STATE OF LOUISIANA
MIIVNWIII M
FIRST CIRCUIT
2024 CA 0850
SHERAUNTE MCKINLEY
WILLIAM MCKINLEY
Judgment Rendered:
Appealed from the 21' t Judicial District Court In and for the Parish of Tangipahoa State of Louisiana Docket No. 2020- 0001243
The Honorable Jeffery T. Olgesbee, Judge Presiding
Kathy C. Alford Counsel for Plaintiff/Appellant, Amite, Louisiana State of Louisiana, DCFS- CSE, in the Interest of Sheraunte McKinley
Scott M. Perrilloux Counsel for Appellee, District Attorney State of Louisiana Cassandra Butler Assistant District Attorney Amite, Louisiana
DaShawn P. Hayes Counsel for Defendant/Appellee, New Orleans, Louisiana William McKinley
Erica Williams Counsel for Plaintiff/Appellee, Hammond, Louisiana Sheraunte McKinley
BEFORE: WOLFE, MILLER, AND GREENE, JJ.
j Av' A MILLER, J.
This matter is before us on appeal by the State of Louisiana, Department of
Children and Families, Child Support Enforcement Division (" the State") from a
judgment of the trial court sustaining peremptory exceptions of no cause of action
and no right of action in favor of the defendant, William McKinley, and dismissing
the State' s rule to show cause with prejudice. For the reasons that follow, we
reverse in part and affirm in part.
On October 5, 2023, the State filed a rule to show cause why Mr. McKinley
should not be ordered to pay child support for the minor children, Z.M. and M.M.,
born on October 2, 2008 and August 4, 2010 respectively, and why all payments
should not be made payable through the State.' Mr. McKinley responded by filing
exceptions of no cause of action and no right of action on the basis that he was
neither the biological nor legal father of the minor children. Mr. McKinley averred
therein that after the birth of the children, he and the mother of the children,
Sheraunte McKinley, were married on July 16, 2016, and subsequently divorced
by a judgment dated May 24, 2021. Mr. McKinley contended that Mrs. McKinley,
without authorization, signed his name to an acknowledgment of paternity form for
the minor children. Mr. McKinley contended that he subsequently filed a petition
to annul the acknowledgment, which was granted by the trial court following
paternity testing that revealed he was not the biological father of either child.
In support of his exceptions, Mr. McKinley attached a copy of the paternity
test results and the trial court' s May 16, 2023 judgment declaring that he was not
the biological father of the minor children; revoking and the annulling
acknowledgment of paternity of the minor children; ordering the Louisiana
In order to protect the identity of the minor children, we use their initials herein. See Uniform Rules - Courts of Appeal, Rule 5- 2.
2 Department of Health and Hospitals, Office of Vital Records, to remove Mr.
McKinley' s name as the father on the children' s birth certificates; and ordering the
State to return any and all child support payments made by Mr. McKinley on
behalf of the minor children, retroactive to the date of the filing of Mr. McKinley' s
petition to annul acknowledgment of paternity.'
The State opposed the exceptions contending that, pursuant to La. C. C. art.
1955 the revocation of Mr. McKinley' s acknowledgements of the children did not
have the legal effect of disavowing the children. The State thus contended that
because Mr. McKinley did not timely file an action to disavow paternity as
required by La. C. C. art. 195, he still owed an obligation of support for the minor
children.
Mr. McKinley responded to the State' s opposition contending that at no time
herein did Mr. McKinley execute an acknowledgement of paternity for the minor
children. Instead, Mr. McKinley argued that Mrs. McKinley fraudulently, and
without his authorization, signed his name on an acknowledgment of paternity
form, and that the fraudulent acknowledgement executed by Mrs. McKinley
relative to the minor children was annulled pursuant to La. R.S. 9: 406( B). 3 Mr.
2W note that the May 16, 2023 judgment annulling the acknowledgment of paternity of M.M. and Z.M. was not appealed. Although the State filed a " Motion for New Trial and/ or Motion to Vacate and Exceptions" on May 26, 2023, the trial court denied the motion as untimely where notice of the judgment was issued on May 16, 2023.
