Bartch, J.:
Tbis was a proceeding in mandamus to compel the payment of a certain judgment obtained by the relators against Kaysville city, or, if that were impossible, then to compel the city council to levy a tax upon the taxable property of the city for'the purpose of paying the same. Upon the hearing the court ordered the writ to issue, and the defendant appealed.
It appears from the stipulation of facts that in October, 1890, for the purpose of building a city hall, the city of Kaysville negotiated a loan of $5,000 with the respondents, issuing therefor, in the manner required by law, coupon bonds in the sum of $1,000 each, the coupons representing interest, and being payable semi-annually. Default wras made in the payment of certain of these coupons, and thereupon, in March, 1897, the respondents herein brought suit, and recovered judgment against the city for the sum of $405. The city had no funds on hand to pay the judgment, and has taken no steps to levy any tax for the purpose of paying it; nor has it any property out of which the judgment can be satisfied upon execution. In answer to the petition of the relators, it is averred, substantially, that the city contains an area of about 23 square miles; that not more than two square miles of its territory is platted into lots and blocks; that the city is not thickly populated throughout its entire limits, some of the platted and unplatted portions of its corporate limits being devoted to agricultural purposes; that there are included within its limits many farms containing from 12 to 119 acres; that the city authorities know of no method by which to ascertain what property [342]*342is benefited by the municipal government, and liable to taxation for municipal xmrposes, and are advised and believe the taxes which they might levy would be unlawful, there being no line, natural or artificial, dividing the portion of the corporate limits which is benefited by the city government from that which receives no benefit or protection therefrom; and that no part of the platted portion of its territory is benefited more by the erection of the city hall and jail than any other portion. All these facts are admitted by stipulation. It is not contended that the city has no power to issue the bonds, nor that they Avere not issued in due form of law. The contention of the appellant amounts to this: that, after having issued the bonds in the manner prescribed by law,- obtained the money in a lawful transaction, and used it for , municipal improvements, and corporate benefit, it has no authority to raise revenue to pay the interest, and that the creditors, who have parted with their money in an attempt to recover what is due them, simply find themselves in the position of a creditor who holds the obligation of a debtor who is unable to provide the means of payment. A court of justice will not, for light reasons, give countenance to such a proposition so repulsive to fair dealing. In such case the corporate authority will be carefully scrutinized, with a view to enforcing payment if possible.
As it is admitted that the bonds were issued in accordance AAdth the forms of law, it will be necessary to this decision to refer only to the statutory provisions concerning the raising of revenue for city purposes. In the charter of Ivaysville city (1 Comp. Laws Utah, 1888, § 706) it is proAÚded, as follows: “The city council shall have authority to levy and collect taxes, for city purposes, upon all taxable property, real and personal, with[343]*343in tlie limits of the city, not exceeding one-half of one pep cent per annum upon- the assessed value thereof; and may enforce the payment of the same to be provided for by ordinance, not repugnant to the constitution of the United States or to the laws of this territory.” The procedure in the case of the, levy of general or special taxes by the city council is contained in section 10, c. 68, p. 74, Sess. Laws 1892, which reads: “In cities of the third class and in incorporated towns and villages the general taxes of the city, town or village shall be levied and collected upon the assessment made by the county assessor, in the manner now or hereafter provided by law for such levy and collection, and special taxes shall be levied and collected in the same manner and form provided by law and the, ordinances of such town, city or village.” As may be noticed, section 766 expressly authorizes the city council of Kaysville to levy and collect taxes for city purposes. This authority carries with it the power to levy and collect taxes for the payment of a debt incurred for such purposes or for city improvements; and it remains uncontroverted that the judgment, the payment of which is sought to be enforced in this case, is the result of a loan which was negotiated for municipal purposes. Hence the city council has the power, and it is its plain duty, to levy a tax upon all the taxable property within the city limits to satisfy the judgment of the respondents. Such levy, however, cannot exceed the amount limited by the statute, but there is no pretense that a levy in amount sufficient to satisfy the judgment would exceed such limit. Section 10 of the act of 1892 provides the manner in which the levy shall be made. It is thus apparent that the city council has ample statutory authority to levy a tax for the purpose of liquidating the claim in controversy. But it is insisted that this [344]*344power lias been abridged, if not entirely abrogated, by judicial construction and decision; and in support of this position we are cited to the cases of People v. Daniels, 6 Utah, 288, and Ellison v. Linford, 7 Utah, 166.
