Porter, J.
The petitioners state that the defendant was wife of the late James H. Gordon, who was their debtor; that at his decease, she took possession of all his estate, real and [92]*92personal, retains it in her possession, and uses it as her own: that she took an active concern in the affairs of the community: that she did not make a faithful inventory of the property: and that she has concealed and made away with part of the effects thereof: by reason of all which, she has made herself personally responsible for the debts contracted, by her husband.
West'n District,
Sept. 1824.
They also pray that judgment may be given against her as tutrix to the minor children and heirs of the said Gordon, and that the same be satisfied out of his estate, in her hands to be administered.
To this she pleaded several pleas, one denying all the facts on which her personal liability is charged; and the other declining the jurisdiction of the court, and averring that the case was one properly cognizable by the court of probates: the others do not require to be mentioned.
The cause was submitted to a jury on special facts, whose finding in the opinion of the court below, having negatived these averments in the petition, which charge the defendant as liable, in her private capacity; but having also found that the debt was due by the estate of [93]*93James H. Gordon, it gave judgment that the plaintiffs recover from the defendant the sum claimed in the petition, to be levied from the goods and chattels of said estate, in the hands of the defendant, tutrix to her minor children, to be administered.
From this judgment the defendant appealed, and the plaintiffs on the appeal have came into this court, and prayed that the judgment might be so amended, as to declare and make her responsible in her private capacity, for the amount ascertained to be due them.
Previous, however, to filing this prayer for amending the petition, the plaintiffs moved to dismiss the appeal, on the ground that the husband of the defendant had signed the appeal bond as surety, and that he could not legally do so, as he was also defendant in the cause.
The husband who appears in an action where his wife is sued for debts antecedent to the coverture, is only nominally defendant, and his presence is required, not because the judgment can affect him, but because it is necessary he should watch over and protect the interests of his wife, who, during marriage, is considered, in regard to judicial proceedings, as a minor, and incapable of defending herself. The [94]*94judgment rendered in this case is against her alone; and if he have the other qualifications, which the law requires in judicial sureties, we are entirely satisfied that the circumstance of his being made defendant for the purpose of protecting the interests of another, does not prevent him from acting as surety. By giving bond in this capacity he furnishes that security, in addition to the responsibility of the defendant, which the law contemplated in requiring another person than the party cast in the suit to sign the appeal bond.
This brings us to the question of jurisdiction. The defendant complains, that the judgment rendered here, is one which could not be legally given against her, by the district court; that the court of probates has exclusive jurisdiction of the settlement of estates administered by the representatives of minor heirs; and that the decree having negatived all idea of personal responsibility, the court could not give judgment against her in her representative capacity. This position, so far as it assumes exclusive jurisdiction to the probate court, of claims against successions represented by others, than heirs arrived at the age of majority and accepting purely and simply, is too [95]*95clearly supported by law, and too solemnly recognized by repeated judgments of this court to be now questioned. The plaintiffs, therefore, with great propriety, have not contested the general rule, but they contend that the court, having obtained jurisdiction, by those allegations in the pleadings which charged the defendant with acts that made her responsible in her personal capacity, could with propriety, and without exceeding the powers vested in it, give judgment against her in her character of administratrix. But to this argument we are as little prepared to give assent, as we would to that which would have asserted this right in the court, on pleadings conformable to the truth of the case. Allegations of the parties confer the power on these tribunals in which they are made, to examine the case which they set out, if that case be one proper for the court to take cognizance of; but they do not invest it with authority to investigate causes which the law has not assigned to it. If such were the consequence, then it would follow that the tribunals of justice in this country would be unlimited in their jurisdiction, and the parties litigating could contract their powers, or enlarge them, as it suited their interest, [96]*96caprice, or necessities. To what difficulties this would lead, it is almost unnecessary to state; by the operation of this principle, the whole jurisdiction of the court of probates would be taken from it; the settlement of estates, instead of being made upon an examination of the claims of all interested, and with a due regard to the legal rights of the respective creditors, would be thrown into utter confusion, and litigation multiplied, and costs augmented without any rational object being attained. Nor would the evil be confined to that court, it would extend to all in the state. By the same process of reasoning, the criminal court of Orleans could entertain a question in regard to a land title, or a justice of the peace give judgment for $10,000. All that would be necessary for their exercise of this authority, would be an allegation of crime before the former, and the statement of a debt within the jurisdiction of the latter. We know of courts in other countries, in England particularly, taking on them, by adding to a charge of those things of which they have cognizance; other matters not originally within their jurisdiction, the right to investigate the latter and decide on them. But in this country, where the tribunals [97]*97of justice derive their authority from positive law, and have just so much power as is conferred on them, and no more: where each order of magistracy, judicial, executive, and legislative, are bounded by the constitution, and can only move within the orbits assigned them? the idea that any branch of our government may enlarge its limits, or increase its power, by its own act, cannot be for a moment tolerated. If we could extend our jurisdiction by fictions, we might also create them in each particular case, and pass not on facts which were proved, but on those we imagined.
