BRATTON, Circuit Judge.
, „. .. This controversy involves conflicting claims to the mineral rights m one acre of land situated in the northeast comer of a described quarter section m Harvey county, Kan. Jacob H. Ediger. owner of the quarter section jomed by his wife, executed a deed in 1901 coni eying the acre, being ree-tangular in shape and 10 rods by 16 rods m dimension to School District No. 29. The deed contained tne following provision: “Said real estate is deeded by this convey-anee for and as a site for a public sehool building and grounds, and in case same shall cease to be so used and shall be abandoned as a site for a public sehool building and grounds, then this deed and conveyance shall be and become null and void, and the title to said real estate shall immediately revert to and said real estate shall at once become and remain the .property of said grantors, their heirs and assigns ”
. ., A school building was erected on the site and a school conducted there until shortly before this suit was instituted, at which time the building was removed and use o± the . premises for the dedicated purpose ceased.
* v v
Ediger and wife conveyed the quarter section to A. M. Martens in 1903. The eon-veyanee contained a covenant of warranty and made no reference to the area previously conveyed to the sehool district. In 1924 Martens and wife executed a deed with covenant of warranty, conveying a part of the land, that is, about forty acres, to Peter B. Martens; the land thus conveyed being described as follows: “Commencing at the NE comer of the SE % of Section 19, Township 22 South, Range 3 West, thence South 67 rods, thence West 61% rods, thence South 46% rods, .thence West 21% rods, thence North 113% rods, thence East 83 rods to the place of beginning.” The traet so described included the sehool area and the conveyance contained this provision of exception or ex-elusion: “Excepting, however, and not in-eluded in this grant, one aere to the extreme NE comer of the SEV4 which has been deeded to Sehool District No. 29.”
„ , . .„ In 1929 Peter B. Martens and wife executed an oil and gas lease with covenant of warranty to C. E. Kayser, in which the land embraeed was described to the same language, with an exception or exclusion couched to identical phraseology as that contained in the deed just described. The lease, purporting to convey the oil aild 8'as leasehold rights for a Penod of ten years, has through subsequent conveyances become the property of Shell Company.
. „ . . . A. M. Martens died. His sole heirs at j eonceiving that the mineral rights to the aere traet were vested in thenl) executed two QÜ and leases to H_ Hall some join. j in one and the remainder in the other. Both were dated ApriI 30) 1932, and contained covenants o£ warranty. They purported to conve the mineral leasehold for a period of ten The several instruments were dul flled for reeord in H County.
. Shell Company entered into a contract "with Mabee under which he began drilling a we^ on ^alld covered by the lease from Pe^er D- Martens and wife to Kayser, the well apparently being near the line of the school s^e- Hollow began preparations to drill a wel1 on the seh°o1 traet under the leases from ^e h®1® of A. M. Martens. Plaintiffs thereupon instituted this suit m equity, alleging the execution of the several instruments and contending that they have and own the exelusive right to explore for and produce oil and °to . , , . gas on the aere traet; that the leases to deg . , __ n .x
¿a
¿ «. ¿
-a
fendant Hollow are without effect; that it . . . , . ... ,, ,, .. to ,
he is
permitted to drill the threatened well it ... « .. will result m large quantities of oil worth ...
.b
„to ,, , . . . . several thousands of dollars being drained from undei. the premises covered by their estate. Other facts are alleged. They relate to a contract between Shell Company and t]le sehool district, made long prior to the abandonment of the premises for sehool p-gxposes, but in view of the conclusion reached vrith respect to the decisive questions in the ease, it is unnecessary to state or discuss them.
Plaintiffs prayed that the cloud on their ^ title, created by the execution ^d recordation o£ leases to defendant Hollow, be removed; that Hollow be enjoined from drilling on the premises; and for an accounting, Defendants interposed a joint and separate
motion
to dismiss in the nature of a demurer, on the ground that the bill disclosed on its face ^at it Presented no equity and that Plaintiffs were not entitled to the relief sought. The motion was sustained and a defendant entered the bill. The case is here on appeal.
