Mr. Justice McKenna
delivered the' opinion of the court.
This case involves the consideration of the validity under the Constitution of the United States of the imposition of double damages under an act of the State of Minnesota for a “casual and involuntary trespass,” made by cutting or assisting to cut timber upon the lands of the State. The act is set out in the margin.
The action was brought to recover the sum of $51,324.42 for timber cut by plaintiffs in error from certain lands of
the State “without a valid and existing permit.” The question in the case revolves around. this permit and the extensions of it alleged by plaintiffs in error to have been given.
The findings of the court show the following facts: The State sold at public auction, in accordance with the statute, the timber on the lands to John F. Irwin,' one of the plaintiffs in error, acting for himself and as agent of the Shevlin-Carpenter Company, and a permit was issued by the auditor and land commissioners of the State, which contained the following clause: “That no extension of time of this permit shall be granted except as provided in section 24, chapter 163, General Laws, 1895.” The section provides that no permit shall be issued to cover more than two seasons, and no permit shall be extended except by unanimous consent of the board of timber commissioners, and under no circumstances shall an extension be granted for more than one year, and then only for good and sufficient reasons. Irwin gave bond as required by law.' On the seventh of May, 1902, thé permit was extended until the first of June, 1903. At the time the permit was extended the sum of $1,307, as required by law, was paid by plaintiffs in error into the treasury of the State, that sum being twenty-five per cent of the appraised value of the timber. In the winter of the years 1903-1904 plaintiffs in error, knowing that there had been one extension of the permit, and that that extension had expired, entered upon the land and cut arid removed therefrom 2,444,020 feet of timber, which it was agreed was worth six dollars per thousand feet, board measure. After the timber was cut the surveyor general of the lumber district scaled and returned the amount, of the same to the auditor of the State, which officer erroneously computed the amount due from plaintiffs in error at the contract price of stumpage value thereof, as if the permit were still in force, finding the same to be $18,574.39.
This amount was paid to the State and no part of it has been returned.
From these facts the court, deduced the conclusion that the permit expired on the first of June, 1902, and that the extension thereof expired on the first of June, 1903, and that after the latter date it. was of no effect and absolutely void, and was known to be so to plaintiffs in error when they cut the timber in controversy, and that their entry upon the lands was in violation of the law. They were adjudged wilful violators pf the law and damages were assessed against them at treble the value of the timber, to wit, $43,992.36. The courts however, decided that a deduction should be made from that sum of $16,997, money paid by plaintiffs,in error to the State after the permit had expired. There were other sums of money, with the disposition of which we áre not concerned. Judgment was entered against plaintiffs in error for the sum of $26,995.17. The Supreme Court affirmed the conclusion of the trial court, that the permit had expired, and that the cutting and removing of the timber were illegal, but disagreed with that court as to the character of the trespass. The Supreme Court said: “The finding of the trial court that appellant was guilty of wilful trespass is not sustained by the evidence. On the contrary, the record conclusively shows that appellant , had reasonable ground for believing authority had been granted and honestly acted on such belief.” The court hence decided that the judgment should only have been for . double, not treble, damages, saying, “being of opinion that in this action the State is limited to a recovery of double damages and the timber cut having been paid for, the judgment is necessarily to the value found.” The case was remanded with directions to reduce the judgment to $14,664.12. In all other respects it was affirmed.
On the question of the validity of the law.under the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United
States the court said: “On a former appeal upon demurrer to the complaint,
State
v.
Shevlin-Carpenter Company,
99 Minnesota, 158, the constitutional questions were raised, and it. was there held that the act was constitutional, and that in case of trespass the State might recover either double the value of the property taken or treble the value, according to whether the facts constituted a casual or involuntary, or a wilful or unlawful trespass. We adhere to that decision, and for the reasons set forth in the opinion then filed.”
This statement of the facts and the rulings of the courts, of Minnesota exhibit'the controversy, the State contending that the penalties of the statute are incurred by a casual or involuntary trespass; the plaintiffs in error insisting that to attach that consequence to acts done in good faith violates the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States.
