THIRD DIVISION MIKELL, P. J., MILLER and BLACKWELL, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. (Court of Appeals Rule 4 (b) and Rule 37 (b), February 21, 2008) http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/
June 22, 2012
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A12A0624. SCOTT v. THE STATE.
BLACKWELL, Judge.
Following a stipulated bench trial in Walton County, Shelli Scott was
convicted of possession of methamphetamine1 and possession of drug-related
objects.2 She appeals, asserting that the trial court erred when it denied her motion to
suppress evidence that was recovered during a search of her car. Scott contends that
the search of her car was unlawful because police did not have probable cause to
search the car for contraband, and she argues that the search cannot be justified as an
inventory search because it was not necessary to impound her car. We see no error
and affirm the judgment of conviction.
1 OCGA § 16-13-30 (a). 2 OCGA § 16-13-32.2 (a). When we review the denial of a motion to suppress, we owe no deference to
the way in which the court below resolved questions of law, Barrett v. State, 289 Ga.
197, 200 (1) (709 SE2d 816) (2011), but we accept its findings about questions of fact
and credibility unless clearly erroneous, and we view the evidence in the light most
favorable to its findings and judgment. Culpepper v. State, 312 Ga. App. 115, 115-
116 (717 SE2d 698) (2011). So viewed, the evidence in this case shows that a
Monroe County police officer activated his lights to pull over Scott’s car, which
Tomas Wright was driving, and in which Scott was a passenger, because it had a
broken taillight. Wright, however, did not pull over immediately and instead turned
onto a highway and then took an exit off the highway, where he finally stopped.
Although Wright stopped the car on the shoulder of the exit ramp, it was parked close
enough to the road that it would have impeded a large truck from exiting the highway.
When the officer learned that Wright had a suspended license, the officer
brought him to the back of the car and announced an intent to arrest him. But as the
officer attempted to handcuff Wright, he ran from the scene. The officer chased him
through the woods, eventually apprehended him with pepper spray, and flagged down
another officer to help put Wright in custody. When the officer finally returned to the
stopped car, he attempted to question Scott about her license and any outstanding
2 warrants. As a certified drug recognition expert, the officer concluded that Scott was
under the influence of narcotics. She was hypervigilant, her pupils were dilated, and
her muscle tone appeared rigid. The officer noticed a small jewelry bag on the ground
just outside the car, and based on his training and experience, he concluded that Scott
had attempted to dispose of an item containing narcotics. Before the officer searched
the jewelry bag, however, he learned that Scott had a pending warrant for a probation
violation involving a conviction for possession of methamphetamine, so the officer
arrested Scott and placed her in the back of his patrol car.
Because both Scott and Wright had been arrested, the officer called a tow truck
to remove the car from the scene, and pursuant to standard policy, a vehicle inventory
search was conducted prior to impounding the car. During the search, police found
syringes, needles, and a glass pipe containing methamphetamine residue in Scott’s
purse. They also found a glass pipe and drug paraphernalia containing
methamphetamine residue in a backpack located in the trunk, though it was stipulated
at trial that the backpack did not belong to Scott.
Scott first argues that the trial court erred in denying her motion to suppress
because the police did not have probable cause to search her car for evidence of
contraband. Pretermitting whether probable cause was present under the
3 circumstances in this case, however, the trial court correctly denied Scott’s motion
to suppress because the evidence was lawfully seized during an inventory search prior
to impounding the car.3 Officers are sometimes permitted to impound a car, and when
they do so, they may inventory its contents to protect the property of the owner and
to protect the officers from potential danger and against claims for lost or stolen
property. See Grizzle v. State, 310 Ga. App. 577, 579 (1) (713 SE2d 701) (2011);
State v. Lowe, 224 Ga. App. 228, 229 (480 SE2d 611) (1997). While officers cannot
impound a car merely as a pretext to search for contraband, they may impound a car
if they must take charge of it for some legitimate reason. See Lewis v. State, 294 Ga.
App. 607, 611 (2) (669 SE2d 558) (2008). So, to determine whether an inventory
search was authorized, we must first determine whether the impoundment was
reasonably necessary under the circumstances:
Impoundment of a vehicle is valid only if there is some necessity for the police to take charge of the property. In each instance, the ultimate test for the validity of the police’s conduct is whether, under the circumstances then confronting the police, their conduct was reasonable within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.
3 The State concedes that the search was not lawful as incident to her arrest on the probation violation.
4 Lowe, 224 Ga. App. at 229-230 (citations and punctuation omitted). “[T]he test is
whether the impoundment was reasonably necessary under the circumstances, not
whether it was absolutely necessary.” Grizzle, 310 Ga. App. at 579 (1) (citation and
punctuation omitted).
