COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Kelsey, Haley and Beales Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia
SHAUN ANTHONY WOODHOUSE MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 1643-06-1 JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES JANUARY 8, 2008 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF SUFFOLK Rodham T. Delk, Jr., Judge
Stephanie S. Miller, Assistant Public Defender (Office of the Public Defender, on briefs), for appellant.
Rosemary V. Bourne, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Following a bench trial, Shaun Anthony Woodhouse (appellant) was convicted of
possession of a firearm by a convicted felon in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2. He argues the
trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the introduction of the firearm into evidence.
For the reasons that follow, we affirm his conviction.
BACKGROUND
“‘On appeal from a denial of a suppression motion, we must review the evidence in the
light most favorable to the Commonwealth, giving it the benefit of any reasonable inferences.’”
Kyer v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 473, 477, 612 S.E.2d 213, 215 (2005) (en banc) (quoting
Slayton v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 101, 103, 582 S.E.2d 448, 449 (2003)).
At approximately midnight on November 17, 2005, Officer Huddleston and Officer
Wellford, both of the Suffolk Police Department, were on patrol at the corner of Jefferson and
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. Walnut in the city of Suffolk, which Huddleston characterized as a high crime area. While at
that location, the officers heard a gunshot. As the officers drove “towards the sound of the
gunshot,” they received a dispatch for shots fired in a nearby area. On the way to that area,
which was only a couple of streets away, the officers stopped to ask an individual Huddleston
knew if he had heard the gunshot. That individual informed the officers that two people were
arguing on nearby Colley Street. Huddleston recalled, “Dispatch also advised that there was a
male and female in the street arguing.”
As Huddleston and Wellford pulled onto Colley Street, they noticed appellant standing
beside the driver’s side door of a stationary vehicle talking to that vehicle’s driver. The officers
observed appellant kick the driver’s side door. Appellant, as soon as he saw the officers
approaching, started to walk away. Huddleston parked his police vehicle behind that other
vehicle and got out.
Huddleston instructed appellant to stop, put his hands in the air, and walk back towards
the officers. Instead of following Huddleston’s command, appellant walked around the other
vehicle that he had just kicked and got into the front passenger side seat. Huddleston approached
that vehicle from the driver’s side and observed appellant “making a furtive movement towards
the front underside of the seat he was sitting in.” Huddleston told appellant to remain in the
vehicle with his hands placed on the dashboard.
At that point, Huddleston asked the driver if she was okay and received her consent to
search the vehicle. While Huddleston spoke to the driver, he noticed that Officer Wellford “was
having some difficulty with [appellant]. [Appellant] was trying to get out of the vehicle and
[Wellford] was telling him to s[t]ay in the vehicle.” Appellant refused to follow Wellford’s
instruction and stepped out of the vehicle. At that point, Huddleston ordered appellant to the rear
of the vehicle and “patted him down for weapons.”
-2- Huddleston, thereafter, commenced his search of the vehicle. As Huddleston “got about
a quarter of the way in[side] the [driver’s side] door,” he saw a gun lying beneath the front
passenger side seat. Huddleston got back out of the vehicle and made eye contact with appellant,
who was still standing at the rear of the vehicle. Appellant then “took off running.” Both
officers pursued, and Huddleston finally caught up with and detained appellant.
Appellant was arrested and charged with possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.
Appellant sought to suppress the firearm, claiming that police did not have reasonable suspicion
to stop him and that his illegal detention led directly to the seizure of the firearm. The trial court
denied the motion, stating “the fact is in the end this defendant didn’t have anything to do with
seizure of the firearm because the owner of the vehicle gave the consent.” The trial court
subsequently convicted appellant of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon and sentenced
him to five years in prison.
ANALYSIS
Initially we note,
“Ultimate questions of reasonable suspicion and probable cause to make a warrantless search” involve questions of both law and fact and are reviewed de novo on appeal. In performing such analysis, we are bound by the trial court’s findings of historical fact unless “plainly wrong” or without evidence to support them and we give due weight to the inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law enforcement officers.
McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 197-98, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc)
(quoting Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 691 (1996)).
“A police officer may constitutionally conduct a brief, investigatory stop when the officer
has a reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot.” Bass v. Commonwealth,
259 Va. 470, 475, 525 S.E.2d 921, 924 (2000). In fact, “A brief stop of a suspicious individual,
in order to determine his identity or to maintain the status quo momentarily while obtaining more
-3- information, may be most reasonable in light of the facts known to the officer at the time.”
Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 146 (1972). “The court must consider the totality of the
circumstances in determining whether a police officer had a particularized and objective basis for
suspecting that a person stopped may be involved in criminal activity.” Bass, 259 Va. at 475,
525 S.E.2d at 924.
Here, appellant contends that the seizure of the firearm flowed from an illegal stop, which
occurred when Officer Huddleston commanded him to stop and walk back towards the arriving
officers. As appellant argues on brief, “Clearly this action constituted a stop because the
appellant’s freedom to walk away was restricted by government action.” However, appellant did
not submit to Huddleston’s command and, therefore, was not seized at this point. See
Washington v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 5, 10-11, 509 S.E.2d 512, 514 (1999) (en banc) (“A
seizure occurs when by physical force or show of authority and submission thereto, an
individual’s freedom of movement is restrained and the person is not free to leave.” (emphasis
added)). Appellant instead walked around to the passenger side of the parked vehicle, sat down
inside, and made furtive gestures underneath the passenger side seat. In fact, appellant continued
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Kelsey, Haley and Beales Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia
SHAUN ANTHONY WOODHOUSE MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 1643-06-1 JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES JANUARY 8, 2008 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF SUFFOLK Rodham T. Delk, Jr., Judge
Stephanie S. Miller, Assistant Public Defender (Office of the Public Defender, on briefs), for appellant.
Rosemary V. Bourne, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Following a bench trial, Shaun Anthony Woodhouse (appellant) was convicted of
possession of a firearm by a convicted felon in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2. He argues the
trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the introduction of the firearm into evidence.
For the reasons that follow, we affirm his conviction.
BACKGROUND
“‘On appeal from a denial of a suppression motion, we must review the evidence in the
light most favorable to the Commonwealth, giving it the benefit of any reasonable inferences.’”
Kyer v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 473, 477, 612 S.E.2d 213, 215 (2005) (en banc) (quoting
Slayton v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 101, 103, 582 S.E.2d 448, 449 (2003)).
At approximately midnight on November 17, 2005, Officer Huddleston and Officer
Wellford, both of the Suffolk Police Department, were on patrol at the corner of Jefferson and
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. Walnut in the city of Suffolk, which Huddleston characterized as a high crime area. While at
that location, the officers heard a gunshot. As the officers drove “towards the sound of the
gunshot,” they received a dispatch for shots fired in a nearby area. On the way to that area,
which was only a couple of streets away, the officers stopped to ask an individual Huddleston
knew if he had heard the gunshot. That individual informed the officers that two people were
arguing on nearby Colley Street. Huddleston recalled, “Dispatch also advised that there was a
male and female in the street arguing.”
As Huddleston and Wellford pulled onto Colley Street, they noticed appellant standing
beside the driver’s side door of a stationary vehicle talking to that vehicle’s driver. The officers
observed appellant kick the driver’s side door. Appellant, as soon as he saw the officers
approaching, started to walk away. Huddleston parked his police vehicle behind that other
vehicle and got out.
Huddleston instructed appellant to stop, put his hands in the air, and walk back towards
the officers. Instead of following Huddleston’s command, appellant walked around the other
vehicle that he had just kicked and got into the front passenger side seat. Huddleston approached
that vehicle from the driver’s side and observed appellant “making a furtive movement towards
the front underside of the seat he was sitting in.” Huddleston told appellant to remain in the
vehicle with his hands placed on the dashboard.
At that point, Huddleston asked the driver if she was okay and received her consent to
search the vehicle. While Huddleston spoke to the driver, he noticed that Officer Wellford “was
having some difficulty with [appellant]. [Appellant] was trying to get out of the vehicle and
[Wellford] was telling him to s[t]ay in the vehicle.” Appellant refused to follow Wellford’s
instruction and stepped out of the vehicle. At that point, Huddleston ordered appellant to the rear
of the vehicle and “patted him down for weapons.”
-2- Huddleston, thereafter, commenced his search of the vehicle. As Huddleston “got about
a quarter of the way in[side] the [driver’s side] door,” he saw a gun lying beneath the front
passenger side seat. Huddleston got back out of the vehicle and made eye contact with appellant,
who was still standing at the rear of the vehicle. Appellant then “took off running.” Both
officers pursued, and Huddleston finally caught up with and detained appellant.
Appellant was arrested and charged with possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.
Appellant sought to suppress the firearm, claiming that police did not have reasonable suspicion
to stop him and that his illegal detention led directly to the seizure of the firearm. The trial court
denied the motion, stating “the fact is in the end this defendant didn’t have anything to do with
seizure of the firearm because the owner of the vehicle gave the consent.” The trial court
subsequently convicted appellant of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon and sentenced
him to five years in prison.
