IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2016-EC-00407-SCT
SHERIEL F. PERKINS
v.
CAROLYN McADAMS
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 02/15/2016 TRIAL JUDGE: HON. HENRY L. LACKEY COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: LEFLORE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: WILLIE JAMES PERKINS, SR. ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: KATHLEEN ELIZABETH CARRINGTON MARK W. GARRIGA LEMUEL E. MONTGOMERY, III NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - ELECTION CONTEST DISPOSITION: ON DIRECT APPEAL: DISMISSED AS MOOT. ON CROSS-APPEAL: AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART - 10/19/2017 MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: MANDATE ISSUED:
BEFORE WALLER, C.J., KING AND MAXWELL, JJ.
MAXWELL, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Sheriel F. Perkins lost the 2013 Greenwood mayoral race by 206 votes. She filed an
election contest against the winner, Mayor Carolyn McAdams. In her complaint, Perkins
alleged illegal voting and fraud. But at trial, the only evidence she produced was that fifty-
two absentee ballots were wrongly counted and one absentee ballot and nine affidavit ballots
were wrongly rejected. Her other claims of illegal voting and fraud had no evidentiary support. Thus, the trial court granted McAdams’s motion for a directed verdict and entered
a judgment in McAdams’s favor.
¶2. Though Perkins appealed, the contested mayoral term ended June 30, 2017. So her
appeal is now moot. Conceding mootness, Perkins still insists we should consider the merits
of her illegal-voting claim under the public-interest exception to the mootness doctrine.
However, Perkins presented no evidence that anyone voted illegally in a precinct outside of
his or her residence. Rather, according to her own witnesses, it was the election
materials—not the voters—that ended up in the wrong precincts. And Mississippi statutory
law is clear that misdelivery of election materials shall not prevent the holding of an
election.1 Instead, poll managers should provide a suitable substitute procedure, which is
exactly what occurred here.
¶3. Because the Legislature has already clearly spoken on this issue, there is no need to
apply the public-interest exception to the mootness doctrine and address the merits of
Perkins’s appeal. We therefore dismiss Perkins’s appeal as moot.
¶4. McAdams has cross-appealed, raising two attorney’s fees issues that are not moot.
For reasons explained below, we affirm the trial court’s denial of McAdams’s motion to alter
the judgment to include a sanction of attorney’s fees. But we reverse and remand the trial
court’s award of $6,440 in attorney’s fees to Perkins.
Background Facts and Procedural History
1 Miss. Code Ann. § 23-15-249 (Rev. 2015).
2 ¶5. On June 4, 2013, the City of Greenwood, Mississippi, held a general mayoral election.
There were two candidates: Perkins and McAdams. When all votes were counted, McAdams
received 2,618 votes to Perkins’s 2,412.
I. Complaint
¶6. Perkins sued McAdams in the Circuit Court of Leflore County on June 24,
2013—exactly twenty days after the election.2 She claimed she had won the majority of legal
votes. She requested a jury trial on the merits of the election contest at the earliest date
practicable. And, based on the outcome of that trial, she asked to be declared the winner of
the 2013 Greenwood mayoral race and that McAdams be removed from office.
Alternatively, she sought a special election.
¶7. The thirteen-count complaint not only brought a Section 23-15-951 election contest
but also asserted several other state and federal claims. Because of the federal claims,
McAdams removed the action to federal court. In response, Perkins moved to amend her
complaint to drop the federal claims. The federal court remanded this action to the Leflore
County Circuit Court in October 2014. Her amended complaint still alleged multiple state-
election-law violations and fraud. It also called into question the legality of hundreds of
votes cast.
II. Motion for Summary Judgment
2 See Miss. Code Ann. § 23-15-951 (Rev. 2015) (permitting “a person desiring to contest the election of another person returned as elected to any office within any county, . . . within twenty (20) days after the election, [to] file a petition in the office of the clerk of the circuit court of the county, setting forth the grounds upon which the election is contested”).