Scott argues that the officer’s decision to impound her car was unreasonable
under the circumstances because the officer did not ask her first if she had a
preference as to the disposition of her car. We disagree. We have said before that an
officer is not required to ask the owner what she would like to do with her car when
the owner has been arrested and there is no one present at the scene to take custody
of the car and safely remove it:
In this case, the owner of the vehicle was under arrest, she had implicated her companion in criminal activity, and no one else remained to take custody of the car and remove it from the shopping center premises. [Cit.] Although the officer did not inquire whether the [appellant] could make other arrangements for the retrieval of her car, he was not required to do so. [Cit.]
State v. King, 237 Ga. App. 729, 730 (1) (516 SE2d 580) (1999). See also Carlisle v.
State, 278 Ga. App. 528 (629 SE2d 512) (2006) (“Police officers are not required to
ask whether an arrestee desires to have someone come and get the car, nor are they
required to accede to an arrestee’s request that they do so.”) (citation and punctuation
5 omitted). This is especially true when the vehicle impedes or poses a potential danger
to traffic. See generally Evans v. State, 216 Ga. App. 21, 24 (2) (453 SE2d 100)
(1995) (“[T]he impoundment of the vehicle was necessary because all three of its
occupants had been arrested; no one remained to take custody of the car and remove
it from the side of the interstate.”); Williams v. State, 204 Ga. App.
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THIRD DIVISION MIKELL, P. J., MILLER and BLACKWELL, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. (Court of Appeals Rule 4 (b) and Rule 37 (b), February 21, 2008) http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/
June 22, 2012
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A12A0624. SCOTT v. THE STATE.
BLACKWELL, Judge.
Following a stipulated bench trial in Walton County, Shelli Scott was
convicted of possession of methamphetamine1 and possession of drug-related
objects.2 She appeals, asserting that the trial court erred when it denied her motion to
suppress evidence that was recovered during a search of her car. Scott contends that
the search of her car was unlawful because police did not have probable cause to
search the car for contraband, and she argues that the search cannot be justified as an
inventory search because it was not necessary to impound her car. We see no error
and affirm the judgment of conviction.
1 OCGA § 16-13-30 (a). 2 OCGA § 16-13-32.2 (a). When we review the denial of a motion to suppress, we owe no deference to
the way in which the court below resolved questions of law, Barrett v. State, 289 Ga.
197, 200 (1) (709 SE2d 816) (2011), but we accept its findings about questions of fact
and credibility unless clearly erroneous, and we view the evidence in the light most
favorable to its findings and judgment. Culpepper v. State, 312 Ga. App. 115, 115-
116 (717 SE2d 698) (2011). So viewed, the evidence in this case shows that a
Monroe County police officer activated his lights to pull over Scott’s car, which
Tomas Wright was driving, and in which Scott was a passenger, because it had a
broken taillight. Wright, however, did not pull over immediately and instead turned
onto a highway and then took an exit off the highway, where he finally stopped.
Although Wright stopped the car on the shoulder of the exit ramp, it was parked close
enough to the road that it would have impeded a large truck from exiting the highway.
When the officer learned that Wright had a suspended license, the officer
brought him to the back of the car and announced an intent to arrest him. But as the
officer attempted to handcuff Wright, he ran from the scene. The officer chased him
through the woods, eventually apprehended him with pepper spray, and flagged down
another officer to help put Wright in custody. When the officer finally returned to the
stopped car, he attempted to question Scott about her license and any outstanding
2 warrants. As a certified drug recognition expert, the officer concluded that Scott was
under the influence of narcotics. She was hypervigilant, her pupils were dilated, and
her muscle tone appeared rigid. The officer noticed a small jewelry bag on the ground
just outside the car, and based on his training and experience, he concluded that Scott
had attempted to dispose of an item containing narcotics. Before the officer searched
the jewelry bag, however, he learned that Scott had a pending warrant for a probation
violation involving a conviction for possession of methamphetamine, so the officer
arrested Scott and placed her in the back of his patrol car.
Because both Scott and Wright had been arrested, the officer called a tow truck
to remove the car from the scene, and pursuant to standard policy, a vehicle inventory
search was conducted prior to impounding the car. During the search, police found
syringes, needles, and a glass pipe containing methamphetamine residue in Scott’s
purse. They also found a glass pipe and drug paraphernalia containing
methamphetamine residue in a backpack located in the trunk, though it was stipulated
at trial that the backpack did not belong to Scott.
Scott first argues that the trial court erred in denying her motion to suppress
because the police did not have probable cause to search her car for evidence of
contraband. Pretermitting whether probable cause was present under the
3 circumstances in this case, however, the trial court correctly denied Scott’s motion
to suppress because the evidence was lawfully seized during an inventory search prior
to impounding the car.3 Officers are sometimes permitted to impound a car, and when
they do so, they may inventory its contents to protect the property of the owner and
to protect the officers from potential danger and against claims for lost or stolen
property. See Grizzle v. State, 310 Ga. App. 577, 579 (1) (713 SE2d 701) (2011);
State v. Lowe, 224 Ga. App. 228, 229 (480 SE2d 611) (1997). While officers cannot
impound a car merely as a pretext to search for contraband, they may impound a car
if they must take charge of it for some legitimate reason. See Lewis v. State, 294 Ga.