The deed from Ediger and wife to the sehool district was in the nature of a dedieation for the specified purpose, with provision for reversion upon termination of that use.
It created an easement. School Dist. v. Barnes, 110 Kan. 25, 202 P. 849; School Dist. v. Fleak, 120 Kan. 570, 245 P. 150.
Counsel discuss at length and interestingly whether the instrument created a fee-simple estate on condition subsequent with the possibility of reverter, or an estate in determinable fee. It is unnecessary to determine that question because the common-law rule that the possibility of reverter is neither an alienable, assignable, or descendable estate has been abrogated by statute in Kansas.
“The term ‘heirs,’ or other words of inheritance, shall not be necessary to create or convey an estate in fee simple; and every conveyance of real estate shall pass all the estate of the grantor therein, unless the intent to pass a less estate shall expressly appear or be necessarily implied in the terms of the grant.” Section 67—-202, Revised Statutes Kansas 1923.
“Any person claiming title to real estate may, notwithstanding there may be an adverse possession thereof, sell and convey his interest therein, in the same manner and with like effeet as if he was in the actual possession thereof.” Section 67—208, Id.
“In the construction of the statutes of this state the following rules shall be observed, unless such construction would be inconsistent with the manifest intent of the legislature or repugnant to the context of the statute: * * «
“Eighth. The word land,’ and the phrases ‘real estate1 and ‘real property,’ include lands, tenements and hereditaments, and all rights thereto and interest therein, equitable as well as legal.” Section 77—201, Id.
It is settled law in the state of Kansas that these statutes constitute a liberal system under which any interest in land may be conveyed by deed. In Miller v. Miller, 91 Kan. 1, 136 P. 953, 954, L. R. A. 1915A, 671, Ann. Cas. 1917A, 918, it was said:
“The words ‘conveyances of land’ mean, of course, the land itself in fee simple absolute. The words ‘any other estate or interest therein’ include estates of freehold and less than freehold, of inheritance and not of inheritance, absolute and limited, present and future, vested and contingent, and any other kind a grantor may choose to invest consistent, of course, with public policy. * * *
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BRATTON, Circuit Judge.
, „. .. This controversy involves conflicting claims to the mineral rights m one acre of land situated in the northeast comer of a described quarter section m Harvey county, Kan. Jacob H. Ediger. owner of the quarter section jomed by his wife, executed a deed in 1901 coni eying the acre, being ree-tangular in shape and 10 rods by 16 rods m dimension to School District No. 29. The deed contained tne following provision: “Said real estate is deeded by this convey-anee for and as a site for a public sehool building and grounds, and in case same shall cease to be so used and shall be abandoned as a site for a public sehool building and grounds, then this deed and conveyance shall be and become null and void, and the title to said real estate shall immediately revert to and said real estate shall at once become and remain the .property of said grantors, their heirs and assigns ”
. ., A school building was erected on the site and a school conducted there until shortly before this suit was instituted, at which time the building was removed and use o± the . premises for the dedicated purpose ceased.
* v v
Ediger and wife conveyed the quarter section to A. M. Martens in 1903. The eon-veyanee contained a covenant of warranty and made no reference to the area previously conveyed to the sehool district. In 1924 Martens and wife executed a deed with covenant of warranty, conveying a part of the land, that is, about forty acres, to Peter B. Martens; the land thus conveyed being described as follows: “Commencing at the NE comer of the SE % of Section 19, Township 22 South, Range 3 West, thence South 67 rods, thence West 61% rods, thence South 46% rods, .thence West 21% rods, thence North 113% rods, thence East 83 rods to the place of beginning.” The traet so described included the sehool area and the conveyance contained this provision of exception or ex-elusion: “Excepting, however, and not in-eluded in this grant, one aere to the extreme NE comer of the SEV4 which has been deeded to Sehool District No. 29.”
„ , . .„ In 1929 Peter B. Martens and wife executed an oil and gas lease with covenant of warranty to C. E. Kayser, in which the land embraeed was described to the same language, with an exception or exclusion couched to identical phraseology as that contained in the deed just described. The lease, purporting to convey the oil aild 8'as leasehold rights for a Penod of ten years, has through subsequent conveyances become the property of Shell Company.