We are therefore clearly of opinion, that the allegations in the petition, which gave jurisdiction to the district court of a case within its authority, did not justify it in giving judgment on matters belonging exclusively to another tribunal, and that the judgment rendered in this case was null and void, and must be reversed.
It remains however to consider whether that court did not err in not rendering judgment against the defendant in her personal character.
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Porter, J.
The petitioners state that the defendant was wife of the late James H. Gordon, who was their debtor; that at his decease, she took possession of all his estate, real and [92]*92personal, retains it in her possession, and uses it as her own: that she took an active concern in the affairs of the community: that she did not make a faithful inventory of the property: and that she has concealed and made away with part of the effects thereof: by reason of all which, she has made herself personally responsible for the debts contracted, by her husband.
West'n District,
Sept. 1824.
They also pray that judgment may be given against her as tutrix to the minor children and heirs of the said Gordon, and that the same be satisfied out of his estate, in her hands to be administered.
To this she pleaded several pleas, one denying all the facts on which her personal liability is charged; and the other declining the jurisdiction of the court, and averring that the case was one properly cognizable by the court of probates: the others do not require to be mentioned.
The cause was submitted to a jury on special facts, whose finding in the opinion of the court below, having negatived these averments in the petition, which charge the defendant as liable, in her private capacity; but having also found that the debt was due by the estate of [93]*93James H. Gordon, it gave judgment that the plaintiffs recover from the defendant the sum claimed in the petition, to be levied from the goods and chattels of said estate, in the hands of the defendant, tutrix to her minor children, to be administered.
From this judgment the defendant appealed, and the plaintiffs on the appeal have came into this court, and prayed that the judgment might be so amended, as to declare and make her responsible in her private capacity, for the amount ascertained to be due them.
Previous, however, to filing this prayer for amending the petition, the plaintiffs moved to dismiss the appeal, on the ground that the husband of the defendant had signed the appeal bond as surety, and that he could not legally do so, as he was also defendant in the cause.
The husband who appears in an action where his wife is sued for debts antecedent to the coverture, is only nominally defendant, and his presence is required, not because the judgment can affect him, but because it is necessary he should watch over and protect the interests of his wife, who, during marriage, is considered, in regard to judicial proceedings, as a minor, and incapable of defending herself. The [94]*94judgment rendered in this case is against her alone; and if he have the other qualifications, which the law requires in judicial sureties, we are entirely satisfied that the circumstance of his being made defendant for the purpose of protecting the interests of another, does not prevent him from acting as surety. By giving bond in this capacity he furnishes that security, in addition to the responsibility of the defendant, which the law contemplated in requiring another person than the party cast in the suit to sign the appeal bond.
