STREET, C. J.
Appellee Martin Costello filed his application in the land office for a patent to the Leo mining claim, and within the sixty days Francis A. Ovens and L. C. Shat-tuck filed an adverse, and brought their action in the district court of Cochise County. They set up their title to the Triangle mining claim, and allege that 7.91 acres of the Leo claim overlap the Triangle claim. The Triangle claim being a prior location, they ask that their title to the ground in conflict be quieted, and be declared to be in them, the plaintiffs. The defendant, Costello, answered, denying the validity of the Triangle claim, and, as a cross-complaint, set up the location of the Leo mining claim, praying that he be entitled to the possession of all the Leo mining claim as described in his location notice,- and that he be entitled to a patent from the United States, and that his claim be quieted as against the claim of plaintiffs’ asserted right to the Triangle claim. The cause was tried to the court, and defendant, Costello, had judgment against L. C. Shattuck upon the following findings of fact: “The court finds from the evidence that the plaintiff Francis A. Ovens died some time during the year 1898, before the commencement of this suit, and before the adverse claim made in plaintiff’s complaint was filed in the United States land office in Tucson. As between the plaintiff L. C. Shattuck and the defendant, Martin Costello, upon the issues of fact the.court finds in favor of the defendant and against said plaintiff, and that the allegations of defendant’s cross-complaint are true.” Numerous assignments of error were made, all of which, in effect, were that the findings of fact and the judgment were contrary to the evidence, and also that the findings of fact were too general to base a judgment upon.
The statute provides that “In all cases where a trial of an issue of fact is held by the courts of record of the territory, the decision of the court shall be in writing, and filed with the clerk within thirty days after the trial takes place. In giving the decision the facts found and the conclusions of law shall be separately stated. Judgment upon the decision shall [26]*26be entered accordingly.” Rev. Stats. 1901, par. 1406. As the issues were made up, it was within the power of the court to find for the appellants, supporting the Triangle claim, or for the appellee, supporting the Leo claim, or for the government, not supporting either of said claims. Had the trial heen upon issue raised by general denial, the court would not have been compelled to pass upon the claim of appellee, and the issue would have been only as to the validity of the Triangle claim,' and the right of the owners thereof to maintain the same against the government; but, the appellee having set up the Leo claim, and asked for an adjudication of his right to that claim and to a patent therefor, it became the duty of the court to determine the validity of that claim as well as the Triangle claim. Where a defendant merely denies the allegations of plaintiff’s complaint, a general finding for the defendant will be sufficient; but where the defendant sets up a cross-complaint, and asks for affirmative relief based upon the facts set up in the cross-complaint, a general finding for the defendant is not sufficient, but there should be a special finding of fact upon the cross-complaint upon which a judgment can be founded. The judgment adjudged “that the defendant, Costello, is the owner of and entitled to the possession of the Leo mining claim, as described in his recorded notice of location thereof, dated December 12, 1895, and in his cross-complaint in this suit, as follows, to wit.” Then follows the description, etc. “And it is further ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the title and right of possession of said defendant, Martin Costello, to the said Leo mining claim is forever quieted and confirmed as against the plaintiff L: C. Shattuck,” etc. The judgment goes far beyond the findings so prepared. Under the statute, and under defendant’s cross-complaint, if the court found in favor of the cross-complaint, full findings of fact should have been prepared and signed, upon which a judgment could have been based. But appellant’s assignments of error go further, and say that the findings of fact are unsupported by the evidence, or against the weight of evidence; which leads us into an investigation of the evidence, for, if we should find that the evidence did not present a substantial conflict, but was clearly of such import as to properly support findings in favor of the plaintiffs instead of the defendant, it would be the duty of this court to reverse the judgment.
[27]*27The Triangle location, claimed by appellants, was located on the first day of January, 1896; the Leo mining location, claimed by appellee, was located on the twelfth day of December, 1895. It is conceded that there is a conflict between the locations to the extent of the 7.91 acres of ground in dispute, but the chief contention between the parties is whether the ground located by appellee on the twelfth day of December, 1895, was at that time open to location; for if the ground was open to location at that time, it is plain that the Leo was a prior location to the Triangle. The dispute centers around a mining claim called the “Henrietta,” alleged by the appellants to have been located by S. D. Moore, April 2, 1893, and the ground covered thereby was not open to relocation until the first day of January, 1896, when appellants located it. Both the appellants and the appellee, in proving the validity of their respective mining locations, would have to show that the ground was mineral land open to location, and, if any prior location covered the same ground at the time of either of the locations, such subsequent locations would be void; so the burden of proving the validity of the Triangle location and the validity of the Leo location was east upon each respectively. It is admitted that the ground covered by each location is mineral ground, but there are no admissions as to the validity of the Henrietta mining claim. It became the duty of the appellants to take the lead in such proof. The description in the location notice of the Henrietta mining claim describes it as located one mile south of the town of Bisbee, and bounded on the north by the Uncle Sam mining claim, on the west by the Iron Prince mining claim, on the south by the Jeff Davis mining claim, on the east by the Tip Top and Woodchopper mining claims. To name mining claims as the boundaries of a location is such a reference to natural objects and permanent monuments as to comply with the statute. The presumption is that such objects exist, and the duty to show that they do not exist is cast upon the disputing party. It is in evidence, however, that the Wood-chopper mining claim is a patented mining claim belonging to the Copper Queen Company. Shattuck, in his testimony, says he was acquainted with the ground in dispute; that he had been on it several times; that he knew that Dr. Moore had a claim there, and he knew he had not done his assess[28]*28mént work in 1895, but had done it in 1894; that Dr. Moore had shown him all the monuments, and that he knew them very well; that Moore had taken him all around the claim, and had wanted him to buy in it, and had shown him his lines and monuments; that Moore abandoned the claim in 1895; that he tried to get Shattuck to take all the claims and do the assessment work for a half interest, saying that he was going to allow them to run out in 1895; that Moore did not do any assessment work in 1895, and told witness tie was going to abandon it; that the name of the claim was the Henrietta.