3 ¶8. Two months after remand, McAdams filed for summary judgment. Following a
hearing, the trial court denied this motion on May 20, 2015. The court found Perkins had
“raise[d] sufficient issues that are genuine to this dispute,” which “if proved by proper
evidence, could possibly change the results of the Mayoral Election or could possibly prove
the will of the electorate had been frustrated.” The court’s order expressly reserved
consideration of costs until a “final hearing of this cause.”3
III. Trial
¶9. The jury trial for Perkins’s election contest began on September 28, 2015. During
Perkins’s opening statement, her counsel asserted the evidence would show:
(1) the pollbooks and voter-receipt books for Wards 1 and 2 were put in the wrong place, leading to 295 Ward 1 residents voting illegally in Ward 2, and 139 Ward 2 residents voting illegally in Ward 1;
(2) fifty-eight absentee ballots were improperly counted, one absentee ballot was improperly rejected, and thirty-four affidavit ballots were improperly rejected;
(3) four nonresidents “returned” to Greenwood and voted; and
(4) two residents, Walter Hunter and Andre Williams, only voted for McAdams because, in Hunter’s case, McAdams directed the city to install a culvert on his property and, in Williams’s case, she paid his mother’s bills.4
3 See M.R.C.P. 56(h) (entitling the prevailing party to the “reasonable expenses in attending the hearing of the motion”). 4 Perkins did not attempt to prove the allegations raised in her complaint that the election commission refused to give statutory voter assistance to African American voters who requested it and that mandatory lock-and-seal requirements were violated.
4 ¶10. Perkins called fourteen witnesses, including McAdams, who was called adversely.
At the close of Perkins’s evidence, McAdams moved for a directed verdict. Going through
Perkins’s complaint count-by-count, she argued each claim either had been abandoned or
unproven. Specifically, McAdams argued Perkins failed to support her allegations that
Ward 1 residents voted in Ward 2 and vice versa, that nonresidents voted, or that McAdams
fraudulently compensated voters. McAdams did concede one absentee ballot should have
been counted and fifty-two nonconforming absentee ballots should not have been counted.
McAdams further acknowledged that Perkins at least presented evidence that nine affidavit
ballots had been wrongfully rejected. But still, given those concessions, that accounts for
only sixty-two votes. And sixty-two votes were not enough to affect the outcome of the
election, which McAdams won by 206 votes.
¶11. The court granted McAdams’s motion for a directed verdict, finding Perkins had
failed to make out a prima facie case on any claim in her amended complaint.5
¶12. Before the court adjourned, Perkins noted there was one final matter—the recovery
of attorney’s fees based on McAdams’s unsuccessful motion for summary judgment. See
M.R.C.P. 56(h). McAdams argued against the court granting a discretionary attorney’s-fee
5 Specifically, the court found no one testified residents of Wards 1 and 2 voted in the wrong precinct; there was no proof nonresidents voted; and there was no proof of wrongdoing—by McAdams or anyone else. Instead, the evidence showed the city fulfilled its duty to provide proper drainage by installing a culvert at a major intersection on city property, which happened to run alongside Hunter’s property. While Hunter benefitted, this is not different from any other citizen benefitting from a public work. Finally, Perkins could not prove her claim McAdams promised to give Williams anything if he voted for her. Instead, in the court’s view, Williams, a young African American, had been unfairly “hopped on” because he publicly supported McAdams, who is white.
5 award, in light of what happened at trial. But the court responded Rule 56 mandated the
award of attorney’s fees. But see M.R.C.P. 56.
IV. Final Judgment
¶13. On October 19, 2015, the court entered an order dismissing Perkins’s complaint with
prejudice. That same day, the court entered an order granting Perkins’s pending motion for
$6,440 in attorney’s fees—the cost of defending the motion for summary judgment.
¶14. Four days later, McAdams filed a Rule 59(e) motion to amend the judgment. See
M.R.C.P. 59(e). Citing Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 11, McAdams requested the
court add to its judgment the assessment of costs and fees against Perkins based on her
“frivolous” claims. After a hearing, the court denied this motion.
¶15. On February 18, 2016, the court entered its final judgment. Perkins timely filed a
notice of appeal, and McAdams cross-appealed.
Perkins’s Appeal: Directed Verdict
¶16. On appeal, Perkins argues the trial court erred by granting McAdams a directed
verdict. But because the mayoral term she sought has ended, Perkins concedes there is no
relief now available to her. So her appeal is moot. See Misso v. Oliver, 666 So. 2d 1366,
1369 (Miss. 1996) (“This case is moot because even if Misso persuades us that the trial court
erred, it is impossible to reinstate Misso, or hold another special election, since the general
election has since been held.”).
¶17. Perkins asks us to consider the merits of her appeal under the public-interest exception
to the mootness doctrine. See Sartin v. Barlow, 196 Miss. 159, 169-70, 16 So. 2d 372, 376
6 (1944). She asserts a decision by this Court is necessary to resolve “the central underlying
issue” she raises on appeal—“whether a voter can legally cast a vote in a precinct other than
that of his or her residence.”
