Martin, J.
This undefended action for the annulment of a marriage is based upon the alleged fraudulent representations of the defendant, in reliance upon which the plaintiff says he was induced to enter into the marriage contract.
The parties were married in the city of New York on July 15,1930. The plaintiff testified that he had known the defendant for many years prior to their marriage; that they discussed marriage but that he had refused to marry the defendant because he was not financially able to do so; that in July, 1930, he had an opportunity to enter the jewelry business but he needed $6,000 to do so. He testified that the defendant, of her own volition, and for the purpose of inducing him to marry her, represented that she had $6,000 which she would give plaintiff to go into business, and an additional $2,000 with which to furnish a home. The plaintiff says that solely because of these representations he married the defendant.
Shortly after their marriage, the plaintiff says that he discovered the representations were fraudulent and immediately repudiated the marriage and has not seen the plaintiff since the day the summons and complaint were served upon her.
The Court of Appeals in Mirizio v. Mirizio (242 N. Y. 74, 83) evidently anticipated just such a case as here presented and stated quite fully the policy of the State in such matters. The court said: “ In this particular case the private agreement embodies religious observances and from that standpoint is of high order. In the next case the agreement may be based on less meritorious and more selfish considerations and it requires no fertile vision to see where we may be led if the views now being urged shall prevail, that the parties by private agreement may permanently annul or indefinitely postpone the obligations which they assume when they enter into the marriage contract and defeat the policy of the State and the views which have so long and definitely prevailed in a right-minded society. In my opinion such a course as it is now suggested we ought to set out upon of recognizing modifications of the marriage contract by private agreements would lead to disruption of that contract and disaster in the attempt to enforce it. The danger always is that a court may be led by what seem in some particular case to be equitable considerations into adopting some principle which when carried to subsequent and logical application to other facts leads to results which are unfortunate and unjust.”
The present case was referred to the Hon. John M. Tierney, official referee. In an opinion he stated as follows: “ The com[273]*273plaint alleges that the consent of the plaintiff to the marriage was obtained by a fraudulent representation made by the defendant. The action was not defended. To substantiate his cause of action the plaintiff testified that prior to his marriage and as a consideration of plaintiff consenting thereto the defendant herein promised to turn over to the plaintiff a substantial sum of money to enable him to engage in a proposed business venture; that, relying upon said promise, the plaintiff and his expectant partner, one Ostrow, entered into negotiations for a lease of premises to carry on the proposed business; that subsequent to the marriage and before the lease was executed, the defendant stated to the plaintiff that she had no money to advance to him and that she had none when she promised to subsidize the business.
“ To obtain an annulment of a marriage' under Civil Practice Act, section 1139, for fraud, plaintiff's consent must be obtained by fraudulent representations of such a nature as to deceive an ordinarily prudent person and who, relying thereon, would be induced to enter into a contract of marriage.
“ The rule laid down in many decisions is that a marriage will not be annulled for fraud unless misrepresentations go to the very essence of the contract.
“ The plaintiff testifies that the marriage had not resulted in a status by cohabitation. Whether that be so or not a marriage may not be annulled merely because of such a misrepresentation of financial condition as was here testified to. The multitude^ of similar actions brought in this jurisdiction requires the court to scan with care the reasons assigned in each case and to draw the inferences that should be drawn from the testimony.”
We frequently hear it said that a contract of marriage does not differ from any other contract. To some that may be so, but to others it is much more than a simple contract. In addition, the public is interested in upholding such contracts. The State in its desire for social order and a proper development of the human race, has an interest in the marriage contract and its enforcement. The care of the offspring as well as the moral well being of both the parties to the contract and their children are matters of great concern to the State. Laws are frequently enacted to regulate and enforce marriage contracts, not only for the protection of the parties to the contract, but to safeguard society by maintaining a healthy condition of mind and body by enforcing proper moral standards, the failure to enforce which would be detrimental to society. Parties to a marriage contract may not modify, change, cancel or annul such a contract at will. For that reason, many [274]*274of these undefended matrimonial actions must be . carefully scrutinized.
Attempts to use the courts in an effort to avoid the obligations incident to marriage are becoming very frequent. This case is of that character. The fact that the plaintiff was not as good a business man as he thought he was should not be sufficient to permit him to obtain the aid of the court to repudiate the contract, especially when his one concern was his self-enrichment. When such a selfish consideration alone is the inducement to marry, the State should not have much consideration for the failure of such a bargain. The interest of society at large to uphold and enforce the marriage relation is more important.
