Short v. McGruder

22 F. 46, 1884 U.S. App. LEXIS 2484

• Court: U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Eastern Virginia
• Decided: May 29, 1884
• Status: Published

Opinion

Hughes, -1.

The charge is that the deed is fraudulent, because it reserves on its face $4,000 as a first charge for the benefit of the grantors. While it is settled law that a debtor in failing circumstances may, by bona fide deed, assign his estate in trust for the benefit of creditors, preferring one creditor or class of creditors to another, yet it is equally well-settled law that, in general, an insolvent debtor cannot, in an assignment, make a reservation, at the expense of his creditors, of any part of his properly for his own benefit. If he does, the deed is void for fraud. This deed manifestly contains such .a reservation, and is as manifestly void, unless there be something in the contention of defendants that the reservation is of a homestead exemption, and that this is allowed by law, and therefore does not invalidate the deed. The proposition would be sound if the grantors in the deed were not partners of a firm, if all the property conveyed in the deed were not social assets, and if the reservation made in the deed was not expressly and entirely made out of the social property. These being all undisputed facts, the question of the validity of the deed resolves itself into this: Whether or not the partners in an insolvent firm, doing business and having social effects in Virginia, can, under the laws of Virginia, reserve homestead exemptions to themselves out of partnership property, as partnership property, to the detriment of creditors. The general question has been discussed at bar whether or not partners may have homestead exemptions out of social effects. But I do not comprehend how the question can arise at all as a general proposition. The homestead exemption is a creation of statute law. It had no existence at common law or in the general law of any of the states. It is a creation of statute law, and there aro probably as many laws granting homestead exemptions as there are states in the union, each being more or less peculiar in its essential features, in the amount and character of the homestead granted, in the manner of securing and holding it, and in other respects. Therefore, in adjudicating rights of homestead exemption, we cannot safely look beyond the statutes of the particular state in which the particular exemption under consideration is claimed, or safely rely upon the decisions of the courts of other states in their construction of other homestead laws. I do not think we have in the case at bar much to do with the decisions of the courts of other states on the question whether a partner in an insolvent firm may take to himself a homestead exemption out of his firm’s property. The current of authority in the courts of other states, and in the courts of the United States, is strongly against such a right. But, I repeat, we have little to do with those precedents. We have to do with the homestead law of Virginia, and with that alone; and I shall confine my view to that law exclusively.

The question for us is whether or not the law of Virginia gives a partner a homestead exemption out of the partnership property ot an insolvent firm. Let me premise that there was no separation of the property of the firm of McGruder & Condon for the purpose of the homestead exemptions before their deed was executed. The two men did not each select from the property enumerated in Schedule A the articles which he intended to appropriate as his exemption, and, oy separation, mate it his separate property, before setting it apart. They did nothing to put an end to its character as firm property. It was out of firm property, as such, that they reserved their exemptions. Nay, it was out of the proceeds of the sale of firm property, when.it should be sold as such, that they made the reservation. There was no Separation. The exemption was provided-for out of the sales of the property as- firm property so described. The property remains to this day in the custody of the trustee as firm property. It is as firm property that the goods have come into the custody of the court. It is as firm property that we are now dealing with it. There has been no separation. This much premised, let us look into the law of Virginia relating to homesteads. The state constitution (section 1, art. 11) gives the homestead exemption to the householder or head of family “out of his real or personal property, or either, including money apd debts due him.” The statute law of the state (Code, c. 183, § 1) repeats the language of the constitution, and gives the exemption to the householder, etc., out of “his real or personal property, or either, including money and debts due him.” The statute contains sundry other provisions in regard to real estate which do not apply to the present suit. After these it goes on to provide for cases in which exemptions of real estate have not been claimed, in whole or in part, and provides, in section 11, that in such eases the householder, etc., may select, set apart, and hold, exempt from levy, etc., so much of his personal property, including money, etc., as will not exceed in value $2,000, and requires that “he shall, in writing, designate the personal property so selected by him, and each article thereof, affixing thereto his cash valuation of each article, and shall return such writing to the clerk of the county court wherein he resides, to be recorded,” etc. And section 16 of the same chapter provides that every householder, etc., who shall have failed to select and set apart a horqe-stead and personal property as aforesaid, and who desires to avail himself of the benefit of the exemptions provided for in this act, etc., must file an inventory, under oath, in the court where the fudgment, etc., is obtained, of the whole of the real and personal property owned by him, etc. And section 17 provides that upon such inventory, etc., being completed, the said householder, etc., may select from such inventory an amount of such property (that is to say, property owned by him) not exceeding the value of $2,000, etc.

I cite these provisions for the purpose of showing that the homestead law of Virginia gives to the individual householder or head of family an exemption out of his own individual property, and out of that alone, and that it takes much pains to require that he shall separate it from his general estate. There is no provision of that law which can be construed on the most liberal principles of construction to give to the individual head of family an exemption out of property owned by others than himself. He derives this exemption exclusively from express statute. If a partner claims the exemption, he must show an express statutory grant of the right to reserve it out of partnership effects. The homestead law of Virginia will be searched in vain for such a grant; and that law not granting it, either in terms or by implication, the partner cannot reserve it. In this deed the partners make this reservation, and make it in such a way that the reserved property can come to them no otherwise than out of partnership property. Neither one of the partners can say that this was “his property.” Their reservation, therefore, of $4,000 for their individual benefit was illegal, was a fraud in law, and their deed was therefore null and void.

Decree accordingly.