. „ . . . A. M. Martens died. His sole heirs at j eonceiving that the mineral rights to the aere traet were vested in thenl) executed two QÜ and leases to H_ Hall some join. j in one and the remainder in the other. Both were dated ApriI 30) 1932, and contained covenants o£ warranty. They purported to conve the mineral leasehold for a period of ten The several instruments were dul flled for reeord in H County.
. Shell Company entered into a contract "with Mabee under which he began drilling a we^ on ^alld covered by the lease from Pe^er D- Martens and wife to Kayser, the well apparently being near the line of the school s^e- Hollow began preparations to drill a wel1 on the seh°o1 traet under the leases from ^e h®1® of A. M. Martens. Plaintiffs thereupon instituted this suit m equity, alleging the execution of the several instruments and contending that they have and own the exelusive right to explore for and produce oil and °to . , , . gas on the aere traet; that the leases to deg . , __ n .x
¿a
¿ «. ¿
-a
fendant Hollow are without effect; that it . . . , . ... ,, ,, .. to ,
he is
permitted to drill the threatened well it ... « .. will result m large quantities of oil worth ...
.b
„to ,, , . . . . several thousands of dollars being drained from undei. the premises covered by their estate. Other facts are alleged. They relate to a contract between Shell Company and t]le sehool district, made long prior to the abandonment of the premises for sehool p-gxposes, but in view of the conclusion reached vrith respect to the decisive questions in the ease, it is unnecessary to state or discuss them.
Plaintiffs prayed that the cloud on their ^ title, created by the execution ^d recordation o£ leases to defendant Hollow, be removed; that Hollow be enjoined from drilling on the premises; and for an accounting, Defendants interposed a joint and separate
motion
to dismiss in the nature of a demurer, on the ground that the bill disclosed on its face ^at it Presented no equity and that Plaintiffs were not entitled to the relief sought. The motion was sustained and a defendant entered the bill. The case is here on appeal.
The deed from Ediger and wife to the sehool district was in the nature of a dedieation for the specified purpose, with provision for reversion upon termination of that use.
It created an easement. School Dist. v. Barnes, 110 Kan. 25, 202 P. 849; School Dist. v. Fleak, 120 Kan. 570, 245 P. 150.
Counsel discuss at length and interestingly whether the instrument created a fee-simple estate on condition subsequent with the possibility of reverter, or an estate in determinable fee. It is unnecessary to determine that question because the common-law rule that the possibility of reverter is neither an alienable, assignable, or descendable estate has been abrogated by statute in Kansas.
“The term ‘heirs,’ or other words of inheritance, shall not be necessary to create or convey an estate in fee simple; and every conveyance of real estate shall pass all the estate of the grantor therein, unless the intent to pass a less estate shall expressly appear or be necessarily implied in the terms of the grant.” Section 67—-202, Revised Statutes Kansas 1923.
“Any person claiming title to real estate may, notwithstanding there may be an adverse possession thereof, sell and convey his interest therein, in the same manner and with like effeet as if he was in the actual possession thereof.” Section 67—208, Id.
“In the construction of the statutes of this state the following rules shall be observed, unless such construction would be inconsistent with the manifest intent of the legislature or repugnant to the context of the statute: * * «
“Eighth. The word land,’ and the phrases ‘real estate1 and ‘real property,’ include lands, tenements and hereditaments, and all rights thereto and interest therein, equitable as well as legal.” Section 77—201, Id.