¶18. This Court’s rule against advisory opinions extends to election contests. Sheldon v.
Ladner, 205 Miss. 264, 269-70, 38 So. 2d 718, 719 (1949). However, because the speed of
the judicial process is often slower than the election process, this Court recognizes “election
cases often present questions ‘capable of repetition, yet evading review.’” Misso, 666 So.
2d at 1369 (quoting Moore v. Ogilvie, 394 U.S. 814, 89 S. Ct. 1493, 23 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1969)).
So in Sartin, this Court made “an exception to the general rule as respects moot cases, when
the question concerns a matter of such a nature that it would be distinctly detrimental to the
public interest that there should be a failure by the dismissal to declare and enforce a rule for
future conduct.” Sartin, 196 Miss. at 170, 16 So. 2d at 376. We applied that exception again
in Misso, because “the need for resolution reflect[ed] a continuing controversy in the election
area and this appeal [wa]s one of public interest.” Misso, 666 So. 2d at 1369. Here, by
contrast, the compelling need to stop a corrupt practice, as in Sartin,6 or to provide much
needed clarity for future elections, as in Misso,7 is not present. Instead, clear statutory law
6 Sartin involved a circuit clerk’s refusal to allow a primary election contestant to exercise his statutory right to inspect the ballot boxes. The clerk said “he had been directed in writing by the chairman of the County Democratic Executive Committee not to permit the examination.” Sartin, 196 Miss. at 164, 16 So. 2d at 374. So the question before the Court was whether the clerk could refuse the inspection at the bidding of a political party. 7 Misso involved the election commission’s decision to open the sealed election boxes and recount the votes the day after the election. The commission decided to count ballots the election managers had rejected, leading to a different outcome in the election. Misso, 666 So. 2d at 1367-68. Misso argued the election commissioners lacked authority to
7 governs the main election-related issue Perkins raises on appeal, leaving no need to address
the moot appeal.
¶19. Citing Mississippi Code Section 23-15-11, Perkins insists the law requires a voter to
vote in his or her respective voting precinct. See Miss. Code Ann. § 23-15-11 (Rev. 2015)
(qualifying voter to vote in precinct of his or her residence); see also Miss. Code Ann. §
23-15-571(3)(a) (Rev. 2015) (providing grounds to challenge a vote because “the voter is not
a registered voter in that precinct”). We agree. Section 23-15-11 appears to qualify a voter
to vote in his or her precinct only.
¶20. But we disagree with Perkins that she presented evidence to the trial court that
hundreds voted illegally in Wards 1 and 2 the morning of the election. Perkins presented two
witnesses—Rosetta Harris, Perkins’s pollwatcher for Ward 1, and State Senator Derrick
Terrell Simmons, Perkins’s pollwatcher for Ward 2. Both testified there was chaos and
confusion when the polls opened the morning of the election. Apparently, voters could not
find their names on the pollbooks. So Ward 1 voters went down the street to the nearby
Ward 2 polling station. Finding their names on the books there, they signed the book,
obtained receipts, and returned to their own precincts with their receipts to vote. The same
was true for Ward 2 voters, who went to Ward 1, signed the book, obtained receipts, and
returned to vote. According to Harris and Senator Simmons, this procedure lasted about two
override the election managers. Because the relevant statutes were silent and because “the complained of action will certainly recur,” this Court decided to address the merits of Misso’s moot appeal through the public-interest exception. Id. at 1368-69.
8 hours, when election managers swapped the election materials to their proper polling
stations. At that point, more than 400 votes had been cast in these two precincts.
¶21. Importantly, neither witness testified any Ward 1 or 2 voters voted in the wrong
precinct. Viewed favorably, Perkins’s evidence showed it was the pollbooks, not the voters,
that were in the wrong precinct for the first two hours the polls were open.
¶22. Perkins contends this mishap vitiates every vote cast until the error was corrected. But
that is not what our law says. According to clear statute, this irregular procedure did not
render the votes cast illegal. When a mishap occurs with the delivery of election boxes, the
Legislature mandates the election must proceed as well as possible. According to Mississippi
Code Section 23-15-249:
The failure to distribute to the different voting places the pollbooks containing the alphabetical list of voters, or the ballot boxes provided for, shall not prevent the holding of an election, but in such case the poll managers shall proceed to hold the election without the books and ballot boxes, and shall provide some suitable substitute for the ballot boxes, and conform as nearly as possible to the law in the reception and disposition of the official ballots.