Another contention is made by plaintiff in error. The statute makes one who cuts or removes timber contrary to the provisions of the act, or “without conforming in each and every respect thereto,” guilty of a felony, and prescribes a fine or imprisonment,, or both, in case the trespass is adjudged to have been wilful. To avail themselves of an objection to these provisions plaintiffs in error insist that they are not separable from the provision for double and treble damages and the statute becomes therefore unconstitutional, for under it the plaintiffs in error are subject to be put twice in jeopardy for the same offense. <
The argument made to sustain the contention that the act must be considered single and that to treat its provisions as separable would destroy its integrity and defeat the purpose of the legislature, is somewhat elaborate. Its basic elements are that the statute is penal and its provisions for damages and for fine and imprisonment are punishments for the same act of wrongdoing, designed as
such and intended to be inseparable, and that the statute therefore subjects an offender to a double jeopardy. And this though the two punishments “may be inflicted in different proceedings,” it being contended that “it is immaterial that one of the proceedings is civil in form.” This being the consequence of the statute, it is insisted that it “does not satisfy the requirements of due process of law,” and deprivesiplaintiffs in error “of a privilege and immunity guaranteed under the Federal Constitution.”
The argument may be answered by denying its assumptions. The purpose of the act does not depend upon the inseparableness of its punishment. Its purpose, of course, was to protect the timber lands of the State, and some sanctions of the purpose there necessarily had to be.
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Mr. Justice McKenna
delivered the' opinion of the court.
This case involves the consideration of the validity under the Constitution of the United States of the imposition of double damages under an act of the State of Minnesota for a “casual and involuntary trespass,” made by cutting or assisting to cut timber upon the lands of the State. The act is set out in the margin.
The action was brought to recover the sum of $51,324.42 for timber cut by plaintiffs in error from certain lands of
the State “without a valid and existing permit.” The question in the case revolves around. this permit and the extensions of it alleged by plaintiffs in error to have been given.
The findings of the court show the following facts: The State sold at public auction, in accordance with the statute, the timber on the lands to John F. Irwin,' one of the plaintiffs in error, acting for himself and as agent of the Shevlin-Carpenter Company, and a permit was issued by the auditor and land commissioners of the State, which contained the following clause: “That no extension of time of this permit shall be granted except as provided in section 24, chapter 163, General Laws, 1895.” The section provides that no permit shall be issued to cover more than two seasons, and no permit shall be extended except by unanimous consent of the board of timber commissioners, and under no circumstances shall an extension be granted for more than one year, and then only for good and sufficient reasons. Irwin gave bond as required by law.' On the seventh of May, 1902, thé permit was extended until the first of June, 1903. At the time the permit was extended the sum of $1,307, as required by law, was paid by plaintiffs in error into the treasury of the State, that sum being twenty-five per cent of the appraised value of the timber. In the winter of the years 1903-1904 plaintiffs in error, knowing that there had been one extension of the permit, and that that extension had expired, entered upon the land and cut arid removed therefrom 2,444,020 feet of timber, which it was agreed was worth six dollars per thousand feet, board measure. After the timber was cut the surveyor general of the lumber district scaled and returned the amount, of the same to the auditor of the State, which officer erroneously computed the amount due from plaintiffs in error at the contract price of stumpage value thereof, as if the permit were still in force, finding the same to be $18,574.39.
This amount was paid to the State and no part of it has been returned.
From these facts the court, deduced the conclusion that the permit expired on the first of June, 1902, and that the extension thereof expired on the first of June, 1903, and that after the latter date it. was of no effect and absolutely void, and was known to be so to plaintiffs in error when they cut the timber in controversy, and that their entry upon the lands was in violation of the law. They were adjudged wilful violators pf the law and damages were assessed against them at treble the value of the timber, to wit, $43,992.36. The courts however, decided that a deduction should be made from that sum of $16,997, money paid by plaintiffs,in error to the State after the permit had expired. There were other sums of money, with the disposition of which we áre not concerned. Judgment was entered against plaintiffs in error for the sum of $26,995.17. The Supreme Court affirmed the conclusion of the trial court, that the permit had expired, and that the cutting and removing of the timber were illegal, but disagreed with that court as to the character of the trespass. The Supreme Court said: “The finding of the trial court that appellant was guilty of wilful trespass is not sustained by the evidence. On the contrary, the record conclusively shows that appellant , had reasonable ground for believing authority had been granted and honestly acted on such belief.” The court hence decided that the judgment should only have been for . double, not treble, damages, saying, “being of opinion that in this action the State is limited to a recovery of double damages and the timber cut having been paid for, the judgment is necessarily to the value found.” The case was remanded with directions to reduce the judgment to $14,664.12. In all other respects it was affirmed.
