[Cite as Shivak v. Shivak, 2015-Ohio-5063.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
TRUMBULL COUNTY, OHIO
PAUL SHIVAK, : OPINION
Plaintiff-Appellant, : CASE NO. 2014-T-0101 - vs - :
ROBIN JEAN SHIVAK, :
Defendant-Appellee. :
Civil Appeal from the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division, Case No. 2006 DR 330.
Judgment: Reversed and remanded.
William R. Biviano, Biviano Law Firm, 700 Huntington Bank Tower, 108 Main Avenue, S.W., Warren, OH 44481 (For Plaintiff-Appellant).
Brendan J. Keating, Guarnieri & Secrest, P.L.L., 151 East Market Street, P.O. Box 4270, Warren, OH 44482 (For Defendant-Appellee).
COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J.
{¶1} Paul Shivak appeals from the judgment entry of the Trumbull County
Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division, adopting the decision of its
magistrate, and denying Mr. Shivak’s motion to suspend, terminate or modify his
spousal support to his former wife, Robin Shivak. We reverse and remand.
{¶2} The Shivaks were married June 19, 1999. They have no children. Mr.
Shivak filed for divorce July 28, 2006. By a final decree of divorce filed January 30, 2009, the trial court determined February 1, 2006 was the effective date of the
termination of the marriage.
{¶3} Mr. Shivak has a degree in engineering, and works as a contract CAD
(computer aid design) technician. He has considerable separate assets accumulated
before the marriage, including a mortgage free house. In the final decree of divorce, the
trial court found Mr. Shivak had an income of $61,541 per year from his employment
and separate assets. The trial court found that Ms. Shivak had an income of $10,000
from Social Security disability payments. The trial court found that Mr. Shivak had a
greater earning potential than Ms. Shivak, and that it was unlikely Ms. Shivak, who
suffers from numerous ailments, could ever return to gainful employment. It ordered Mr.
Shivak to pay $1,400 in monthly support, and retained jurisdiction to modify the award.
{¶4} February 19, 2009, Mr. Shivak moved the trial court to reduce his support
obligation, since he had lost his job. He indicated his only income would be interest and
dividends from his separate assets, in the amount of $10,389.96. By a judgment entry
filed July 28, 2009, the trial court found Mr. Shivak had separate assets in an
approximate amount of $175,000. It further found, “that, although Husband’s current
earnings are reduced, he is a highly skilled, well educated individual capable of
generating significant income in his field of expertise, and that he has significant assets
to pay support.” The trial court ordered the spousal support be reduced to $900 per
month.
{¶5} November 25, 2013, Mr. Shivak moved to suspend, terminate, or modify
his spousal support. Hearing was held before the magistrate April 8, 2014. Mr. Shivak
testified he had lost his job again, and that his separate assets had been depleted,
2 reducing his dividend and interest income to $904. He was no longer eligible for
unemployment, and testified he was living on his 2013 income tax refund, which was
nearly exhausted. He testified his monthly expenses were $2,072, and that he would
soon have to borrow money from his sisters to live.
{¶6} On cross examination, Ms. Shivak’s counsel questioned Mr. Shivak based
on his tax returns. These indicated a total income of $20,623.13 for 2009; a total
income of $39,156 for 2010; a total income of $57,353 for 2011; a taxable income of
$47,139 for 2012; and a total income of $23,672 for 2013. Ms. Shivak’s counsel further
questioned Mr. Shivak on his separate assets. It appears they have actually
appreciated since 2009, from about $175,000 to $200,000.
{¶7} Ms. Shivak also testified. She indicated her numerous physical ailments
have worsened, and that, apart from the spousal support, she lived solely on her Social
Security disability payments, totaling some $11,146.86, including her Medicare
premium, in 2013. She netted some $9,888 in actual payments to her.
{¶8} The magistrate filed his decision August 15, 2014. The magistrate denied
any reduction in spousal support, noting Mr. Shivak’s income had not changed
substantially since the prior reduction in 2009, and that he retained the same ability to
generate income.
{¶9} Mr. Shivak filed objections to the magistrate’s decision. By a judgment
entry filed October 8, 2014, the trial court overruled the objections and Mr. Shivak’s
motion to suspend, terminate, or modify his support obligation, using substantially the
same language as the magistrate. This appeal timely ensued, Mr. Shivak assigning two
errors.