3Louisiana Revised Statutes 9: 406( B)( 3) & ( 4) provide for revocation or annulment of an authentic act if its execution was based on " fraud, duress, material mistake of fact or error
existed in the execution of the act" or if the father is excluded by accredited laboratory testing, as follows:
3) If the court finds based upon the evidence presented at the hearing that there is substantial likelihood that fraud, duress, material mistake of fact or error existed in the execution of the act or that the person who executed the authentic act of acknowledgment is not the biological father, then, and only then, the court shall order genetic tests pursuant to R.S. 9: 396. Nothing herein shall preclude the petitioner from presenting any other evidence as a substitute for the genetic tests if it is not possible to conduct such tests.
4) The test results certified under oath by an authorized representative of an accredited laboratory shall be filed with the court and shall be admissible on the issue of paternity pursuant to R.S. 9: 397. 3. If the test results show a statistical 3 McKinley further argued that once his fraudulent act of acknowledgment was
annulled by order of the court based upon genetic tests conducted in accordance
with La. R.S. 9: 406( B), La. R.S. 9: 406( D)(2) 4 provides that no further action for
support may be initiated against him.
The exceptions were heard before the trial court on February 20, 2024. The
State called Mrs. McKinley to testify. In connection with her testimony, the State
attempted to introduce the children' s birth certificates. Counsel for Mr. McKinley
objected to their introduction contending that they had not been properly
authenticated, and further, that they were irrelevant given the trial court' s order
that Mr. McKinley' s name be removed from the birth certificates in its May 16,
2023 final judgment. The trial court noted that its May 16, 2023 judgment
annulling Mr. McKinley' s acknowledgment of the minor children and ordering that
his name be removed from their birth certificates was a final judgment that was not
appealed, but nonetheless allowed the State to introduce the birth certificates in
evidence as State' s Exhibit 1, noting Mr. McKinley' s objection. At the conclusion
of the hearing, the trial court granted the exceptions of no cause and no right of
action and dismissed the State' s rule to show cause with prejudice. In conformity
with its ruling, the trial court signed a judgment on March 8, 2024.
The State now appeals.
probability of ninety- nine point nine percent or greater, a rebuttable presumption of paternity shall be established. If the acknowledged father is found to be excluded by the tests, an action seeking support or an established order of support shall be dismissed and the acknowledgment of paternity shall be annulled. A judgment dismissing an established order of support does not affect any child support payment or arrearages paid, due or owing prior to the date the annulment was filed.
4Louisiana Revised Statutes 9:406(D)(2) provides that " if the voluntary acknowledgment is annulled by order of the court based upon genetic tests conducted in accordance with Subsection B of this Section which excluded a person as a parent and an order of support has not been established, no further action may be initiated against the excluded person."
C! DISCUSSION
Peremptory exceptions of no cause of action and no right of action are
separate and distinct. La. C. C. P. art. 927( A)(5) & ( 6). The peremptory exception
of no cause of action tests the legal sufficiency of the petition by determining
whether the law affords a remedy on the facts alleged in the pleading. Labranche
v. Landry, 2022- 0461 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 12/ 15/ 22), 357 So. 3d 395, 403. The
exception is triable solely on the face of the petition and any attached written
exhibits.5La. C. C. P. arts. 853 and 931; Cheniere Construction, Inc. v. State
through Department of Revenue and Taxation, 2019- 1471 ( La. App. 1st Cir.
9/ 18/ 20), 313 So. 3d 992, 994- 995, writ denied, 2020- 01194 ( La. 12/ 8/ 20), 306 So.
3d 431. The court must presume all well -pleaded facts are true, must make all
reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party, and must resolve any
doubts in favor of the petition' s sufficiency. Cheniere Construction, Inc., 313 So.
3d at 995.
Turning to the exception of no right of action, La. C. C. P. art. 681 provides
that an action can only be brought by a person having a real and actual interest
which he asserts. The exception of no right of action is designed to test whether
the plaintiff has a real and actual interest in the action. La. C. C. P. art. 927( 6). The
function of the exception urging no right of action is to determine whether the
plaintiff belongs to the class of persons to whom the law grants the cause of action
asserted in the suit. Robertson v. Sun Life Financial, 2009- 2275 ( La. App. I st Cir. 6/ 11/ 10), 40 So. 3d 507, 511. The exception of no right of action assumes that the
petition states a valid cause of action and tests whether the plaintiff has an interest
in judicially enforcing it. The question simply focuses on whether the plaintiff has
a right to sue the defendant to enforce the claim. St. Cyr v. St. Cyr, 2016- 0896
5Moreover, on an exception of no cause of action, an appellate court lacks authority to resolve factual disputes via judicial notice. Kinney v. BioDistrict New Orleans, 2023- 0611 ( La. App. 4th Cir. 6/ 25/ 24), 398 So. 3d 38, 45 nA 61 La. App. I" Cir. 2/ 21/ 17), 215 So. 3d 283, 285, writ denied, 2017- 0511 ( La.