In the former it appeared that the defendant owned a farm within the limits of a city, as defined by the territorial legislature, but it was situate two and a half miles from the town site or any improvements indicating a city; and because of a failure .to list that property for taxation for municipal purposes he was prescuted, and found guilty of a violation of section 2023, 1 Comp. Laws Utah, 1888. On appeal the case was reversed, the court holding that the territorial legislature had no power to extend the limits of a city so as to include farms and outlying districts not benefited by the municipal government, and subject them to taxation for municipal purposes. In the latter case the defendant, a tax collector of the city of Kaysville, had levied upon and sold property of the plaintiff for unpaid municipal taxes, which had been levied by the city upon property so remote from the platted portion of the city, although within its territorial limits, as to receive no benefit from the city government; and the rule announced in the former case was followed, and the property held not taxable for municipal purposes. Those cases were decided by the territorial supreme court, and a territorial statute was construed. The government of the territory belonged primarily .to congress, and was maintained through agencies which congress established. The territory was a mere dependency of the United States, and its people did not constitute a sovereign power. The legislature of the territory was a creature of congress, with only delegated power, and congress had reserved the right to annul any law which the legislature might pass. The en-[345]*345actmehts of such a legislature are construed less liberally than would be' those of a sovereignty, and are declared void Avith less hesitancy if they manifest an unreasonable or improper exercise of power. Similar views seem to have been entertained by the court in the case of People v. Daniels, and it.
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Bartch, J.:
Tbis was a proceeding in mandamus to compel the payment of a certain judgment obtained by the relators against Kaysville city, or, if that were impossible, then to compel the city council to levy a tax upon the taxable property of the city for'the purpose of paying the same. Upon the hearing the court ordered the writ to issue, and the defendant appealed.
It appears from the stipulation of facts that in October, 1890, for the purpose of building a city hall, the city of Kaysville negotiated a loan of $5,000 with the respondents, issuing therefor, in the manner required by law, coupon bonds in the sum of $1,000 each, the coupons representing interest, and being payable semi-annually. Default wras made in the payment of certain of these coupons, and thereupon, in March, 1897, the respondents herein brought suit, and recovered judgment against the city for the sum of $405. The city had no funds on hand to pay the judgment, and has taken no steps to levy any tax for the purpose of paying it; nor has it any property out of which the judgment can be satisfied upon execution. In answer to the petition of the relators, it is averred, substantially, that the city contains an area of about 23 square miles; that not more than two square miles of its territory is platted into lots and blocks; that the city is not thickly populated throughout its entire limits, some of the platted and unplatted portions of its corporate limits being devoted to agricultural purposes; that there are included within its limits many farms containing from 12 to 119 acres; that the city authorities know of no method by which to ascertain what property [342]*342is benefited by the municipal government, and liable to taxation for municipal xmrposes, and are advised and believe the taxes which they might levy would be unlawful, there being no line, natural or artificial, dividing the portion of the corporate limits which is benefited by the city government from that which receives no benefit or protection therefrom; and that no part of the platted portion of its territory is benefited more by the erection of the city hall and jail than any other portion. All these facts are admitted by stipulation. It is not contended that the city has no power to issue the bonds, nor that they Avere not issued in due form of law. The contention of the appellant amounts to this: that, after having issued the bonds in the manner prescribed by law,- obtained the money in a lawful transaction, and used it for , municipal improvements, and corporate benefit, it has no authority to raise revenue to pay the interest, and that the creditors, who have parted with their money in an attempt to recover what is due them, simply find themselves in the position of a creditor who holds the obligation of a debtor who is unable to provide the means of payment. A court of justice will not, for light reasons, give countenance to such a proposition so repulsive to fair dealing. In such case the corporate authority will be carefully scrutinized, with a view to enforcing payment if possible.
