Case: 17-13877 Date Filed: 08/14/2018 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 17-13877 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:15-cv-23095-KMW
SHERILYN J. LEROUX,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
NCL (BAHAMAS) LTD., d.b.a. Norwegian Cruise Line,
Defendant - Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
(August 14, 2018)
Before MARCUS, ROSENBAUM, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 17-13877 Date Filed: 08/14/2018 Page: 2 of 7
In this maritime tort action, Plaintiff Sherilyn J. LeRoux appeals the grant of
summary judgment to defendant NCL (Bahamas) Ltd., d.b.a. Norwegian Cruise
Line (“NCL”). Plaintiff sued Defendant following an injury Plaintiff sustained
after a fall aboard a NCL vessel. After careful review of the record and the parties’
briefs, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Defendant.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background In May 2015, Plaintiff boarded Defendant’s cruise ship, the Norwegian Epic.
Plaintiff stayed in a cabin with an exterior balcony. Passengers accessed the
balcony through a door that opened into the cabin. The door has a threshold that is
several inches high and includes a metal sliding glass door track.
While docked in Naples, Italy, Plaintiff exited her cabin onto the balcony.
After more than two hours on her balcony, Plaintiff attempted to reenter her cabin
just after sunset. The balcony light was out, but a light was on inside the cabin. As
she moved to enter her cabin through the door, she stepped up to avoid the
threshold, but her right toe caught in the metal track, causing her to fall into her
cabin and sustain injuries. Plaintiff testified that she saw the threshold, door, and
cabin as she attempted to enter the cabin from the balcony. She further testified
that she knew she had to lift her foot up and over the threshold to get into the cabin
without tripping and that she did lift her foot up at least six inches or so. She
2 Case: 17-13877 Date Filed: 08/14/2018 Page: 3 of 7
admitted she had previously stepped over the door’s threshold and down onto the
balcony without incident. She also testified that she recognized the different colors
distinguishing the balcony, threshold, cabin, and ship, and could discern the
difference between the balcony floor and the cabin floor. Although aware of the
need to step over the threshold, Plaintiff maintains that she would have been more
careful had Defendant warned her of the danger.
B. Procedural History On August 18, 2015, Plaintiff filed this lawsuit against Defendant. Plaintiff
asserted two claims for negligence: (1) that Defendant negligently failed to warn
Plaintiff of the dangerous threshold; and (2) that the threshold should have been
designed and built such that it did not constitute a tripping hazard. Plaintiff sought
damages for pain, mental anguish, and medical expenses.
The district court granted summary judgment for Defendant. The court
rejected Plaintiff’s failure to warn claim because the threshold was an open and
obvious danger that Defendant had no duty to warn Plaintiff about and Plaintiff
failed to demonstrate that NCL had notice of the alleged dangerous condition. The
district court also granted summary judgment on Plaintiff’s improper design claim,
holding that Plaintiff failed to demonstrate that Defendant was responsible for the
alleged improper design of the threshold. Plaintiff appealed only the district
court’s grant of summary judgment on her failure to warn claim.
3 Case: 17-13877 Date Filed: 08/14/2018 Page: 4 of 7
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review This Court reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo,
applying the same legal standards as the district court. Chapman v. AI Transp.,
229 F.3d 1012, 1023 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc). A grant of summary judgment is
appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material
fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(a). In making this determination, we view all evidence and make all reasonable
inferences in favor of the non-moving party. Chapman, 229 F.3d at 1023.
B. Application of Maritime Law to Plaintiff’s Claim Federal maritime law applies to actions arising from alleged torts committed
aboard a ship sailing in navigable waters. Keefe v. Bahama Cruise Line, Inc., 867
F.2d 1318, 1320 (11th Cir. 1989). When neither statutory nor judicially created
maritime principles provide an answer to a specific legal question, federal courts
may apply state law provided that the application of state law does not frustrate
national interests in having uniformity in admiralty law. Misener Marine Constr.,
Inc. v. Norfolk Dredging Co., 594 F.3d 832, 839 (11th Cir. 2010).
“[I]t is a settled principle of maritime law that a shipowner owes a duty of
exercising reasonable care towards those lawfully aboard the vessel who are not
members of the crew.” Doe v. Celebrity Cruises, Inc., 394 F.3d 891, 908 (11th
Cir. 2004) (quoting Kermarec v. Compagnie Generale Transatlantique, 358 U.S. 4 Case: 17-13877 Date Filed: 08/14/2018 Page: 5 of 7
625, 630 (1959)). This Court has regularly applied that reasonable care standard in
maritime tort cases alleging negligence. See Everett v. Carnival Cruise Lines, 912
F.2d 1355, 1357 (11th Cir. 1990) (passenger tripped over metal threshold cover in
a doorway); Keefe, 867 F.2d at 1320 (passenger slipped and fell in a cruise ship
disco). Our case law makes clear that “[a] carrier by sea ... is not liable to
passengers as an insurer, but only for its negligence.” Kornberg v. Carnival Cruise
Lines, Inc., 741 F.2d 1332, 1334 (11th Cir. 1984).