3/ 31/ 17), 217 So. 3d 357.
The exception of no right of action does not raise the question of the
plaintiffs ability to prevail on the merits, nor does it question whether there is a
valid defense to the proceeding. LeBlanc v. Alfred, 2015- 0397 ( La. App. I" Cir.
12/ 17/ 15), 185 So. 3d 768, 774. Unlike the exception of no cause of action,
evidence supporting or controverting an exception of no right of action is
admissible; however, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, the averments of
fact in the pleadings will be taken as true. La. C. C.P. art. 931; St. Cyr, 215 So. 3d
at 285. The defendant has the burden of establishing that the plaintiff does not
have an interest in the subject matter of the suit or legal capacity to proceed with
the suit and any doubt is to be resolved in favor of the plaintiff. Teague v. St. Paul
Fire and Marine Insurance Company, 2006- 1266 ( La. App. Is' Cir. 4/ 7/ 09), 10 So.
3d 8061 847, writ denied, 2009- 1030 ( La. 6/ 17/ 09), 10 So. 3d 722; Talbot v. C & C
Millworks, Inc., 97- 1489 ( La. App. 1St Cir. 6/ 29/ 98), 715 So. 2d 153, 155.
A trial court' s ruling sustaining peremptory exceptions of no cause of action
and no right of action is reviewed under the de novo standard of review to
determine whether the trial court was legally correct. LeBlanc, 185 So. 3d at 773.
However, when evidence is introduced to support or controvert an exception of no
right of action, the trial court' s factual findings are reviewed under the manifest
error -clearly wrong standard of review. Hebert v. Superior Rental Properties,
LLC, 2023- 1015 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 9/ 25/ 24), _ So. 3d _, _, 2024 WL 4281869,
3.
At the outset, we note that while the transcript indicates that the trial court
allowed the State to introduce the birth certificates of M.M. and Z.M. as State
Exhibit 1, the record before us on appeal contains no exhibits from the February 20, 2024 hearing. The State, as the appellant herein, is charged with the
2 Thus, the responsibility of completeness of the record for appellate review. imputable to the State. Brown v. Louisiana inadequacy of the record is
Department of Public Safety & Corrections, 2019- 0853 ( La. App. Is' Cir. 2/ 21/ 20),
296 So. 3d 619, 624. Nevertheless, we will first address whether the trial court
erred in sustaining Mr. McKinley' s exception of no cause of action, where the
introduction of evidence to support or controvert the exception is precluded. See
La. C. C. P. art. 931.
The State contends on appeal that the May 16, 2023 judgment of the trial
court revoking Mr. McKinley' s paternity acknowledgments did not have the legal
effect of disavowing the children as required by La. C. C. art. 195, and that in the
absence of a proceeding to disavow his paternity, Mr. McKinley still has a legal
obligation to support the minor children.6 Mr. McKinley argues that although he
married the mother of the children, he did not acknowledge the children, any
fraudulent acknowledgment was deemed null by the trial court' s May 16, 2023
judgment, the State is precluded from initiating any further action against him
pursuant to La. R.S. 9: 406( D)( 2) because he is not the biological father of the
children, and thus the presumption established by La. C. C. art. 195 does not apply.
The court' s inquiry on an exception of no cause of action is limited to
determining whether the law provides a remedy to anyone ifthefacts alleged in the
petition are proved at trial. Midland Funding LLC v. Welch, 2022- 0823 ( La. App.
6Louisiana Civil Code article 195 provides as follows:
A man who marries the mother of a child not filiated to another man and who, with the concurrence of the mother, acknowledges the child by authentic act is presumed to be the father of that child.
The husband may disavow paternity of the child as provided in Article 187. Revocation of the authentic act of acknowledgment alone is not sufficient to rebut the presumption of paternity created by this Article.