Thus, when the Wards 1 and 2 poll managers realized the election boxes had been
misdelivered, by proceeding with the election, they were complying with Section 23-15-249.
And by directing voters to go next door and sign the pollbook and obtain a receipt before
returning to vote, the poll managers “provided[d] some suitable substitute for the ballot
boxes.” In light of the circumstances, they “conform[ed] as nearly as possible to the law in
9 the reception and disposition of the official ballots.” Miss. Code Ann. 23-15-249. Thus,
under Section 23-15-249, the votes cast during this time period were not illegal.8
¶23. So unlike Misso, where this Court found the relevant statutes were “silent,”9 here, the
Legislature has clearly spoken through Section 23-15-249. Thus, the law is already
established and there is no compelling need for this Court to “declare and enforce a rule for
future conduct.” Sartin, 196 Miss. at 170, 16 So. 2d at 376.
¶24. We, therefore, dismiss Perkins’s appeal as moot.
McAdams’s Cross-Appeal: Attorney’s Fees
¶25. McAdams’s cross-appeal is not moot. She raises two issues, both related to attorney’s
fees.
8 The same can be said of the 234 absentee ballots cast in Wards 1 and 2, which Perkins claims were also illegal. According to Harris and another witness, the absentee votes for Wards 1 and 2 were not “counted” at the polling place. Instead, they were sent to the courthouse to be “counted.” Presumably, when Perkins argues the absentee ballots were not “counted” at the polling stations, she means the procedures of Mississippi Code Section 23-15-639(2)(a) and (2)(b) (Rev. 2015) to verify and mark ballots as accepted or rejected were not performed in Wards 1 and 2, because Section 23-15-639(2)(d) actually requires the accepted ballots to be counted at the central tabulation point. See Miss. Code Ann. § 23-15- 639(2) (Rev. 2015). But Perkins fails to show how conducting the procedures of Section 23-15-639(2)(a) and (b) at the courthouse instead of the polling place—if indeed that was what happened—would have so impacted the validity of all absentee ballots cast in Wards 1 and 2 that must be tossed out. See Fouche v. Ragland, 424 So. 2d 559, 562 (Miss. 1982) (refusing to throw out absentee ballots based on a “purely technical . . . defect” that did not “affect the validity of these [absentee] votes”—especially where “there was no fraud or intentional wrongdoing in this regard”). Perkins’s evidence, even when viewed favorably, did not prove any fraud or intentional wrongdoing. See Rogers v. Holder, 636 So. 2d 645, 647 (Miss. 1994) (holding that, “absent evidence of fraud or some intentional wrong, technical irregularities will not invalidate an election”). Instead, any irregularity in procedure was due to the misdelivery of the election boxes, which Section 23-15-249 makes clear does not invalidate the election. 9 Misso, 666 So. 2d at 1371.
10 I. Rule 11 Motion for Sanctions
¶26. McAdams first asserts the trial court abused its discretion when it denied her post-trial
motion for attorney’s fees.10 In her motion, McAdams argued Perkins should be sanctioned
under Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 11 and/or the Litigation Accountability Act of
1988 because her complaint was “frivolous.” Under Rule 11(b), “If any party files a motion
or pleading which, in the opinion of the court, is frivolous or is filed for the purpose of
harassment or delay, the court may order such a party, or his attorney, or both, to pay to the
opposing party or parties the reasonable expenses incurred by such other parties and by their
attorneys, including reasonable attorneys’ fees.” M.R.C.P. 11(b). The Litigation
Accountability Act similarly authorizes the trial court to include in its judgment an award of
attorneys’ fees if an attorney or party brought an action or asserted a claim “without
substantial justification” or “unnecessarily expanded the proceedings.” Miss. Code Ann.
§ 11-55-5(1) (Rev. 2012).
¶27. As a preliminary matter, McAdams suggests the trial court erred by failing to weigh
the relevant factors on the record. While Section 11-55-7 does list mandatory factors to
consider, this requirement is triggered “[w]hen granting an award of costs and attorney’s
fees.” Miss. Code Ann. § 11-55-7 (Rev. 2012). Here, costs and attorney’s fees were denied.
So the trial court was under no statutory duty to make on-the-record findings on these factors.
10 See Russell v. Lewis Grocer Co., 552 So. 2d 113, 117 (Miss. 1989) (holding that a post-trial motion for sanctions is, in effect, a Rule 59(e) motion to alter or amend the judgment).