Selfishness alone should not be the sole consideration for a marriage, and where it is, as here shown, the representation which is alleged to have been false cannot be said to go to the essence of the contract. A marriage founded on a commercial basis, or a financial consideration alone, is not conducive to the betterment of society or the essential purposes of marriage.
In Mirizio v. Mirizio (supra, 80) Chief Judge His cock, writing for the court, said: “ Of course, we recognize that marriage while a civil contract is, from its very nature, exempt from some of the considerations which might apply to an ordinary contract for the purchase and sale of property and, therefore, a party would not be held to violate his contract and to abandon his spouse for some inconsequential dereliction of duty which might effect a repudiation of an ordinary contract. But the refusal of husband or wife without any adequate excuse to have ordinary marriage relations with the other party to the contract strikes at the basic obligations springing from the marriage contract when viewed from the standpoint of the State and of society at large. However much this relationship may be debased at times it nevertheless is the foundation upon which must rest the perpetuation of society and civilization.”
At page 83 the court said: “
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Martin, J.
This undefended action for the annulment of a marriage is based upon the alleged fraudulent representations of the defendant, in reliance upon which the plaintiff says he was induced to enter into the marriage contract.
The parties were married in the city of New York on July 15,1930. The plaintiff testified that he had known the defendant for many years prior to their marriage; that they discussed marriage but that he had refused to marry the defendant because he was not financially able to do so; that in July, 1930, he had an opportunity to enter the jewelry business but he needed $6,000 to do so. He testified that the defendant, of her own volition, and for the purpose of inducing him to marry her, represented that she had $6,000 which she would give plaintiff to go into business, and an additional $2,000 with which to furnish a home. The plaintiff says that solely because of these representations he married the defendant.
Shortly after their marriage, the plaintiff says that he discovered the representations were fraudulent and immediately repudiated the marriage and has not seen the plaintiff since the day the summons and complaint were served upon her.
The Court of Appeals in Mirizio v. Mirizio (242 N. Y. 74, 83) evidently anticipated just such a case as here presented and stated quite fully the policy of the State in such matters. The court said: “ In this particular case the private agreement embodies religious observances and from that standpoint is of high order. In the next case the agreement may be based on less meritorious and more selfish considerations and it requires no fertile vision to see where we may be led if the views now being urged shall prevail, that the parties by private agreement may permanently annul or indefinitely postpone the obligations which they assume when they enter into the marriage contract and defeat the policy of the State and the views which have so long and definitely prevailed in a right-minded society. In my opinion such a course as it is now suggested we ought to set out upon of recognizing modifications of the marriage contract by private agreements would lead to disruption of that contract and disaster in the attempt to enforce it. The danger always is that a court may be led by what seem in some particular case to be equitable considerations into adopting some principle which when carried to subsequent and logical application to other facts leads to results which are unfortunate and unjust.”
The present case was referred to the Hon. John M. Tierney, official referee. In an opinion he stated as follows: “ The com[273]*273plaint alleges that the consent of the plaintiff to the marriage was obtained by a fraudulent representation made by the defendant. The action was not defended. To substantiate his cause of action the plaintiff testified that prior to his marriage and as a consideration of plaintiff consenting thereto the defendant herein promised to turn over to the plaintiff a substantial sum of money to enable him to engage in a proposed business venture; that, relying upon said promise, the plaintiff and his expectant partner, one Ostrow, entered into negotiations for a lease of premises to carry on the proposed business; that subsequent to the marriage and before the lease was executed, the defendant stated to the plaintiff that she had no money to advance to him and that she had none when she promised to subsidize the business.
“ To obtain an annulment of a marriage' under Civil Practice Act, section 1139, for fraud, plaintiff's consent must be obtained by fraudulent representations of such a nature as to deceive an ordinarily prudent person and who, relying thereon, would be induced to enter into a contract of marriage.
“ The rule laid down in many decisions is that a marriage will not be annulled for fraud unless misrepresentations go to the very essence of the contract.
“ The plaintiff testifies that the marriage had not resulted in a status by cohabitation. Whether that be so or not a marriage may not be annulled merely because of such a misrepresentation of financial condition as was here testified to. The multitude^ of similar actions brought in this jurisdiction requires the court to scan with care the reasons assigned in each case and to draw the inferences that should be drawn from the testimony.”