It is settled law in the state of Kansas that these statutes constitute a liberal system under which any interest in land may be conveyed by deed. In Miller v. Miller, 91 Kan. 1, 136 P. 953, 954, L. R. A. 1915A, 671, Ann. Cas. 1917A, 918, it was said:
“The words ‘conveyances of land’ mean, of course, the land itself in fee simple absolute. The words ‘any other estate or interest therein’ include estates of freehold and less than freehold, of inheritance and not of inheritance, absolute and limited, present and future, vested and contingent, and any other kind a grantor may choose to invest consistent, of course, with public policy. * * *
“The Legislature of 1855 placed conveyances by deed on the same footing as wills so far as the creation of future estates was concerned; but, following the lead of the Legislatures of some of the older states, the Kansas Legislature of 1868 undertook not only to permit the granting of future estates but to abolish other common-law restrictions on alienation not suited to allodial tenures and modem conveyancing, and to make transfers of interests in land as free as possible. The concluding portion of section 3 of the aet of 1868, quoted above, expressly abolishes the common-law ceremony of livery of seisin which stood as an insuperable bar to the creation of freeholds to begin in futuro unless supported by a particular estate. The language was adapted from statutes of other states which usually provided that deeds duly acknowledged and recorded should be valid and pass estates in land ‘without livery of seisin, attornment, or other ceremony whatever.’ ”
The court employed the following language in Platt v. Woodland, 121 Kan. 291, 246 P. 1017, 1020: “Whenever an interest in the land itself is recognized, the interest may be conveyed by deed describing the land, and it is of no consequence whether the instrument specifically describe the interest or contain full covenants of warranty or be a plain quit-elaim.”
Again, in Knutson v. Hederstedt, 125 Kan. 312, 264 P. 41, 43, it was tersely said: “It is no longer open for debate in this jurisdiction that any sort of right or interest in property vested or contingent may be the subject of legitimate barter and sale, unless such a construction of the right or interest would be subversive of the clear intention of the testator or grantor through whom the right or interest is derived.”
The scope of the statutes and their wide operative effect, as thus interpreted, is apparent.
Under a well-recognized rule of long duration we follow the construction that court has accorded them. Terry v. Midwest Refining Co. (C. C. A.) 64 F.(2d) 428; Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Wertheimer (C. C. A.) 64 F.(2d) 438; Bivins v. Board of Com’rs (C. C. A.) 66 F.(2d) 351.
Obviously, it is immaterial to a decision of this ease whether the deed to the school district conveyed a fee-simple estate on condition subsequent or an estate in determinable fee. A discussion of that question would be beside the decisive point. ' The rights of Ediger, in either event and whatever their na
ture, could be passed by deed. The question logically presenting itself for consideration, therefore, is whether the deed from Ediger and wife conveyed that interest to A. M. Martens. As stated, the instrument described and purported to convey the entire quarter section without making reference to the acre tract.
Decisions could be multiplied holding that the servient estate in a small tract, usually in the form of a strip set apart for highway or railway right of way purposes, pass,es. with a conveyance of the fee to the abutting tract of which the strip formerly was a part. The servient estate passes with such a conveyance, even though no express provision to that effect is contained in the instrument. The rule is that such estate passes unless it is excluded by clear, unequivocal, and unmistakable language. The considerations of sound public policy evoking the application of that doctrine and constituting its undergirder, as well as the mischief sought to be obviated by it, was declared by the late Chief Justice Taft, then Circuit Judge, in Paine v. Consumers’ F. & S. Co. (C. C. A.) 71 F. 626, 632, as follows: “The evils resulting from the retention in remote dedicators of the fee in gores and strips, which for many years are valueless because of the public easement in them, and which then become valuable by reason of an abandonment of the public use, have led courts to strained constructions to include the fee of such gores and strips in deeds of the abutting lots. And modem decisions are even more radical in this regard than the older cases.”
The doctrine thus enunciated has been applied to the conveyance of land abutting a right of way for highway purposes in Kansas, Bowers v. A., T. & S. F. R. Co., 119 Kan. 202, 237 P. 913, 42 A. L. R. 228; and to the conveyance of land abutting a right of way for railway purposes, Roxana Petr. Corp. v. Sutter (C. C. A.) 28 F.(2d) 159; Shell Petr. Corp. v. Corn (C. C. A.) 54 F.(2d) 767; Roxana Petr. Corp. v. Jarvis, 127 Kan. 365, 273 P. 661; Barker v. Lashbrook, 128 Kan. 595, 279 P. 12, 14; it being held in each instance that conveyance of the fee of the abutting tract passes title to the servient estate in the land embraced within the right of way. So far as our research discloses, no case has arisen presenting the question whether that doctrine should be extended to small tracts dedicated to school purposes, but denial of its application to such cases would provoke conflict of claims and vexatious litigation among remote claimants to isolated and comparatively useless small tracts separated from the adjoining lands. The basis of the decisions, to which reference has been made, is to declare on grounds of public policy that it obtains in cases of rights of way in order to prevent such vexatious controversies and litigation. The same sound public policy requires its application here. No substantial distinguishing features are conceived requiring its application in those cases and its denial here. We think, therefore, that the deed from Ediger and wife to A. M. Martens conveyed the servient estate to the acre to which the school district owned the dominant title.
