F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JAN 30 1997 FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk
KAREN SHUBBUCK,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 96-2120 (D.C. No. CIV-95-826) EVERETT L. FROST, President of (D.N.M.) Eastern New Mexico University; GORDON MACK, Vice-President of Student Affairs--Eastern New Mexico University, both in their individual capacities,
Defendants-Appellees.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before ANDERSON, KELLY, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiff-appellant Karen Shubbuck appeals from the district court’s order
of summary judgment in favor of defendants-appellees. 1 We affirm.
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 1 After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f) and 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is (continued...) The essential facts are undisputed. On August 22, 1994, appellant signed a
contract with Eastern New Mexico University (ENMU) which appointed her its
Director of Financial Aid, effective August 15, 1994. The contract called for her
to serve a probationary period of twelve calendar months in accordance with
ENMU’s Professional Employees Handbook. On June 13, 1995, appellee Gordon
Mack sent appellant an offer of continued employment, from July 1, 1995 to June
30, 1996. His offer stated, in part, as follows:
Your contractual employment relationship with the University is governed by several policies which relate to job performance, compliance with federal laws, state statutes, the Board of Regents’ policies, attendance at various University ceremonies and programs if required by the administration (i.e., graduations, inaugurations, etc.), and the availability of program funds.
It is your responsibility as a University employee to: (a) perform your assigned duties to meet or surpass expectations; and (b) adhere to University policies and various federal and New Mexico laws (including but not limited to the Professional Employee’s Handbook . . . ).
Appellant’s App. at 15.
Appellant signed the offer on June 20, 1995. Appellee Mack then sent her
a second letter, dated June 20, 1995, notifying her that she was relieved of her
responsibilities as Director of Financial Aid effective July 21, 1995. As grounds
for firing appellant, this second letter referenced a section of the Professional
1 (...continued) therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
-2- Employees Handbook which allowed ENMU to terminate a probationary
employee’s employment during her twelve-month probationary period.
Appellant thereafter brought this complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983,
alleging that appellees terminated her employment without due process. The
district court granted summary judgment for appellees on the basis that appellant
had no property interest in her position with ENMU, and therefore no claim for
violation of due process.
We review the district court’s order of summary judgment de novo,
applying the same standards as the district court. David v. City & County of
Denver, 101 F.3d 1344, 1355 (10th Cir. 1996). Factual disputes must be resolved
and inferences drawn in favor of the nonmoving party. Id. Summary judgment is
warranted only if the uncontroverted material facts establish that the moving party
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.
In order to prove a violation of due process, a plaintiff must first establish
that she has a protected interest. See Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564,
576 (1972); see also Double J. Land & Cattle Co. v. United States Dep’t of
Interior, 91 F.3d 1378, 1380-81 (10th Cir. 1996). To determine appellant’s
property interest in her employment, we look to New Mexico contract and
employment law. See Jones v. University of Cent. Okla., 13 F.3d 361, 364-65
(10th Cir. 1993) (property interests established under state law).
-3- In Richardson v. City of Albuquerque, 857 F.2d 727, 732-33 (10th Cir.
1988), we held that under New Mexico law, a probationary employee whose
appointment was tentative, who could be terminated at any time during the
probationary period if she was not suitable, and who could be dismissed at the end
of the probationary period absent positive action to grant her nonprobationary
status, did not have a property interest in continued employment. Here, under the
terms of the Professional Employees Handbook, appellant could be fired at “any
time” during her twelve-month probationary period, “without cause or recourse
upon a minimum of one months advance notice, in writing.” Appellant’s App. at
17. Thus, under Richardson, if appellant was still a probationary employee at the
time of her firing, she had no property interest in continued employment.
Appellant’s probationary period began August 15, 1994, and was to extend
twelve months from that date. Appellant argues, however, that the offer of
June 13, 1995, which she accepted, gave her a reasonable expectation of
continued, nonprobationary employment through June 30, 1996. We disagree.
The June 13, 1995 offer contains no explicit reference to early termination of the
probationary period. Nor can an intent to waive the probationary period
reasonably be implied from it.
Under New Mexico law, “the intent to waive contractual obligations or
conditions may be implied from a party’s representations that fall short of an
-4- express waiver, or from his conduct.” J.R. Hale Contracting Co. v. United New
Mexico Bank, 799 P.2d 581, 585 (N.M. 1990). Evidence is lacking that ENMU’s
second offer created an implied waiver of the probationary period, for two
reasons.
First, the offer stated that appellant’s continued employment was governed
by ENMU “policies which relate to job performance” and that appellant must
“adhere to University policies” “including but not limited to the Professional
Employees Handbook.” Appellant’s App. at 15. The handbook, of course,
contains explicit references to the twelve-month probationary period.
Second, in order to assert waiver in New Mexico, a party must show either
exchange of consideration or detrimental reliance. Id. at 586. No consideration,
other than the continued employment itself, has been shown. The only evidence
of detrimental reliance is appellant’s statement that she uprooted her family from
Connecticut to come work for the University. Appellant’s App. at 24. However,
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F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JAN 30 1997 FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk
KAREN SHUBBUCK,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 96-2120 (D.C. No. CIV-95-826) EVERETT L. FROST, President of (D.N.M.) Eastern New Mexico University; GORDON MACK, Vice-President of Student Affairs--Eastern New Mexico University, both in their individual capacities,
Defendants-Appellees.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before ANDERSON, KELLY, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiff-appellant Karen Shubbuck appeals from the district court’s order
of summary judgment in favor of defendants-appellees. 1 We affirm.