3 {¶10} A trial court’s decision to adopt, reject, or modify a magistrate’s decision is
reviewed for abuse of discretion. In re Gochneaur, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2007-A-
0089, 2008-Ohio-3987, ¶16. We apply the same standard of review when considering
spousal support issues. Riley v. Riley, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2012-A-0037, 2013-
Ohio-1604, ¶14. Regarding this standard, we recall the term “abuse of discretion” is
one of art, connoting judgment exercised by a court which neither comports with reason,
nor the record. State v. Ferranto, 112 Ohio St. 667, 676-678 (1925). An abuse of
discretion may be found when the trial court “applies the wrong legal standard,
misapplies the correct legal standard, or relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact.”
Thomas v. Cleveland, 176 Ohio App.3d 401, 2008-Ohio-1720, ¶15 (8th Dist.)
{¶11} The first assignment of error reads: “The trial court abused its discretion in
applying the wrong legal standard and in denying appellant’s motion to terminate his
spousal support obligation, and the trial court failed to conduct the requisite independent
review of the decision by the magistrate.” Mr. Shivak presents two arguments under
this assignment: (1) the trial court failed to consider his reduced income; and (2) the trial
court did not independently review the magistrate’s decision, as evinced by the similar
language contained in both the magistrate’s decision, and the trial court’s judgment
entry.
{¶12} The second assignment of error reads:
{¶13} “In addition to the substantial change in the appellant’s financial
circumstances not contemplated at the time of the court’s prior order, the trial court also
abused its discretion in failing to terminate the spousal support in this case based on the
significant inequity that results from the order of support in excess of the parties’
4 relatively short marriage.” Essentially, Mr. Shivak argues he should not be required to
deplete his separate assets to provide indefinite support as a result of this marriage of
short duration.
{¶14} We consider the assignments of error together.
{¶15} In order to modify spousal support, a trial court must retain jurisdiction to
do so in the divorce decree. R.C. 3105.18(E)(1). In this case, it is undisputed the trial
court retained the requisite jurisdiction in both the original decree, and its 2009
judgment entry modifying the amount of support. Further, before it can modify, the trial
court must find there has been a substantial change in circumstances, not contemplated
when the award was made, which makes the prior award no longer reasonable or
appropriate. R.C. 3105.18(F)(1).
{¶16} Ms.
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[Cite as Shivak v. Shivak, 2015-Ohio-5063.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
TRUMBULL COUNTY, OHIO
PAUL SHIVAK, : OPINION
Plaintiff-Appellant, : CASE NO. 2014-T-0101 - vs - :
ROBIN JEAN SHIVAK, :
Defendant-Appellee. :
Civil Appeal from the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division, Case No. 2006 DR 330.
Judgment: Reversed and remanded.
William R. Biviano, Biviano Law Firm, 700 Huntington Bank Tower, 108 Main Avenue, S.W., Warren, OH 44481 (For Plaintiff-Appellant).
Brendan J. Keating, Guarnieri & Secrest, P.L.L., 151 East Market Street, P.O. Box 4270, Warren, OH 44482 (For Defendant-Appellee).
COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J.
{¶1} Paul Shivak appeals from the judgment entry of the Trumbull County
Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division, adopting the decision of its
magistrate, and denying Mr. Shivak’s motion to suspend, terminate or modify his
spousal support to his former wife, Robin Shivak. We reverse and remand.
{¶2} The Shivaks were married June 19, 1999. They have no children. Mr.
Shivak filed for divorce July 28, 2006. By a final decree of divorce filed January 30, 2009, the trial court determined February 1, 2006 was the effective date of the
termination of the marriage.
{¶3} Mr. Shivak has a degree in engineering, and works as a contract CAD
(computer aid design) technician. He has considerable separate assets accumulated
before the marriage, including a mortgage free house. In the final decree of divorce, the
trial court found Mr. Shivak had an income of $61,541 per year from his employment
and separate assets. The trial court found that Ms. Shivak had an income of $10,000
from Social Security disability payments. The trial court found that Mr. Shivak had a
greater earning potential than Ms. Shivak, and that it was unlikely Ms. Shivak, who
suffers from numerous ailments, could ever return to gainful employment. It ordered Mr.
Shivak to pay $1,400 in monthly support, and retained jurisdiction to modify the award.
{¶4} February 19, 2009, Mr. Shivak moved the trial court to reduce his support
obligation, since he had lost his job. He indicated his only income would be interest and
dividends from his separate assets, in the amount of $10,389.96. By a judgment entry
filed July 28, 2009, the trial court found Mr. Shivak had separate assets in an
approximate amount of $175,000. It further found, “that, although Husband’s current
earnings are reduced, he is a highly skilled, well educated individual capable of
generating significant income in his field of expertise, and that he has significant assets
to pay support.” The trial court ordered the spousal support be reduced to $900 per
month.