On the question of the validity of the law.under the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United
States the court said: “On a former appeal upon demurrer to the complaint,
State
v.
Shevlin-Carpenter Company,
99 Minnesota, 158, the constitutional questions were raised, and it. was there held that the act was constitutional, and that in case of trespass the State might recover either double the value of the property taken or treble the value, according to whether the facts constituted a casual or involuntary, or a wilful or unlawful trespass. We adhere to that decision, and for the reasons set forth in the opinion then filed.”
This statement of the facts and the rulings of the courts, of Minnesota exhibit'the controversy, the State contending that the penalties of the statute are incurred by a casual or involuntary trespass; the plaintiffs in error insisting that to attach that consequence to acts done in good faith violates the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States.
Another contention is made by plaintiff in error. The statute makes one who cuts or removes timber contrary to the provisions of the act, or “without conforming in each and every respect thereto,” guilty of a felony, and prescribes a fine or imprisonment,, or both, in case the trespass is adjudged to have been wilful. To avail themselves of an objection to these provisions plaintiffs in error insist that they are not separable from the provision for double and treble damages and the statute becomes therefore unconstitutional, for under it the plaintiffs in error are subject to be put twice in jeopardy for the same offense. <
The argument made to sustain the contention that the act must be considered single and that to treat its provisions as separable would destroy its integrity and defeat the purpose of the legislature, is somewhat elaborate. Its basic elements are that the statute is penal and its provisions for damages and for fine and imprisonment are punishments for the same act of wrongdoing, designed as
such and intended to be inseparable, and that the statute therefore subjects an offender to a double jeopardy. And this though the two punishments “may be inflicted in different proceedings,” it being contended that “it is immaterial that one of the proceedings is civil in form.” This being the consequence of the statute, it is insisted that it “does not satisfy the requirements of due process of law,” and deprivesiplaintiffs in error “of a privilege and immunity guaranteed under the Federal Constitution.”
The argument may be answered by denying its assumptions. The purpose of the act does not depend upon the inseparableness of its punishment. Its purpose, of course, was to protect the timber lands of the State, and some sanctions of the purpose there necessarily had to be. Double or treble damages and criminal punishment were selected, but they have no such dependence on each other, nor such relation to the purpose of the act as- to demonstrate that both forms were necessary to it, or that one would not have- been selected if the other could riot have been. But, it is contended, this conclusion is not open to this court to make, for.the “sufficient and compelling reason” that the Supreme Court of the State has decided to the contrary. To sustain this conclusion plaintiffs.in error quote certain contentions of the Attorney-General of the State, made in the Supreme Court, and the reply of the court to the contentions. They do not support the conclusion deduced from them. It was urged by the, Attorney-General that only wilful trespassers were subject to fine and imprisonment, but if such punishment could be held applicable to “.casual and involuntary” trespassers, and the act be decided unconstitutional as to that class, nevertheless it could be adjudged constitutional as to -wilful trespassers. The court replied that the provision for fines and imprisonment was applicable to both classes of trespassers. As to the punishments, the
court intimated that they were independent. Replying to the contention that to sustain this action would subject plaintiffs in error to the jeopardy of a second punishment, the court-said that plaintiffs in error were “probably a little premature in raising the point.” And further said, “it might come with some force if presented in a criminal prosecution after recovery in a civil action.” In this we concur. In other words, plaintiffs in error cannot base a defense upon an anticipation of what may never occur. To permit this would discharge them from all liability, for the defense, if good at all, would be good against whatever action might be brought. Necessarily there must be a first jeopardy before there can be á, second, and only when a second is sought.is the constitutional immunity from double punishment threatened to be taken away. An occasion for the defense of double jeopardy may occur if the State of Minnesota should proceed criminally against plaintiffs in error. We do not mean to say, however, that it-will be justified. We do not mean to say that the state law subjects an offender against is provisions to a double jeopardy. Nor do we mean to imply that even if it have such effect the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States may be. invoked against it. Of that question we reserve, opinion.