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 1 After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f) and 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is (continued...) The essential facts are undisputed. On August 22, 1994, appellant signed a
contract with Eastern New Mexico University (ENMU) which appointed her its
Director of Financial Aid, effective August 15, 1994. The contract called for her
to serve a probationary period of twelve calendar months in accordance with
ENMU’s Professional Employees Handbook. On June 13, 1995, appellee Gordon
Mack sent appellant an offer of continued employment, from July 1, 1995 to June
30, 1996. His offer stated, in part, as follows:
Your contractual employment relationship with the University is governed by several policies which relate to job performance, compliance with federal laws, state statutes, the Board of Regents’ policies, attendance at various University ceremonies and programs if required by the administration (i.e., graduations, inaugurations, etc.), and the availability of program funds.
It is your responsibility as a University employee to: (a) perform your assigned duties to meet or surpass expectations; and (b) adhere to University policies and various federal and New Mexico laws (including but not limited to the Professional Employee’s Handbook . . . ).
Appellant’s App. at 15.
Appellant signed the offer on June 20, 1995. Appellee Mack then sent her
a second letter, dated June 20, 1995, notifying her that she was relieved of her
responsibilities as Director of Financial Aid effective July 21, 1995. As grounds
for firing appellant, this second letter referenced a section of the Professional
1 (...continued) therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
-2- Employees Handbook which allowed ENMU to terminate a probationary
employee’s employment during her twelve-month probationary period.
Appellant thereafter brought this complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983,
alleging that appellees terminated her employment without due process. The
district court granted summary judgment for appellees on the basis that appellant
had no property interest in her position with ENMU, and therefore no claim for
violation of due process.
We review the district court’s order of summary judgment de novo,
applying the same standards as the district court. David v. City & County of
Denver, 101 F.3d 1344, 1355 (10th Cir. 1996). Factual disputes must be resolved
and inferences drawn in favor of the nonmoving party. Id. Summary judgment is
warranted only if the uncontroverted material facts establish that the moving party
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.
In order to prove a violation of due process, a plaintiff must first establish
that she has a protected interest. See Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564,
576 (1972); see also Double J. Land & Cattle Co. v. United States Dep’t of
Interior, 91 F.3d 1378, 1380-81 (10th Cir. 1996). To determine appellant’s
property interest in her employment, we look to New Mexico contract and
employment law. See Jones v. University of Cent. Okla., 13 F.3d 361, 364-65
(10th Cir. 1993) (property interests established under state law).
-3- In Richardson v. City of Albuquerque, 857 F.2d 727, 732-33 (10th Cir.
1988), we held that under New Mexico law, a probationary employee whose
appointment was tentative, who could be terminated at any time during the
probationary period if she was not suitable, and who could be dismissed at the end
of the probationary period absent positive action to grant her nonprobationary
status, did not have a property interest in continued employment. Here, under the
terms of the Professional Employees Handbook, appellant could be fired at “any
time” during her twelve-month probationary period, “without cause or recourse
upon a minimum of one months advance notice, in writing.” Appellant’s App. at
17. Thus, under Richardson, if appellant was still a probationary employee at the
time of her firing, she had no property interest in continued employment.
Appellant’s probationary period began August 15, 1994, and was to extend
twelve months from that date. Appellant argues, however, that the offer of
June 13, 1995, which she accepted, gave her a reasonable expectation of
continued, nonprobationary employment through June 30, 1996. We disagree.
The June 13, 1995 offer contains no explicit reference to early termination of the
probationary period. Nor can an intent to waive the probationary period
reasonably be implied from it.
Under New Mexico law, “the intent to waive contractual obligations or
conditions may be implied from a party’s representations that fall short of an
-4- express waiver, or from his conduct.” J.R. Hale Contracting Co. v. United New
Mexico Bank, 799 P.2d 581, 585 (N.M. 1990). Evidence is lacking that ENMU’s
second offer created an implied waiver of the probationary period, for two
reasons.
First, the offer stated that appellant’s continued employment was governed
by ENMU “policies which relate to job performance” and that appellant must
“adhere to University policies” “including but not limited to the Professional
Employees Handbook.” Appellant’s App. at 15. The handbook, of course,
contains explicit references to the twelve-month probationary period.
Second, in order to assert waiver in New Mexico, a party must show either
exchange of consideration or detrimental reliance. Id. at 586. No consideration,
other than the continued employment itself, has been shown. The only evidence
of detrimental reliance is appellant’s statement that she uprooted her family from
Connecticut to come work for the University. Appellant’s App. at 24. However,
the court reads that statement to mean that she moved to New Mexico at the time
of the first contract, a year earlier. Moreover, the letter firing appellant is dated
within a week of the second offer; in fact, it is dated the same day she signed the
offer signifying her acceptance. Appellant lived, at most, only one or two days
under the false impression that she had another year’s worth of employment with
the University. This does not rise to the level of detrimental reliance. We
-5- conclude that at the time of her termination, appellant was still a probationary
employee, and did not have a property interest in continued employment which
would give rise to a claim of violation of due process.
The judgment of the United States District Court for the District of New
Mexico is therefore AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court
Carlos F. Lucero Circuit Judge
-6-