The effect of the description followed by the provision of exception or exclusion contained in the deed from A. M. Martens and wife to Peter B. Martens and the identical phraseology in the mineral lease from Peter B. Martens and wife to Kayser, under which plaintiffs hold, remains for consideration. It may be said generally that the servient estate passes with a conveyance of the fee to the abutting tract when the instrument is silent with respect to the matter, or if the estate is not excluded in clear, unequivocal, and unmistakable language. Exclusion by dear, unequivocal, and unmistakable terms is required, and a reservation is construed more strictly than a grant. The provision in question does not indicate clearly, unequivocally, and unmistakably an intent to exclude the servient estate. Instead, it reflects a purpose to exclude the dominant estate then held by the school district. It reflects the desire of a reasonably prudent person to safeguard himself against liability on his warranty for the dominant estate of the school district. That is .the rationale of the situation, rather than a desire to reserve the right to reacquire the dominant estate upon its possible reverter through abandonment of the premises-for the dedicated purpose at some future time. The language does not compel the conclusion that the grantors intended to convey a less estate than that which reposed in them, and for that reason it fails to meet the exacting rule of exclusion by clear, unequivocal, and unmistakable phraseology. Bowers v. A., T. & S. F. R. Co., supra. The case of Barker v. Lashbrook, supra, seems to be decisive. It involved the construction of a deed conveying a tract of 120 acres out of which one acre had been conveyed for school purposes, also a right of way for railway purposes. The land was described by metes and bounds and concluded with this provision: “Less one aer.e in southeast comer for school purposes and 3.81 acres taken by Kansas City, Wyandotte & Northwestern Railway, containing 117.19 acres, more or less.” The 3.81-acre
strip previously conveyed to the railway company was in controversy. The court held that the exclusion related only to the dominant estate, that it did not attach to the servient estate, and that the servient estate reposing in the grantor passed. It was said:
“In the case at bar there is nothing more than in the Roxana Case to express the intent to reserve to the grantor the servient estate in the right of way, except the statement of 3 acres included in the right of way and the statement of 117 remaining, instead ofi 120. Appellee argues that this shouid conclusively show the conveyance was intended to be limited to the remaining portion, or 117 acres, but we do not think the enumerafaon of acres changes the evident intent of the grantor when she was required by the statute to make any such reservation expressly appear The most apparent purpose of such statement of acreage excepted for the purpose named and statement of acres remaining was to protect the grantor against the warranties of the deed and to indicate that the railroad held the dominant estate to the 3 acres and she only the servient estate thereto, leaving only 117 acres free from a dominant right of the railroad company.
“We conclude that the exception made in the deed here in question is not such as to make it expressly appear that a less estate than that which the grantor had was intended to be conveyed to the grantee. On the contrary, the language employed is that which is usually and ordinarily used to express the fact that a dominant estate to a certain portion of the land was already m another.”
J
The language there was certainly as definite and unequivocal as that here, if not more so. Still the court held it was not enough to except the servient estate. It is our eonsid-ered judgment that the exclusion contained in the deed and in the mineral lease in question related exclusively to the dominant estate then held by the school district. It follows that upon the abandonment of the premises for school purposes the several covenants of warranty attached, thus vesting in plaintiffs the exclusive right to drill for and develop oil and gas on the school site and rendering the leases to defendant Hollow inef-feetive.
The trial court erred m dismissing the bill. The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded, with directions to overrule the motion and to proceed m accordance with the views expressed herein.
Reversed and remanded.