The action for disavowal is subject to a peremptive period of one hundred eighty days. This peremptive period commences to run from the day of the marriage or the acknowledgment, whichever occurs later.
7 I" Cir. 2/ 24/ 23), 361 So. 3d 1022, 1027, citing Farmco, Inc. v. W. Baton Rowe
Parish Governing Council, 2001- 1086 ( La. 6/ 15/ 01), 789 So. 2d 568, 569 ( per
curiam) ( emphasis added.). In making that limited determination, " all doubts are
resolved in plaintiff' s favor." Farmco, Inc., 789 So. 2d at 569, citing 1 Frank L.
Maraist & Harry T. Lemmon, Louisiana Civil Law Treatise: Civil Procedure §
6. 7( 2)( 1999). A court exceeds its limited scope on an exception of no cause of
action by reaching the merits. Midland Funding LLC, 361 So. 3d at 1027.
In its rule to show cause why Mr. McKinley should not be ordered to pay
child support for the minor children, the State alleged that Mr. McKinley was the
father" of the minor children and, as the " father" of the children, owed an
obligation of support. Thus, accepting the State' s allegation that Mr. McKinley is
the father as true as we must., because the law extends a remedy against a father to
support his minor children, the petition alleges sufficient facts to establish a case
cognizable in law, and the exception of no cause of action fails. See La. C. C. art.
227; La. R.S. 46: 236. 1. 2; Livaccari v. Alden Engineering, Inc., 2000- 0856 ( La.
App. 1st Cir. 12/ 1/ 00), 808 So. 2d 383, 387- 388. Accordingly, we find the trial
court erred in maintaining Mr. McKinley' s peremptory exception of no cause of
action.
Turning to the peremptory exception of no right of action, the State, as
assignor of Mrs. McKinley' s right to pursue support for the minor children, has a
clear statutory right to seek to establish or enforce a child support obligation owed
by any person pursuant to La. R.S. 46:236. 1. 2, and this right was alleged in the
State' s rule to show cause.' See State ex rel. Department of Social Services v.
7The State' s rule to show cause alleges its right to proceed pursuant to La. R.S. 46: 236. 1. However, the relevant statute authorizing the State to pursue child support is Louisiana Revised Statute 46: 236. 1. 2, which provides in part:
A. The department is hereby authorized to develop and implement a program of family support in FITAP cases, Title IV -E Foster Care cases, Medicaid -only n A.P., 2002- 2372 ( La. App. I" Cir. 6/ 20/ 03), 858 So. 2d 498, 502; cf. State,
Department of Social Services, Office of Family Support, in Interest of Sterling v.
Coleman, 616 So. 2d 844, 849 ( La. App. 3rd Cir. 1993) (" The assignment to [ the
State] is actually an assignment of [the mother' s] right to assert the child' s right to
support. [ The State], as assignor of [the mother' s] " right, title, and interest," is
merely representing [ the mother' s] right as the parent of [the child] to enforce the
obligation owed to the child.")
Although Mr. McKinley bore the burden of establishing that the State and/ or
Mrs. McKinley did not have an interest in the subject matter of the suit or legal
capacity to proceed with the suit, Mr. McKinley did not introduce any evidence at
the hearing. While Mr. McKinley attached the DNA Paternity Test Results and the
trial court' s May 16, 2023 judgment to his memorandum in support of his
exceptions, he did not introduce this evidence at the hearing on the exceptions.
Nonetheless, in maintaining the exception of no right of action, the trial court
cases, and any other category of cases to which the state is required by federal law or regulation to provide services, designed to do the following:
1) Enforce, collect, and distribute the support obligation owed by any person to his child or children and to his spouse or former spouse with whom the child is living if a support obligation has been established with respect to such spouse or former spouse. [ Emphasis added.]
D. ( 1) The department, except when it is not in the best interest of the child, may without the necessity of written assignment, subrogation, tutorship proceedings, or divorce proceedings take direct civil action, including actions to establish filiation against an alleged biological parent notwithstanding the existence of a legal presumption that another person is the parent of the child solely for the purpose of fulfilling its responsibility under this Section, in any court of competent jurisdiction, to obtain an order, judgment, or agreement of support against the responsible person in any case in which the department is providing services under this Subpart. The amount of such support shall be set only by order of the court or by the consent of the parties, but in either case the department shall be designated as payee. Additionally, the department may take direct action to modify an order or judgment of support, including actions to increase or decrease support, in any case in which the department is providing services pursuant to this Subpart. A separate and distinct cause of action in favor of the department is hereby created, and suits brought under this provision need not be ancillary to or dependent upon any other legal proceeding. Emphasis added.]