This brings us to the question of jurisdiction. The defendant complains, that the judgment rendered here, is one which could not be legally given against her, by the district court; that the court of probates has exclusive jurisdiction of the settlement of estates administered by the representatives of minor heirs; and that the decree having negatived all idea of personal responsibility, the court could not give judgment against her in her representative capacity. This position, so far as it assumes exclusive jurisdiction to the probate court, of claims against successions represented by others, than heirs arrived at the age of majority and accepting purely and simply, is too [95]*95clearly supported by law, and too solemnly recognized by repeated judgments of this court to be now questioned. The plaintiffs, therefore, with great propriety, have not contested the general rule, but they contend that the court, having obtained jurisdiction, by those allegations in the pleadings which charged the defendant with acts that made her responsible in her personal capacity, could with propriety, and without exceeding the powers vested in it, give judgment against her in her character of administratrix. But to this argument we are as little prepared to give assent, as we would to that which would have asserted this right in the court, on pleadings conformable to the truth of the case. Allegations of the parties confer the power on these tribunals in which they are made, to examine the case which they set out, if that case be one proper for the court to take cognizance of; but they do not invest it with authority to investigate causes which the law has not assigned to it. If such were the consequence, then it would follow that the tribunals of justice in this country would be unlimited in their jurisdiction, and the parties litigating could contract their powers, or enlarge them, as it suited their interest, [96]*96caprice, or necessities. To what difficulties this would lead, it is almost unnecessary to state; by the operation of this principle, the whole jurisdiction of the court of probates would be taken from it; the settlement of estates, instead of being made upon an examination of the claims of all interested, and with a due regard to the legal rights of the respective creditors, would be thrown into utter confusion, and litigation multiplied, and costs augmented without any rational object being attained. Nor would the evil be confined to that court, it would extend to all in the state. By the same process of reasoning, the criminal court of Orleans could entertain a question in regard to a land title, or a justice of the peace give judgment for $10,000. All that would be necessary for their exercise of this authority, would be an allegation of crime before the former, and the statement of a debt within the jurisdiction of the latter. We know of courts in other countries, in England particularly, taking on them, by adding to a charge of those things of which they have cognizance; other matters not originally within their jurisdiction, the right to investigate the latter and decide on them. But in this country, where the tribunals [97]*97of justice derive their authority from positive law, and have just so much power as is conferred on them, and no more: where each order of magistracy, judicial, executive, and legislative, are bounded by the constitution, and can only move within the orbits assigned them? the idea that any branch of our government may enlarge its limits, or increase its power, by its own act, cannot be for a moment tolerated. If we could extend our jurisdiction by fictions, we might also create them in each particular case, and pass not on facts which were proved, but on those we imagined.
We are therefore clearly of opinion, that the allegations in the petition, which gave jurisdiction to the district court of a case within its authority, did not justify it in giving judgment on matters belonging exclusively to another tribunal, and that the judgment rendered in this case was null and void, and must be reversed.
It remains however to consider whether that court did not err in not rendering judgment against the defendant in her personal character. An examination of the facts, on which this judgment is demanded, need not now be gone into, because the opinion we entertain on a bill of exceptions, taken to the opinion of the district in [98]*98judge, permitting certain facts to be submitted by the defendant to the jury, requires us to remand the cause. As to that part of it, which relates to the relevancy of the fact, as not growing out of the pleadings, we think there is not any foundation for it. The ground of the action is, that the defendant made herself personally liable by various acts in relation to the estate of her deceased husband: the answer meets all these facts, in detail, and denies them. The questions submitted to the jury, fairly arose on the issues joined, and were necessary to a correct understanding of the conduct of the defendant. As we said in the case of Livingston vs. Heerman, parties may present to the jury, facts which go to establish the title set up, although these facts should not be set forth in the petition: it is true, that they must not be at variance with the allegations in the petition and answer, but the facts are always pertinent where they tend to support the claim set up. 9 Martin, 710.
As to that part of the exception taken, which objected to the questions submitted to the jury, because the intention or design with which the defendant had done certain acts, more difficulty exists. We are not prepared to say that to say that [99]*99there may not be some acts done by a widow, in relation to an estate, so equivocal in themselves, that the intention or design with which they are committed, may not be a proper subject for enquiry and decision by a jury on special facts submitted. But whether she has done any act in regard to the community, with an intention to accept it, appears to us too general. There are many acts by which a widow may lose her right of renouncing the acquets and gains, and make herself responsible for the debts, no matter what may be her intention and design. In regard to these acts, if the submission of intention was made to control their legal effect, it was erroneous; if not with that design, it was useless. The cause must, therefore, be remanded on this ground; and there is also another consideration which would induce us to send it back, if that already mentioned were wanting. There is a most violent presumption created by the verdict, that the property retained by the widow, and not sold, makes a part of her biens propres; though it is not proved so clearly as to enable us to act on it as a fact legally established. The case indeed does not differ from that of Cox vs. [100]*100the present defendant, decided at the last term of the court. Vol. 1, 629.
Baldwin for the plaintiff, Wilson for the defendant.
It is therefore ordered, adjudged and decreed, that the judgment of the district court be annulled, avoided, and reversed; that the case be remanded for a new trial, with direction to the district judge not to permit the defendant to submit to the jury the intention or design with which any act was done in relation to the estate of the late James H. Gordon: it is further ordered, adjudged and decreed, that the appellee pay the costs of the appeals