11 ¶28. McAdams’s main contention is that the trial court erred when it found Perkins’s
complaint was not frivolous. “A pleading or motion is frivolous within the meaning of
Rule 11 only when, objectively speaking, the pleader or movant has no hope of success.”
Leaf River Forest Prods., Inc. v. Deakle, 661 So. 2d 188, 195 (Miss. 1995). A claim that
is merely “weak” or “light-headed” does not meet this definition of frivolous. Id.
¶29. In ruling Perkins’s election contest was not frivolous, the trial court focused on the
fact “human mistakes [had been] made by the poll workers in arranging the Election
Materials for Wards 1 and 2, [and] the information available to Perkins . . . at the time of the
Complaint.” In other words, the court found Perkins’s claims that the Wards 1 and 2 mixup
rendered hundreds of votes illegal—though too “light-headed” to send to a jury—could not
be said to be without hope or viability.
¶30. McAdams, by contrast, focuses on Perkins’s other claims—the ones she either
abandoned before trial or did not raise on appeal. She argues the trial court failed to
recognize these claims were without hope. The fact, however, that these claims turned out
to be too “weak” to present to the jury or, once presented, to cause the jury to decide in her
favor does not necessarily make them “frivolous.” See Deakle, 661 So. 2d at 195. We find
this to be especially so in the context of an election contest. By statute, Perkins had only
twenty days to inspect the ballot boxes, gather evidence, and file her petition. See Miss.
Code Ann. § 23-15-951 (Rev. 2015). And in finding her petition was not frivolous, the trial
court rightly considered the information available to Perkins at the time she filed her contest.
And what that information showed is that there had been some confusion in Wards 1
12 and 2—precincts that heavily favored McAdams—giving Perkins some hope that she may
have actually received more legal votes.
¶31. For this reason, we find no abuse of discretion and affirm the trial court’s post-trial
judgment denying McAdams’s request for sanctions.
II. Rule 56 Award of Attorney’s Fees
¶32. Second, McAdams appeals the trial court’s award to Perkins of $6,440 in attorney’s
fees—the amount of fees accrued defending against McAdams’s motion for summary
judgment. Significantly, this sum represented attorney’s fees, not expenses. Under Rule 56,
“If summary judgment is denied the court shall award to the prevailing party the reasonable
expenses incurred in attending the hearing of the motion and may, if it finds that the motion
is without reasonable cause, award attorneys’ fees.” M.R.C.P. 56(h) (emphasis added).
¶33. McAdams contends the trial court erred by finding Rule 56(h) mandated attorney’s
fees, not just reasonable expenses. We agree. As the trial judge commented, “I believe [Rule
56] says shall be awarded if you are successful, and I’m of the opinion that the rule demands
that I do that, and so it will be ordered . . . .” This clearly was a misinterpretation of Rule
56(h). Under Rule 56(h), the “shall” refers only to “reasonable expenses incurred in
attending the hearing.” It does not refer to attorney’s fees, which are discretionary and must
be based on a “find[ing] that the [summary-judgment] motion is without reasonable cause.”
¶34. Here, according to the trial judge, the $6,440 fee award was not based on finding
McAdams’s summary-judgment motion had been without reasonable cause, but instead was
based on the erroneous belief such award was mandatory. Therefore, we reverse the $6,440
13 award and remand this issue to the trial court determine whether McAdams’s
summary-judgment motion was “without reasonable cause,” thus justifying a discretionary
attorney’s fee award. The trial court shall also award Perkins her “reasonable expenses
incurred in attending the [summary-judgment] hearing.” M.R.C.P. 56(h).
Conclusion
¶35. Based on the clear language of Section 23-15-249 and the fact the election managers
in Wards 1 and 2 did the best they could after discovering the elections materials had been
misdelivered, there is no issue of illegal voting warranting application of the public-interest
exception to the mootness doctrine. Thus, we dismiss Perkins’s appeal as moot.
¶36. On cross-appeal, we affirm the post-trial judgment denying McAdams’s request for
sanctions but we reverse the post-trial award to Perkins of $6,440 in attorney’s fees and
remand the issue of Rule 56(h) costs and fees to the trial court.
¶37. ON DIRECT APPEAL: DISMISSED AS MOOT. ON CROSS-APPEAL: AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART.
WALLER, C.J., RANDOLPH AND KITCHENS, P.JJ., KING, COLEMAN, BEAM, CHAMBERLIN AND ISHEE, JJ., CONCUR.