I determined that the State, on behalf of Mrs. McKinley, had no right to proceed
because its May 16, 2023 final judgment ordered that Mr. McKinley was not the
biological father of the minor children; annulled the acknowledgment of paternity
of the minor children; ordered the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals,
Office of Vital Records to remove Mr. McKinley' s name as the father on the
children' s birth certificates; and ordered the State to return any and all child
support payments made by Mr. McKinley on behalf of the minor children,
retroactive to the date of the filing of Mr. McKinley' s petition to annul
acknowledgment of paternity.' See 5301 Jefferson Hwy, LLC v. A. Maloney
Moving & Storage, Inc., 2023- 211 ( La. App. 5t'' Cir. 5/ 29/ 24), 392 So. 3d 337, 348
the trial court' s previous judgment could be considered by the trial court although
it was not properly taken into evidence at the trial on the exception, and the court
did not explicitly take judicial notice of its judgment). Considering that Mr.
McKinley' s acknowledgments of the minor children were annulled and his name
removed from the birth certificates, Mr. McKinley did not " acknowledge[] the
child[ ren] by authentic act" so as to invoke the presumption of paternity
established by La. C. C. art. 195. Thus, Article 195 does not apply. As such, the
State has no right of action to proceed with the claim for child support on Mrs.
McKinley' s behalf.
Upon our de novo review, we find no error in the judgment of the trial court
sustaining Mr. McKinley' s exception of no right of action.
CONCLUSION
For the above and foregoing reasons, the portion of the March 8, 2024
judgment of the trial court maintaining Mr. McKinley' s exception of no cause of
action is reversed. The portion of the March 8, 2024 judgment of the trial court
8A court may take judicial notice of its own proceedings. Parent v. Louisiana Department of Public Safety & Corrections, 2021- 0897 ( La. App. 1St Cir. 3/ 3/ 22), 341 So. 3d 804, 806. See also La. C. E. art. 202.
10 maintaining Mr. McKinley' s exception of no right of action is affirmed. All costs
of this appeal in the amount of $3, 505. 00 are assessed to the appellant, the State of
H Department ~^f^~^~^^~^ ' ^~^ ^~~~~^^~~` and ' ` ^~~~~^^ pr~~^E-^'-'------- ~~
REVERSED IN AND IN
ll DOCKET NUMBER 2024 CA 0850
WILLIAM M. McKINLEY
GREENE,, 3., concurring in result only.
I agree that the trial court correctly dismissed the State' s rule to show cause
against Mr. McKinley. However, because I disagree with the majority's legal analysis in
affirming the trial court's judgment, I concur in the result only reached by the majority.
The majority concludes the State's rule to show cause alleges a cause of action
against Mr. McKinley, because the rule alleges that Mr. McKinley is the father of the minor
children and, as the father, he owes child support. The majority further concludes,
however, that the State has no right of action against Mr. McKinley because the trial
court's May 16, 2023 prior judgment in this case: ( 1) decreed that Mr. McKinley was not
the biological father of Z. M. and M. M, and ( 2) annulled Mr. McKinley's acknowledgements
of paternity of the children.
While a right of action and a cause of action are similar concepts, each has a
different focus. The inquiry into whether a right of action exists means asking whether
the plaintiff is the proper party to bring suit and obtain a remedy, while the inquiry into
whether a cause of action exists means asking whether the law provides a remedy for
the specific injury alleged. Guidry v. East Coast Hockey League, Inc., 2002- 1254 ( La.
App. 3 Cir. 3/ 5/ 03), 844 So. 2d 100, 104, writs denied, 2003- 1457, 2003- 1469, 2003- 1471
La. 11/ 21/ 03), 860 So. 2d 543. 1 think La. R. S. 46: 236. 1. 2 clearly gives the State a right
ofaction to pursue child support from a person believed to be the parent of child to whom
the State is providing services. The State has a real and actual interest in pursuing child'
support from a non- paying parent and is clearly the proper party to bring suit and obtain a remedy in this case. See La. C. C. P. art. 927( 6). 1 do not think the May 16, 2023
judgment refutes the State' s right of action in this case.