We frequently hear it said that a contract of marriage does not differ from any other contract. To some that may be so, but to others it is much more than a simple contract. In addition, the public is interested in upholding such contracts. The State in its desire for social order and a proper development of the human race, has an interest in the marriage contract and its enforcement. The care of the offspring as well as the moral well being of both the parties to the contract and their children are matters of great concern to the State. Laws are frequently enacted to regulate and enforce marriage contracts, not only for the protection of the parties to the contract, but to safeguard society by maintaining a healthy condition of mind and body by enforcing proper moral standards, the failure to enforce which would be detrimental to society. Parties to a marriage contract may not modify, change, cancel or annul such a contract at will. For that reason, many [274]*274of these undefended matrimonial actions must be . carefully scrutinized.
Attempts to use the courts in an effort to avoid the obligations incident to marriage are becoming very frequent. This case is of that character. The fact that the plaintiff was not as good a business man as he thought he was should not be sufficient to permit him to obtain the aid of the court to repudiate the contract, especially when his one concern was his self-enrichment. When such a selfish consideration alone is the inducement to marry, the State should not have much consideration for the failure of such a bargain. The interest of society at large to uphold and enforce the marriage relation is more important.
Selfishness alone should not be the sole consideration for a marriage, and where it is, as here shown, the representation which is alleged to have been false cannot be said to go to the essence of the contract. A marriage founded on a commercial basis, or a financial consideration alone, is not conducive to the betterment of society or the essential purposes of marriage.
In Mirizio v. Mirizio (supra, 80) Chief Judge His cock, writing for the court, said: “ Of course, we recognize that marriage while a civil contract is, from its very nature, exempt from some of the considerations which might apply to an ordinary contract for the purchase and sale of property and, therefore, a party would not be held to violate his contract and to abandon his spouse for some inconsequential dereliction of duty which might effect a repudiation of an ordinary contract. But the refusal of husband or wife without any adequate excuse to have ordinary marriage relations with the other party to the contract strikes at the basic obligations springing from the marriage contract when viewed from the standpoint of the State and of society at large. However much this relationship may be debased at times it nevertheless is the foundation upon which must rest the perpetuation of society and civilization.”
At page 83 the court said: “ Our State as a matter of long-continued policy, by many statutes and innumerable decisions has fixed the status of the marriage contract as a civil contract which when once executed becomes binding and carries with it certain rights, duties and obligations and the real question presented to us in this case is whether the parties to such a contract lawfully and completely entered into may modify its effect, postpone its consummation and lessen its undoubted and fundamental obligations by private agreements between themselves.”
The reason for many of the apparently inconsistent opinions found on this subject is the failure to differentiate between a [275]*275material representation which affects the marriage status and goes to the essence of the marriage contract and a representation which does not affect the marriage status and does not, therefore, go to the essence of the contract. A clear illustration of that difference is to be found in the Mirizio Case (supra).
The cases relied upon to reverse this judgment deal in most instances with material representations such as the fact that one of the parties had been suffering from a malignant disease (Svenson v. Svenson, 178 N. Y. 54), or insanity or made other representations (di Lorenzo v. di Lorenzo, 174 N. Y. 467) which affected the marriage status. The appellant relies on several cases where an annulment was granted because the parties had agreed to submit to a religious ceremony after the civil ceremony and refused to do so. In view of the holding in the Mirizio Case [(supra), none of these cases is sound in principle. The distinction between the cases relied upon and this case appears to us to be clearly pointed out in the Mirizio Case (supra).
The views here expressed and stated by our Court of Appeals appear to be similar to those taken by the English courts which emphasize the necessity for an enforcement of the marriage contract as a benefit to the state.
In the case of Wakefield v. Mackay (1 Phillim. Ecc. 134) Sir William Scott, writing for the court, said: “ Error about the family or fortune of the individual, though produced by disingenuous representations, does not at all affect the validity of the marriage. A man who means to act upon such representations should verify them by his own enquiries; the law presumes that he uses due caution in a manner in which his happiness for fife is so materially involved, and it makes no provision for the relief of a blind credulity however it may have been produced.”
In the case of Ewing v. Wheatley (2 Hagg. Consist. 175), in an action brought by a wife to have a marriage set aside on the ground that it was not regularly solemnized in that there was fraud, the court said: “It is argued, however, that there was fraud in the false description of himself as an esquire, as that title belongs properly to persons of good state and quality, whereas he was a person of low condition, and assumed that description only, to assist his fraudulent object of getting possession of the lady, for the sake of her fortune.