The next contention of plaintiffs in error is that “both the provisions of section 7 make a casual and involuntary trespasser liable to the State in double damages, and that declaring his act a felony violates the Fourteenth Amendment,” because those provisions “elimináte altogether, the question of intent,” and that the “elimination of intent as an element of an offense is contrary to the requirements of due process of law.” To support the contention plaintiffs in error attack the power of a legislature to make an innocent act a crime, and say that the “principle that the legislature cannot, by its mere flat, make an act otherwise innocent a crime, and punishable as such, is one to
which this court will give effect, even though it be not expressly enunciated by the Constitution.” The principle as thus expressed is very general, and takes no account of whether a law have prospective or retrospective operation. It would seem, therefore, to destroy the’well-recognized distinction between
mala in
se.and
mala pro-hibita,
The principle contended for is probably not intended to be taken so broadly, and its generality is further limited by concession that it may have exceptions “where so-called criminal negligence supplies a place of criminal intent, or where, in a. few instances, the public welfare has made it necessary to declare a crime, irrespective of the actor’s intent.” A concession of exceptions would seem to destroy the principle. If the principle gets its life or its protection from the Fourteenth Amendment it cannot be destroyed by the legislature upon any conception of the public welfare. The Constitution declares the principle upon which the public welfare is to be promoted, and opposing ones cannot be substituted.
Connolly
v.
Union Sewer Pipe Co.,
184 U. S. 540, 558.
It will be seen that the foundation of the arguments of plaintiffs in error is that their trespass was an innocent act. There is some ambiguity as to what is meant by “innocence.” They quote Mr. Justice Chase in
Calder
v.
Bull,
3 Dall. 386. It was there said that “a law that punished a citizen for an innocent action, or, in other words, for an act, which when done, was in violation of no existing law,” could not “be considered a rightful exercise of legislative power.” But it was said:.“The legislature may enjoin, permit, forbid and punish; they may declare new crimes and establish rules of conduct for all its citizens in future cases.” In other words, innocence cannot be asserted of ari action which violates existing law, and ignorance of the law will not excuse. The law in controversy has no
ex post facto
element or effect in it. It was existing law when the trespass of plaintiffs in error
was committed, and a trespass is a legal wrong, not an innocent act. There is no element of deception or surprise in the law. When the permit was issued plaintiffs in error knew the limitations of it, and they took it at the risk and consequences of transgression. The State sought to guard against its wilful or accidental abuse. Permits had been abused and the lands of the State despoiled of their timber. The offenders were difficult to detect, or, if detécted, the character of their acts, whether wilful, accidental or. involuntary, equally difficult to establish, and the State, the Supreme Court said, had been “defrauded and robbed of large sums of money.” Double and treble damages and a criminal prosecution were provided to meet the situation. It would be strange, indeed, if it were not within the compéteney of the legislature. To hold otherwise would take from the legislature the power to adjust legislation to-evils as they arise and to the ways by. which they may be effected. We held in
St. John
v.
New York,
201 U. S. 633, that a State did not offend the equality clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by taking as p, basis of classification the ways by which a law may be defeated. That case was applied in
District of Columbia
v.
Brooke,
214 U. S. 138, to sustain a statute which provided a criminal proceeding against resident owners of property for neglecting to connect, their property with sewers and civil proceedings against non-resident owners for a like neglect.
We do not understand the position of plaintiffs in error' to be that a legislature may not prescribe a larger measure of damages than simple compensation, but that anything in excess of such.compensation is punishment and cannot be constitutionally prescribed where there is. no “conscious intent” to do wrong. And yet plaintiffs in error except from the principle “certain instances within the police power,” overlooking that the principle, if it exist at all, must be universal. It is true that the police
power of a State is the least ¡imitable of its powers, but even it may not transcend the prohibition of the Constitution of the United States. If, as contended, intent is an essential element of crime, or, more restrictively, if intent is essential to the legality of penalties, it must be so, no matter under what power of the State they are prescribed. Plaintiffs in error, while considering there may be exceptions to the principle contended for in the exercise of the police power, urge that the legislation in controversy is not of that character. The Supreme Court of the State, however, expressed a different view. It decided that the legislation was in effect an exercise of the police power, and cited a number of cases to sustain the proposition that public policy may require that in the prohibition or punishment of particular acts it may be provided that he who shall do them shall do them at his peril and will not be heard to plead in defense good faith or ignorance. Those cases are set forth in the opinion of the court, and some of them reviewed.
We will not repeat them. It was recognized that such legislation may, in particular instances, be harsh, but we can only say again what we have so often said, that this court cannot set aside legislation because it is harsh.
We have considered only the basic principle of the contention of plaintiffs in error, and have not attempted to follow the details of their argument by which, they support it, or the cases which they cite to illustrate it. The cases aré subject to the exceptions we have given.
Judgment affirmed.
Mr. Justice Harlan concurs in the result.