As it is admitted that the bonds were issued in accordance AAdth the forms of law, it will be necessary to this decision to refer only to the statutory provisions concerning the raising of revenue for city purposes. In the charter of Ivaysville city (1 Comp. Laws Utah, 1888, § 706) it is proAÚded, as follows: “The city council shall have authority to levy and collect taxes, for city purposes, upon all taxable property, real and personal, with[343]*343in tlie limits of the city, not exceeding one-half of one pep cent per annum upon- the assessed value thereof; and may enforce the payment of the same to be provided for by ordinance, not repugnant to the constitution of the United States or to the laws of this territory.” The procedure in the case of the, levy of general or special taxes by the city council is contained in section 10, c. 68, p. 74, Sess. Laws 1892, which reads: “In cities of the third class and in incorporated towns and villages the general taxes of the city, town or village shall be levied and collected upon the assessment made by the county assessor, in the manner now or hereafter provided by law for such levy and collection, and special taxes shall be levied and collected in the same manner and form provided by law and the, ordinances of such town, city or village.” As may be noticed, section 766 expressly authorizes the city council of Kaysville to levy and collect taxes for city purposes. This authority carries with it the power to levy and collect taxes for the payment of a debt incurred for such purposes or for city improvements; and it remains uncontroverted that the judgment, the payment of which is sought to be enforced in this case, is the result of a loan which was negotiated for municipal purposes. Hence the city council has the power, and it is its plain duty, to levy a tax upon all the taxable property within the city limits to satisfy the judgment of the respondents. Such levy, however, cannot exceed the amount limited by the statute, but there is no pretense that a levy in amount sufficient to satisfy the judgment would exceed such limit. Section 10 of the act of 1892 provides the manner in which the levy shall be made. It is thus apparent that the city council has ample statutory authority to levy a tax for the purpose of liquidating the claim in controversy. But it is insisted that this [344]*344power lias been abridged, if not entirely abrogated, by judicial construction and decision; and in support of this position we are cited to the cases of People v. Daniels, 6 Utah, 288, and Ellison v. Linford, 7 Utah, 166.
In the former it appeared that the defendant owned a farm within the limits of a city, as defined by the territorial legislature, but it was situate two and a half miles from the town site or any improvements indicating a city; and because of a failure .to list that property for taxation for municipal purposes he was prescuted, and found guilty of a violation of section 2023, 1 Comp. Laws Utah, 1888. On appeal the case was reversed, the court holding that the territorial legislature had no power to extend the limits of a city so as to include farms and outlying districts not benefited by the municipal government, and subject them to taxation for municipal purposes. In the latter case the defendant, a tax collector of the city of Kaysville, had levied upon and sold property of the plaintiff for unpaid municipal taxes, which had been levied by the city upon property so remote from the platted portion of the city, although within its territorial limits, as to receive no benefit from the city government; and the rule announced in the former case was followed, and the property held not taxable for municipal purposes. Those cases were decided by the territorial supreme court, and a territorial statute was construed. The government of the territory belonged primarily .to congress, and was maintained through agencies which congress established. The territory was a mere dependency of the United States, and its people did not constitute a sovereign power. The legislature of the territory was a creature of congress, with only delegated power, and congress had reserved the right to annul any law which the legislature might pass. The en-[345]*345actmehts of such a legislature are construed less liberally than would be' those of a sovereignty, and are declared void Avith less hesitancy if they manifest an unreasonable or improper exercise of power. Similar views seem to have been entertained by the court in the case of People v. Daniels, and it. is, therefore, a question of no little importance whether we would be justified in applying the rule laid down in that case, and affirmed in Ellison v. Linford, to an enactment which has now the sanction ■of a sovereign power. However, we do not deem it necessary to decide this question in this case, because the essential facts and the nature and purposes of the suits in the cases wherein the rule Avas declared and adopted are different from those herein. As has been observed, the former was a prosection for failure to list property Avhich the court afterwards held was not taxable for municipal purposes; the latter Avas a suit to recover damages for the seizure and sale, for unpaid taxes, of property which was not taxable for such purposes; while this is a proceeding to compel the levying of taxes on the taxable property of the city for the purpose of paying a municipal debt. The writ of mandamus does not compel the levying or collection of a tax on property not taxable for city purposes, and we cannot presume that the city authorities will commit an unlawful act, in attempting to obey the writ, by levying upon property which they have no right to tax; but we haAre a right to assume that there is property within the corporate limits of the city which is taxable for municipal purposes, and to hold it the duty of the council to tax the same and pay the judgment. Whether such property can be readily or easily ascertained does not concern us. Nor is it incumbent upon ns to determine in this case whether there is a natural or artificial line which separates the taxable [346]*346property witliin the corporate limits from that which is not taxable, if there be such, or where such line is. Common observation teaches that -wherever there is an incorporated city there is property within its limits which is subject to taxation for city purposes, and it is idle for those who are intrusted with the municipal government to declare that they cannot ascertain such property. It may cause inconvenience, it is true, but inconvenience will not excuse a failure to pay a legitimate debt, or satisfy a judgment against the municipality. We perceive no error in the record. The judgment is affirmed.
Zake, O. J., and Mixer, J., concur.