{¶5} November 25, 2013, Mr. Shivak moved to suspend, terminate, or modify
his spousal support. Hearing was held before the magistrate April 8, 2014. Mr. Shivak
testified he had lost his job again, and that his separate assets had been depleted,
2 reducing his dividend and interest income to $904. He was no longer eligible for
unemployment, and testified he was living on his 2013 income tax refund, which was
nearly exhausted. He testified his monthly expenses were $2,072, and that he would
soon have to borrow money from his sisters to live.
{¶6} On cross examination, Ms. Shivak’s counsel questioned Mr. Shivak based
on his tax returns. These indicated a total income of $20,623.13 for 2009; a total
income of $39,156 for 2010; a total income of $57,353 for 2011; a taxable income of
$47,139 for 2012; and a total income of $23,672 for 2013. Ms. Shivak’s counsel further
questioned Mr. Shivak on his separate assets. It appears they have actually
appreciated since 2009, from about $175,000 to $200,000.
{¶7} Ms. Shivak also testified. She indicated her numerous physical ailments
have worsened, and that, apart from the spousal support, she lived solely on her Social
Security disability payments, totaling some $11,146.86, including her Medicare
premium, in 2013. She netted some $9,888 in actual payments to her.
{¶8} The magistrate filed his decision August 15, 2014. The magistrate denied
any reduction in spousal support, noting Mr. Shivak’s income had not changed
substantially since the prior reduction in 2009, and that he retained the same ability to
generate income.
{¶9} Mr. Shivak filed objections to the magistrate’s decision. By a judgment
entry filed October 8, 2014, the trial court overruled the objections and Mr. Shivak’s
motion to suspend, terminate, or modify his support obligation, using substantially the
same language as the magistrate. This appeal timely ensued, Mr. Shivak assigning two
errors.
3 {¶10} A trial court’s decision to adopt, reject, or modify a magistrate’s decision is
reviewed for abuse of discretion. In re Gochneaur, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2007-A-
0089, 2008-Ohio-3987, ¶16. We apply the same standard of review when considering
spousal support issues. Riley v. Riley, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2012-A-0037, 2013-
Ohio-1604, ¶14. Regarding this standard, we recall the term “abuse of discretion” is
one of art, connoting judgment exercised by a court which neither comports with reason,
nor the record. State v. Ferranto, 112 Ohio St. 667, 676-678 (1925). An abuse of
discretion may be found when the trial court “applies the wrong legal standard,
misapplies the correct legal standard, or relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact.”
Thomas v. Cleveland, 176 Ohio App.3d 401, 2008-Ohio-1720, ¶15 (8th Dist.)
{¶11} The first assignment of error reads: “The trial court abused its discretion in
applying the wrong legal standard and in denying appellant’s motion to terminate his
spousal support obligation, and the trial court failed to conduct the requisite independent
review of the decision by the magistrate.” Mr. Shivak presents two arguments under
this assignment: (1) the trial court failed to consider his reduced income; and (2) the trial
court did not independently review the magistrate’s decision, as evinced by the similar
language contained in both the magistrate’s decision, and the trial court’s judgment
entry.
{¶12} The second assignment of error reads:
{¶13} “In addition to the substantial change in the appellant’s financial
circumstances not contemplated at the time of the court’s prior order, the trial court also
abused its discretion in failing to terminate the spousal support in this case based on the
significant inequity that results from the order of support in excess of the parties’
4 relatively short marriage.” Essentially, Mr. Shivak argues he should not be required to
deplete his separate assets to provide indefinite support as a result of this marriage of
short duration.
{¶14} We consider the assignments of error together.
{¶15} In order to modify spousal support, a trial court must retain jurisdiction to
do so in the divorce decree. R.C. 3105.18(E)(1). In this case, it is undisputed the trial
court retained the requisite jurisdiction in both the original decree, and its 2009
judgment entry modifying the amount of support. Further, before it can modify, the trial
court must find there has been a substantial change in circumstances, not contemplated
when the award was made, which makes the prior award no longer reasonable or
appropriate. R.C. 3105.18(F)(1).