Rather, I think the May 16, 2023 judgment instead shows the State has no cause
of action against Mr. McKinley, because the law affords no remedy to the State for child
support against him. Under La. R. S. 9: 406( D)( 2), once a court annuls an
acknowledgment based upon genetic tests which excludes a person as a parent, and a
support order has not been established, no further action may be initiated against the
excluded person. Thus, because the trial court's May 16, 2023 judgment indeed annulled
Mr. McKinley's acknowledgments based on genetic testing, and ordered the return of
certain support payments previously established, the law affords no remedy to the State,
and the State has no cause of action against him.
I also think the trial court had authority to take judicial notice of its May 16, 2023
judgment in deciding the exception of no cause of action. Under the law of the case
doctrine, a court should not revisit an issue it decided earlier in the same case. See,
generally, 1A La. Civ. L. Treatise, Civ. Proc. — Special Proceed. 4. 7, Law of the Case; also
see Arceneaux v. Amstar Corp., 2010- 2329 ( La. 7/ 1/ 11), 66 So. 3d 438, 448 ( trial court
and appellate court are bound by law of the case); Spears v. Mid-America Dairymen, Inc.,
2001- 0978 ( La. App. 1 Cir. 8/ 14/ 02), 824 So. 2d 1269, 1275 ( trial court bound by its prior
rulings). The law of the case doctrine applies to those who were parties to the case when
the former decision was rendered and to issues that were actually presented and decided
by the court. See Meadows v. Adams, 2018- 1544 ( La. App. 1 Cir. 11/ 9/ 20), 316 So. 3d
5, 10. Further, although La. C. C. P. art. 931 generally precludes the introduction of
evidence to support or controvert an exception of no cause of action, there is at least
indirect support that the trial court in this case had authority to take judicial notice of its
own prior ruling when deciding the exception of no cause of action.' See Brubaker v.
Houma Police Dep"t, 2023- 1330 ( La. App. 1 Cir. 10/ 16/ 24), 2024 WL 4500088, * 5 and
I Although La. C. C. P. art. 931 generally precludes the introduction of evidence to support or controvert an exception of no cause of action, the jurisprudence recognizes an exception to this rule, which allows the court to consider evidence admitted without objection. Misita v. St. Tammany Parish Government, 2018- 1595 ( La. App. 1 Cir. 9/ 11/ 19), 286 So. 3d 440, 443- 44, writ denied, 2019- 01877 ( La. 1/ 28/ 20), 291 So. 3d 1060. Thus, had the trial court's May 16, 2023 judgment been introduced into evidence without objection at the exception hearing, the trial court could also have used this avenue to consider its prior judgment in deciding Mr. McKinley's exception of no cause of action.
IN Bayou LibeltyAssn Inc. v. St. Tammany Par. Council, 2005- 1228 ( La. App. 1 Cir. 6/ 9/ 06),
938 So. 2d 724, 729 ( both cases finding trial court properly took judicial notice of
ordinances in determining an exception of no cause of action). I think judicial notice is
particularly appropriate in this case, because there is no factual dispute as to what the
trial court's May 16, 2023 judgment establishes —Mr. McKinley is not the biological father.
Compare Kinney v. BioDistrict New Orleans, 2023- 0611 ( La. App. 4 Cir. 6/ 25/ 24), 398
So. 3d 38, 45, n. 4 ( noting judicial notice is not proper to resolve disputed factual issues).
Thus, in deciding Mr. McKinley's exception of no cause of action, I think the trial
court herein was bound under the law of the case doctrine by its May 16, 2023 final
judgment in the same case, wherein it decreed that Mr. McKinley was not the biological
father of the minor children, and which judgment the State did not appeal. Because I
would affirm the judgment insofar as it granted the exception of no cause of action, and
even though I think the State has a right of action herein, I would pretermit deciding
whether the judgment correctly granted the exception of no right of action. When there
is no cause of action, there can be no right of action. Warren v. HDI Global insurance
Company, 21- 570 ( La. App. 5 Cir. 5/ 16/ 22), 341 So. 3d 1249, 1253, writ denied, 2022-
00938 ( La. 11/ 1/ 22), 349 So. 3d 10.