“ It is certainly true that, in the description of persons, there may be fraud that would vitiate the license; but the mere exaggeration of fortune or rank will not have that effect. * * * that a man should represent himself of superior condition or expectations will not of itself invalidate a marriage, as the law expects that [276]*276parties should use timely and effectual diligence in obtaining correct information on such points.
“ It is perfectly established that no disparity of fortune, or mistake as to the qualities of the person, will impeach the vinculum of marriage.”
In Evans v. Evans (1 Hagg. Consist. 35) the subject of financial considerations is considered. It is there stated: “ The law has said that married .persons shall not be legally separated upon the mere disinclination of one or both to cohabit together. The disinclination must be founded upon reasons which the law approves, and it is my duty to see whether those reasons exist in the present case.
“ To vindicate the policy of the law is no necessary part of the office of a judge; but if it were, it would not be difficult to shew that the law in this respect has acted with its usual wisdom and humanity, with that true wisdom, and that real humanity, that regards the general interests of mankind. For though in particular cases the repugnance of the law to dissolve the obligations of matrimonial cohabitation may operate with great severity upon individuals; yet it must be carefully remembered that the general happiness of the married life is secured by its indissolubility. When people understand that they must live together, except for a very few reasons known to the law, they learn to soften by mutual accommodation that yoke which they know they cannot shake off; they become good husbands and good wives from the necessity of remaining husbands and wives; for necessity is a powerful master in teaching the duties which it imposes. If it were once understood that upon mutual disgust married persons might be legally separated, many couples who now pass through the world with mutual comfort, with attention to their common offspring and to the moral order of civil society, might have been at this moment living in a state of mutual unkindness — in a state of estrangement from their common offspring — and in a state of the most licentious and unreserved immorality. In this case, as in many others, the happiness of some individuals must be sacrificed to the greater and more general good.” (See, also, Sullivan v. Sullivan, 2 Hagg. Consist. 238, 248; Klein v. Wolfsohn, 1 Abb. N. C. 134; Gumbiner v. Gumbiner, 72 Misc. 211.)
In Bishop on Marriage, Divorce and Separation (Vol. 1, § 459) we find the following discussion on this subject: “ In that contract of marriage which forms the gateway to the marriage status, the parties take each other for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, to cherish each other in sickness and in health; consequently a mistake, whether resulting from accident, or, in general, from fraudulent [277]*277practices, in respect to the character, fortune, health, or the like, does not render void what is done.”
In section 460, Bishop says: “ Should the man, in words, agree with the woman to be her husband only on condition of her being so rich, so virtuous, so wise, so healthy, of such a standing in society; yet, should he then celebrate the nuptials on her representing herself to possess those qualities, while in truth she did not; still in the act of marriage he says to her, in effect and in law, ' I take you to be my wife whether you have the qualities or not, and whether you have deceived me or not.’ In other words, he waives the condition. To carry such a condition into the marital relation would violate its spirit and purpose, and be contrary to good morals. The objects of marriage, rightly understood, transcend all considerations of the kind; * * * surely the husband should not be permitted to repudiate his marriage, though he should discover an absence of some secondary thing to which he had given his affections, instead of placing them where he had promised. * * * To hold otherwise of fraud in present marriage would degrade a high and holy relation to the level of things of mere mercantile consideration.”
If a representation such as is here urged for the annulment of the marriage were to be considered material we would doubtless be met with numerous cases where one of the parties seeking an annulment would allege that similar promises of financial support or assistance had been made by the other party. If the defendant failed to answer in the annulment action this would be a very easy manner of avoiding the marriage contract on a mere pretext.
The law is well settled that a marriage contract will not be annulled for fraud, unless the alleged misrepresentations which it is claimed induced the marriage go to the very essence of the contract. We agree with the conclusion that the alleged misrepresentations here under consideration are secondary and do not come within that class.
In this case the referee properly held that the misrepresentations by the defendant of her financial ability to invest a certain amount of money in the business of the prospective husband did not go to the essence of the marriage contract.
We are of the opinion, therefore, that the judgment dismissing the complaint should be affirmed.
Finch, P. J., and Merrell, J., concur; O’Malley and Townley, JJ., dissent and vote to reverse and direct judgment as prayed for in the complaint.