{¶16} Ms. Shivak’s Social Security disability determination was finalized in
March 2005, some 16 months before Mr. Shivak filed for divorce, and approximately ten
months prior to the marriage’s termination date of February 1, 2006. It is not apparent
from the record whether the conditions leading to her disability were present of known
when the parties were married in 1999.
{¶17} Ultimately, we find the trial court abused its discretion by failing to take into
account the depletion of Mr. Shivak’s separate assets. While these may have
appreciated in gross value, the income they generate has dropped from more than
$10,000 per year at the time of divorce, to less than $1,000.
{¶18} Mr. Shivak notes that the Supreme Court of Ohio has held that awards of
spousal support should generally have a definite termination date. Kunkle v. Kunkle, 51
Ohio St.3d 64, 69 (1990). He further observes that many courts of appeals have held
5 that an indefinite award of spousal support may be inappropriate when the marriage,
like that here, was of short duration. We respectfully disagree that the spousal support
awarded in this case is, strictly speaking, indefinite. This court, in commonplace with
others, has held the lack of a termination date for spousal support, when the trial court
retains power to modify, is not an indefinite award. Brys v. Brys, 11th Dist. Trumbull No.
2010-T-0113, 2012-Ohio-524, ¶36 (collecting cases). However, we have also
recognized that such an award can act as a de facto award of indefinite support. Id. at
¶37.
{¶19} In Green v. Green, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 72941, 1998 Ohio App. LEXIS
4478, *6-9, the trial court considered a marriage of similar duration to the Shivaks’
marriage, where husband also retained significant earning capacity, while wife was
physically disabled from working. The trial court ordered only four years of spousal
support, despite its conclusion wife needed indefinite support, due to the short duration
of the marriage. Id. at *8. The court of appeals affirmed. Id. at *9-10.
{¶20} Further, as the Tenth District has observed:
{¶21} “[A] party need not liquidate assets awarded to that party upon divorce just
to reduce the need for spousal support or to maintain that party’s standard of living.
Fulmer v. Fulmer (May 5, 2000), Trumbull App. No. 98-T-0146, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS
1940 (‘Ohio appellate courts have consistently refused to require the party receiving
spousal support to invest his or her portion of the marital property division in order to
reduce the need for spousal support.’).” Birath v. Birath, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 04AP-
929, 2005-Ohio-2295, ¶11.
6 {¶22} In this case, Mr. Shivak would be required to liquidate his separate assets
to continue the spousal support, which he should not have to do.
{¶23} The judgment of the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic
Relations Division, is reversed and remanded, with instructions that Mr. Shivak’s
spousal support obligation be terminated.
CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J., concurs with a Concurring Opinion,
THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J., concurs in Judgment Only.
______________________
CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J., concurs with a Concurring Opinion.
{¶24} While I concur with the majority’s disposition of this case, the authority
cited in ostensible support for the conclusion is inapposite and therefore inapplicable to
this case. Specifically, I agree that husband should not be required to liquidate his non-
marital assets to continue paying the spousal support order. The majority, however,
cites Birath v. Birath, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 04AP-929, 2005-Ohio-2295, in support of
this position. In Birath, the Tenth District, citing this court’s holding in Fulmer v. Fulmer,
11th Dist. Trumbull No. 98-T-0146, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 1940, held that a payee
spouse should not be required to liquidate his or her personal assets in order to
decrease the need for spousal support. This case presents the opposite situation;
namely, the payor spouse has been placed in a position where he must liquidate his
personal assets in order to meet the obligations of the spousal support order. I agree
7 with the majority that such an outcome is inequitable and improper. Birath and Fulmer,
however, do not stand for this proposition.
{¶25} In my view, husband’s need to liquidate his non-marital assets represents
a substantial change of circumstance not contemplated when the original order was
entered. The circumstances therefore justify modification under the statute. See R.C.
3105.18(F)(1).
{¶26} I recognize that wife’s illness does not permit her to work; nevertheless,
husband’s spousal support obligation has persisted longer (over nine years) than the
duration of the marriage (six years and seven months). Husband’s income at the time of
divorce was over $60,000; at the time the motion at issue was filed, his income was just
over $23,000. This reduction in income was clearly an unanticipated event at the time of
the original order. And it is true that husband is able to work and potentially earn a
living similar to his income at the time of the divorce. Still, the record indicates he was
unemployed at the time the motion was filed and his assets were depleting. While I am
sympathetic to wife’s health problems, she is not husband’s ward. Thus, under the facts
of this case, I agree that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to terminate the
husband’s spousal support obligation.
{¶27} I respectfully concur.