App. 607, 611 (2) (669 SE2d 558) (2008). So, to determine whether an inventory
search was authorized, we must first determine whether the impoundment was
reasonably necessary under the circumstances:
Impoundment of a vehicle is valid only if there is some necessity for the police to take charge of the property. In each instance, the ultimate test for the validity of the police’s conduct is whether, under the circumstances then confronting the police, their conduct was reasonable within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.
3 The State concedes that the search was not lawful as incident to her arrest on the probation violation.
4 Lowe, 224 Ga. App. at 229-230 (citations and punctuation omitted). “[T]he test is
whether the impoundment was reasonably necessary under the circumstances, not
whether it was absolutely necessary.” Grizzle, 310 Ga. App. at 579 (1) (citation and
punctuation omitted).
Scott argues that the officer’s decision to impound her car was unreasonable
under the circumstances because the officer did not ask her first if she had a
preference as to the disposition of her car. We disagree. We have said before that an
officer is not required to ask the owner what she would like to do with her car when
the owner has been arrested and there is no one present at the scene to take custody
of the car and safely remove it:
In this case, the owner of the vehicle was under arrest, she had implicated her companion in criminal activity, and no one else remained to take custody of the car and remove it from the shopping center premises. [Cit.] Although the officer did not inquire whether the [appellant] could make other arrangements for the retrieval of her car, he was not required to do so. [Cit.]
State v. King, 237 Ga. App. 729, 730 (1) (516 SE2d 580) (1999). See also Carlisle v.
State, 278 Ga. App. 528 (629 SE2d 512) (2006) (“Police officers are not required to
ask whether an arrestee desires to have someone come and get the car, nor are they
required to accede to an arrestee’s request that they do so.”) (citation and punctuation
5 omitted). This is especially true when the vehicle impedes or poses a potential danger
to traffic. See generally Evans v. State, 216 Ga. App. 21, 24 (2) (453 SE2d 100)
(1995) (“[T]he impoundment of the vehicle was necessary because all three of its
occupants had been arrested; no one remained to take custody of the car and remove
it from the side of the interstate.”); Williams v. State, 204 Ga. App. 372, 374 (419
SE2d 351) (1992).
The cases cited by Scott do not require a different result. While many of those
cases mention that officers may attempt to ascertain the preference of the owner, our
decisions in those cases hinged on the fact that impoundment was unnecessary – or
at least that some competent evidence supported a finding that impoundment was
unnecessary – because the car was legally and safely parked on private property, a
reliable friend was present, authorized, and capable of safely removing the car, or the
owner of the car (who was not present at the scene) was not contacted to ask about
its removal.4 See State v. Carter, 305 Ga. App. 814, 818 (2) (701 SE2d 209) (2010);
4 Scott does cite one case in which this Court has suggested that police officers are required to seek instruction from an owner who has been arrested regarding disposition of her car. See State v. Darabaris, 159 Ga. App. 121 (282 SE2d 744) (1981). Darabaris, however, involved a unique factual situation, where mall security seized the defendant after he exposed himself to a mall patron, and mall security subsequently asked police officers to tow his car from the mall parking lot. That case, we think, is limited to its peculiar facts, which are not present here. In Darabaris, the
6 State v. Bell, 259 Ga. App. 328, 330 (577 SE2d 39) (2003); Whisnant v. State, 185
Ga. App. 51, 53 (2) (363 SE2d 341) (1987); Mitchell v. State, 178 Ga. App. 244, 245-
246 (3) (342 SE2d 738) (1986); Strobhert v. State, 165 Ga. App. 515, 515-516 (301
SE2d 681) (1983); State v. Ludvicek, 147 Ga. App. 784, 786-787 (250 SE2d 503)
(1978). Here, Scott was arrested, as was her companion, and no one remained to take
custody of the car and remove it from the shoulder of the exit ramp. In addition, the
officer testified that, although the car was off the roadway, it would have impeded a
large truck attempting to exit the highway, and the trial court found that Scott’s car
was not legally parked on the side of the exit ramp.5 Moreover, there is no evidence
in the record that Scott even requested alternative arrangements for removing her car.
Because competent evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion that the
impoundment of the car was reasonable, the resulting inventory search of the car was
valid, and the trial court did not err in denying Scott’s motion to suppress evidence
discovered during the inventory search that followed the impoundment. See Carlisle,
278 Ga. App. at 530; King, 237 Ga. App. at 730 (1).
police did not cause the car to be abandoned where it was, on private mall property. 5 We are bound to accept the trial court’s findings on questions of fact and credibility unless they are clearly erroneous. See Williams v. State, 204 Ga. App. 372, 374 (419 SE2d 351) (1992).
7 Judgment affirmed. Mikell, P. J., and Miller, J., concur.