ANALYSIS
Initially we note,
“Ultimate questions of reasonable suspicion and probable cause to make a warrantless search” involve questions of both law and fact and are reviewed de novo on appeal. In performing such analysis, we are bound by the trial court’s findings of historical fact unless “plainly wrong” or without evidence to support them and we give due weight to the inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law enforcement officers.
McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 197-98, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc)
(quoting Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 691 (1996)).
“A police officer may constitutionally conduct a brief, investigatory stop when the officer
has a reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot.” Bass v. Commonwealth,
259 Va. 470, 475, 525 S.E.2d 921, 924 (2000). In fact, “A brief stop of a suspicious individual,
in order to determine his identity or to maintain the status quo momentarily while obtaining more
-3- information, may be most reasonable in light of the facts known to the officer at the time.”
Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 146 (1972). “The court must consider the totality of the
circumstances in determining whether a police officer had a particularized and objective basis for
suspecting that a person stopped may be involved in criminal activity.” Bass, 259 Va. at 475,
525 S.E.2d at 924.
Here, appellant contends that the seizure of the firearm flowed from an illegal stop, which
occurred when Officer Huddleston commanded him to stop and walk back towards the arriving
officers. As appellant argues on brief, “Clearly this action constituted a stop because the
appellant’s freedom to walk away was restricted by government action.” However, appellant did
not submit to Huddleston’s command and, therefore, was not seized at this point. See
Washington v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 5, 10-11, 509 S.E.2d 512, 514 (1999) (en banc) (“A
seizure occurs when by physical force or show of authority and submission thereto, an
individual’s freedom of movement is restrained and the person is not free to leave.” (emphasis
added)). Appellant instead walked around to the passenger side of the parked vehicle, sat down
inside, and made furtive gestures underneath the passenger side seat. In fact, appellant continued
to disregard the officers’ further instruction to remain in the vehicle with his hands placed on the
dashboard and, therefore, probably did not actually submit to authority until he moved to the rear
of the vehicle where Huddleston patted him down for weapons.
Even if appellant, however, was seized at the earlier point where the officer instructed
him to stop and walk back toward him, the record in this case contains ample evidence to support
a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity at that point. Prior to encountering appellant, the
officers heard a gunshot while in the immediate vicinity, which Huddleston characterized as a
high crime area. After being dispatched to investigate the gunshot, Huddleston was informed
both by an individual walking in the area, whom he knew, and by the dispatcher “that there was
-4- [sic] a male and female in the street arguing.” Upon their arrival at the scene, the officers saw
appellant kick a vehicle while talking to that vehicle’s driver. The officers clearly had
reasonable articulable suspicion under the totality of the circumstances to detain appellant at this
point. See Hatcher v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 487, 490, 419 S.E.2d 256, 258 (1992) (“A
general suspicion of some criminal activity is enough, as long as the officer can, based on the
circumstances before him at the time, articulate a reasonable basis for his suspicion.”).
However, reasonable articulable suspicion only increased after the officer instructed
appellant to stop and walk in his direction. In direct contravention to this instruction, appellant
walked to the passenger side of the vehicle, sat down inside that vehicle, and made furtive
gestures underneath the passenger seat. These facts certainly supplied the officers with even
greater reasonable articulable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot, thereby authorizing
them to detain appellant and investigate further. 1
Moreover, appellant did not challenge in the trial court the driver’s consent to search her
vehicle, and we will not entertain such a challenge for the first time on appeal. See Rule 5A:18.
While appellant contends he was improperly detained and the discovery of the firearm flowed
from that illegal stop of him, the driver’s consent (i.e., a third party’s consent) actually provided
an independent basis for the search of her vehicle and the subsequent seizure of the firearm from
under the seat where appellant had just been sitting and making furtive gestures. See generally
United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 171 (1974) (“[W]hen the prosecution seeks to justify a
warrantless search by proof of voluntary consent, it is not limited to proof that consent was given
by the defendant, but may show that permission to search was obtained from a third party who
1 On brief, appellant argues that the officers did not have a proper basis to detain him because “[t]he telephone tipster in the instant case did not identify a suspect nor provide the same location Officer Huddleston found the appellant.” That argument ignores the fact that the officers actually heard the gunshot and were subsequently dispatched to the area to investigate. As the trial court correctly found, “This is not an anonymous call to the police out of the blue.” -5- possessed common authority over or other sufficient relationship to the premises or effects
sought to be inspected.”). Thus, as the trial judge correctly stated in denying the motion to
suppress, “[T]he fact is in the end this defendant didn’t have anything to do with seizure of the
firearm because the owner of the vehicle gave the consent.”
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we hold the trial court did not err in denying appellant’s
motion to suppress, and, accordingly, we affirm his conviction.
Affirmed.
-6-