To prevail on a maritime tort claim, a plaintiff must show that (1) the
defendant had a duty to protect the plaintiff from a particular injury; (2) the
defendant breached that duty; (3) the breach actually and proximately caused the
plaintiff’s injury; and (4) the plaintiff suffered actual harm. Chaparro v. Carnival
Corp., 693 F.3d 1333, 1336 (11th Cir. 2012); Zivojinovich v. Barner, 525 F.3d
1059, 1067 (11th Cir. 2008). We rely on general principles of negligence law.
Chaparro, 693 F.3d at 1336. The ordinary-reasonable-care-under-the-
circumstances standard we apply, as a prerequisite to imposing liability, requires
that the shipowner have had actual or constructive notice of the risk-creating
condition, at least where, as here, the risk is one just as commonly encountered on
land and not clearly linked to nautical adventure. Keefe, 867 F.2d at 1322.
But federal courts need not even reach the defendant’s actual or constructive
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Case: 17-13877 Date Filed: 08/14/2018 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 17-13877 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:15-cv-23095-KMW
SHERILYN J. LEROUX,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
NCL (BAHAMAS) LTD., d.b.a. Norwegian Cruise Line,
Defendant - Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
(August 14, 2018)
Before MARCUS, ROSENBAUM, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 17-13877 Date Filed: 08/14/2018 Page: 2 of 7
In this maritime tort action, Plaintiff Sherilyn J. LeRoux appeals the grant of
summary judgment to defendant NCL (Bahamas) Ltd., d.b.a. Norwegian Cruise
Line (“NCL”). Plaintiff sued Defendant following an injury Plaintiff sustained
after a fall aboard a NCL vessel. After careful review of the record and the parties’
briefs, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Defendant.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background In May 2015, Plaintiff boarded Defendant’s cruise ship, the Norwegian Epic.
Plaintiff stayed in a cabin with an exterior balcony. Passengers accessed the
balcony through a door that opened into the cabin. The door has a threshold that is
several inches high and includes a metal sliding glass door track.
While docked in Naples, Italy, Plaintiff exited her cabin onto the balcony.
After more than two hours on her balcony, Plaintiff attempted to reenter her cabin
just after sunset. The balcony light was out, but a light was on inside the cabin. As
she moved to enter her cabin through the door, she stepped up to avoid the
threshold, but her right toe caught in the metal track, causing her to fall into her
cabin and sustain injuries. Plaintiff testified that she saw the threshold, door, and
cabin as she attempted to enter the cabin from the balcony. She further testified
that she knew she had to lift her foot up and over the threshold to get into the cabin
without tripping and that she did lift her foot up at least six inches or so. She
2 Case: 17-13877 Date Filed: 08/14/2018 Page: 3 of 7
admitted she had previously stepped over the door’s threshold and down onto the
balcony without incident. She also testified that she recognized the different colors
distinguishing the balcony, threshold, cabin, and ship, and could discern the
difference between the balcony floor and the cabin floor. Although aware of the
need to step over the threshold, Plaintiff maintains that she would have been more
careful had Defendant warned her of the danger.
B. Procedural History On August 18, 2015, Plaintiff filed this lawsuit against Defendant. Plaintiff
asserted two claims for negligence: (1) that Defendant negligently failed to warn
Plaintiff of the dangerous threshold; and (2) that the threshold should have been
designed and built such that it did not constitute a tripping hazard. Plaintiff sought
damages for pain, mental anguish, and medical expenses.
The district court granted summary judgment for Defendant. The court
rejected Plaintiff’s failure to warn claim because the threshold was an open and
obvious danger that Defendant had no duty to warn Plaintiff about and Plaintiff
failed to demonstrate that NCL had notice of the alleged dangerous condition. The
district court also granted summary judgment on Plaintiff’s improper design claim,
holding that Plaintiff failed to demonstrate that Defendant was responsible for the
alleged improper design of the threshold. Plaintiff appealed only the district
court’s grant of summary judgment on her failure to warn claim.
