an express, written finding that such removal is in the
child’s best interest under Code §§ 20-124.3, -124.5. He argues that the circuit court’s “fail[ure] to
make express findings” regarding the child’s “relocation” from Virginia to New York thus
mandates reversal. Because Virginia law does not require a relocation analysis in initial custody
matters, Brandon’s argument fails.
-5- “In child custody cases, Code § 20-124.2 provides that ‘the court shall give primary
consideration to the best interests of the child.’” Rainey, 74 Va. App. at 379; Code § 20-124.2. “In
turn, Code § 20-124.3 lists ten factors that the court ‘shall consider’ in determining a child’s best
interests.” Id.; Code § 20-124.3. Consideration of these factors is mandatory. See Wynnycky v.
Kozel, 71 Va. App. 177, 201 (2019). Finally, Code § 20-124.3 states that the judge “shall
communicate to the parties the basis of the decision either orally or in writing.” Code § 20-124.3.
Even though “a circuit court must consider the statutory factors found in Code § 20-124.3,
it determines how to weigh those factors and ‘is not “required to quantify or elaborate exactly
what weight or consideration it has given to each.”’” Wynnycky, 71 Va. App. at 201 (quoting
Brown v. Brown, 30 Va. App. 532, 538 (1999)). In other words, “Code § 20-124.3 ‘requires the
trial court to identify the fundamental, predominating reason or reasons underlying its decision’”
and requires the trial court to “provide a case-specific explanation . . . of the fundamental,
predominating reason or reasons for the decision.’” Rainey, 74 Va. App. at 379 (quoting Kane,
41 Va. App. at 372-73). “This obligation cannot be met with a general statement . . . but must
identify the reasons why the statutory factors of Code § 20-124.3 support its decision.” Id. at 380.
Although Brandon argues that any initial custody determination involving removal of the
child from the Commonwealth must include an express, written finding that such removal is in the
child’s best interest,4 this contention is unsupported by Virginia law. Code §§ 20-124.2, -124.3,
and -124.5 do not require a relocation analysis for initial custody determinations. And we have
rejected similar arguments in two cases, de Haan v. de Haan, 54 Va. App. 428 (2009), and Petry v.
Petry, 41 Va. App. 782 (2003).
4 Brandon does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence and concedes that “he would not have been able to assert a serious challenge” to Coffey’s primary physical custody award. -6- In de Haan, we stated that “when a trial court evaluates relocation for the first time in the
initial custody order, it need only consider the best interests of the children, which is the test
regularly used to determine custody.” de Haan, 54 Va. App. at 446 n.12. In such cases, we
expressly found that “a separate decision on relocation [is] unnecessary.” Id. at 446. In Petry, we
similarly stated:
No Virginia statute specifically addresses relocation of a custodial parent . . . . [T]he relocation issue is best understood under traditional constructs governing custody and visitation. When a trial court has entered a final custody . . . order, it cannot be modified absent (i) a showing of changed circumstances under Code § 20-108 and (ii) proof that the child’s best interests under Code § 20-124.3 will be served by the modification. When no such order has been issued, the court must only examine the best interests question.
Petry, 41 Va. App. at 789-90 (emphasis added).
In both de Haan and Petry, the relocating parent had not yet moved when their custody
matters were heard.5 Id. at 788; de Haan, 54 Va. App. at 433. Nevertheless, in both cases we held
that the circuit court need only examine the best interests of the child. Petry, 41 Va. App. at 790; de
Haan, 54 Va. App. at 446 n.12. And in de Haan, we emphasized that a separate relocation analysis
was “unnecessary.” de Haan, 54 Va. App. at 446. Here, by contrast, Coffey had already moved to
New York and had never lived in Dundas. Thus, this case is even more clear-cut than de Haan and
Petry. A relocation analysis of this matter is not required, as Coffey and the child never relocated.
Instead, the trial court decided as an initial matter where the child would reside.
Upon review of the record, we are satisfied that the circuit court properly considered the best
interests of the child when awarding joint legal custody and primary physical custody to Coffey.
The circuit court’s letter opinion not only addressed each factor under Code § 20-124.3, but it also
identified which factors weighed “the heaviest” in support of its determination of the best interests
5 The parents in de Haan and Petry moved to Virginia Beach and New York, respectively. -7- of the child. Specifically, it found that Brandon had prevented the child from seeing Coffey, with
whom she had lived since birth, but that Coffey had “always actively supported” visitation between
Brandon and the child. It also found that the child had developed school-related issues since she
began living with Brandon, which were not present when she lived with Coffey. As such, the
circuit court’s opinion complied with the requirements of Code § 20-124.3, and the record supports
its decision to award primary physical custody to Coffey.
Finally, Coffey requests her attorney fees and costs incurred in this appeal. See O’Loughlin
v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695 (1996). “This Court has discretion to grant or deny attorney’s
fees incurred on appeal.” Stark v. Dinarany, 73 Va. App. 733, 757 (2021). “In making such a
determination, the Court considers all the equities of the case.” Id.; see Rule 5A:30(b)(3). Having
considered the entire record, we deny Coffey’s request for her reasonable attorney fees in arguing
this appeal.
CONCLUSION
For the above reasons, the circuit court’s judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.
-8-