3 Case: 17-13877 Date Filed: 08/14/2018 Page: 4 of 7
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review This Court reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo,
applying the same legal standards as the district court. Chapman v. AI Transp.,
229 F.3d 1012, 1023 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc). A grant of summary judgment is
appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material
fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(a). In making this determination, we view all evidence and make all reasonable
inferences in favor of the non-moving party. Chapman, 229 F.3d at 1023.
B. Application of Maritime Law to Plaintiff’s Claim Federal maritime law applies to actions arising from alleged torts committed
aboard a ship sailing in navigable waters. Keefe v. Bahama Cruise Line, Inc., 867
F.2d 1318, 1320 (11th Cir. 1989). When neither statutory nor judicially created
maritime principles provide an answer to a specific legal question, federal courts
may apply state law provided that the application of state law does not frustrate
national interests in having uniformity in admiralty law. Misener Marine Constr.,
Inc. v. Norfolk Dredging Co., 594 F.3d 832, 839 (11th Cir. 2010).
“[I]t is a settled principle of maritime law that a shipowner owes a duty of
exercising reasonable care towards those lawfully aboard the vessel who are not
members of the crew.” Doe v. Celebrity Cruises, Inc., 394 F.3d 891, 908 (11th
Cir. 2004) (quoting Kermarec v. Compagnie Generale Transatlantique, 358 U.S. 4 Case: 17-13877 Date Filed: 08/14/2018 Page: 5 of 7
625, 630 (1959)). This Court has regularly applied that reasonable care standard in
maritime tort cases alleging negligence. See Everett v. Carnival Cruise Lines, 912
F.2d 1355, 1357 (11th Cir. 1990) (passenger tripped over metal threshold cover in
a doorway); Keefe, 867 F.2d at 1320 (passenger slipped and fell in a cruise ship
disco). Our case law makes clear that “[a] carrier by sea ... is not liable to
passengers as an insurer, but only for its negligence.” Kornberg v. Carnival Cruise
Lines, Inc., 741 F.2d 1332, 1334 (11th Cir. 1984).
To prevail on a maritime tort claim, a plaintiff must show that (1) the
defendant had a duty to protect the plaintiff from a particular injury; (2) the
defendant breached that duty; (3) the breach actually and proximately caused the
plaintiff’s injury; and (4) the plaintiff suffered actual harm. Chaparro v. Carnival
Corp., 693 F.3d 1333, 1336 (11th Cir. 2012); Zivojinovich v. Barner, 525 F.3d
1059, 1067 (11th Cir. 2008). We rely on general principles of negligence law.
Chaparro, 693 F.3d at 1336. The ordinary-reasonable-care-under-the-
circumstances standard we apply, as a prerequisite to imposing liability, requires
that the shipowner have had actual or constructive notice of the risk-creating
condition, at least where, as here, the risk is one just as commonly encountered on
land and not clearly linked to nautical adventure. Keefe, 867 F.2d at 1322.
But federal courts need not even reach the defendant’s actual or constructive
notice of a risk-creating condition if they determine that condition was an open and
5 Case: 17-13877 Date Filed: 08/14/2018 Page: 6 of 7
obvious danger. The duty to warn in the maritime tort context extends to only
known dangers which are not apparent and obvious. Cohen v. Carnival Corp., 945
F. Supp. 2d 1351, 1357 (S.D. Fla. 2013); see Luby v. Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc.,
633 F. Supp. 40, 41 n.1, 42 (S.D. Fla. 1986) (dismissing passenger’s claim because
the presence of a ledge behind a shower curtain was an open and obvious
condition), aff’d, 808 F.2d 60 (11th Cir. 1986) (table); see also Mosher v.
Speedstar Div. of AMCA Int’l, Inc., 979 F.2d 823, 826 (11th Cir. 1992) (stating
that, under Florida law, obvious danger bars failure-to-warn claims).
Here, the risk-creating condition, the raised threshold, was open and obvious
to Plaintiff by her own account. She admitted she had previously stepped over the
door’s threshold and down onto the balcony without incident. Plaintiff testified
that she saw the threshold that separated her cabin from the balcony and knew that
she had to lift her foot up and over the threshold to get into the cabin without
tripping. She also testified that she recognized the different colors distinguishing
the balcony, threshold, cabin, and ship, and could discern the difference between
the balcony floor and the cabin floor. Plaintiff simply failed to negotiate a known
and obvious hazard. Defendant did not breach its duty of reasonable care by
failing to warn her of a condition of which she was aware and any reasonable
person in her position would have been aware. See Luby, 633 F. Supp. at 41–42.
6 Case: 17-13877 Date Filed: 08/14/2018 Page: 7 of 7
III. CONCLUSION For the reasons explained above, we AFFIRM the decision of the district
court granting summary judgment.