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STREET, C. J.
Appellee Martin Costello filed his application in the land office for a patent to the Leo mining claim, and within the sixty days Francis A. Ovens and L. C. Shat-tuck filed an adverse, and brought their action in the district court of Cochise County. They set up their title to the Triangle mining claim, and allege that 7.91 acres of the Leo claim overlap the Triangle claim. The Triangle claim being a prior location, they ask that their title to the ground in conflict be quieted, and be declared to be in them, the plaintiffs. The defendant, Costello, answered, denying the validity of the Triangle claim, and, as a cross-complaint, set up the location of the Leo mining claim, praying that he be entitled to the possession of all the Leo mining claim as described in his location notice,- and that he be entitled to a patent from the United States, and that his claim be quieted as against the claim of plaintiffs’ asserted right to the Triangle claim. The cause was tried to the court, and defendant, Costello, had judgment against L. C. Shattuck upon the following findings of fact: “The court finds from the evidence that the plaintiff Francis A. Ovens died some time during the year 1898, before the commencement of this suit, and before the adverse claim made in plaintiff’s complaint was filed in the United States land office in Tucson. As between the plaintiff L. C. Shattuck and the defendant, Martin Costello, upon the issues of fact the.court finds in favor of the defendant and against said plaintiff, and that the allegations of defendant’s cross-complaint are true.” Numerous assignments of error were made, all of which, in effect, were that the findings of fact and the judgment were contrary to the evidence, and also that the findings of fact were too general to base a judgment upon.
The statute provides that “In all cases where a trial of an issue of fact is held by the courts of record of the territory, the decision of the court shall be in writing, and filed with the clerk within thirty days after the trial takes place. In giving the decision the facts found and the conclusions of law shall be separately stated. Judgment upon the decision shall [26]*26be entered accordingly.” Rev. Stats. 1901, par. 1406. As the issues were made up, it was within the power of the court to find for the appellants, supporting the Triangle claim, or for the appellee, supporting the Leo claim, or for the government, not supporting either of said claims. Had the trial heen upon issue raised by general denial, the court would not have been compelled to pass upon the claim of appellee, and the issue would have been only as to the validity of the Triangle claim,' and the right of the owners thereof to maintain the same against the government; but, the appellee having set up the Leo claim, and asked for an adjudication of his right to that claim and to a patent therefor, it became the duty of the court to determine the validity of that claim as well as the Triangle claim. Where a defendant merely denies the allegations of plaintiff’s complaint, a general finding for the defendant will be sufficient; but where the defendant sets up a cross-complaint, and asks for affirmative relief based upon the facts set up in the cross-complaint, a general finding for the defendant is not sufficient, but there should be a special finding of fact upon the cross-complaint upon which a judgment can be founded. The judgment adjudged “that the defendant, Costello, is the owner of and entitled to the possession of the Leo mining claim, as described in his recorded notice of location thereof, dated December 12, 1895, and in his cross-complaint in this suit, as follows, to wit.” Then follows the description, etc. “And it is further ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the title and right of possession of said defendant, Martin Costello, to the said Leo mining claim is forever quieted and confirmed as against the plaintiff L: C. Shattuck,” etc. The judgment goes far beyond the findings so prepared. Under the statute, and under defendant’s cross-complaint, if the court found in favor of the cross-complaint, full findings of fact should have been prepared and signed, upon which a judgment could have been based. But appellant’s assignments of error go further, and say that the findings of fact are unsupported by the evidence, or against the weight of evidence; which leads us into an investigation of the evidence, for, if we should find that the evidence did not present a substantial conflict, but was clearly of such import as to properly support findings in favor of the plaintiffs instead of the defendant, it would be the duty of this court to reverse the judgment.
[27]*27The Triangle location, claimed by appellants, was located on the first day of January, 1896; the Leo mining location, claimed by appellee, was located on the twelfth day of December, 1895. It is conceded that there is a conflict between the locations to the extent of the 7.91 acres of ground in dispute, but the chief contention between the parties is whether the ground located by appellee on the twelfth day of December, 1895, was at that time open to location; for if the ground was open to location at that time, it is plain that the Leo was a prior location to the Triangle. The dispute centers around a mining claim called the “Henrietta,” alleged by the appellants to have been located by S. D. Moore, April 2, 1893, and the ground covered thereby was not open to relocation until the first day of January, 1896, when appellants located it. Both the appellants and the appellee, in proving the validity of their respective mining locations, would have to show that the ground was mineral land open to location, and, if any prior location covered the same ground at the time of either of the locations, such subsequent locations would be void; so the burden of proving the validity of the Triangle location and the validity of the Leo location was east upon each respectively. It is admitted that the ground covered by each location is mineral ground, but there are no admissions as to the validity of the Henrietta mining claim. It became the duty of the appellants to take the lead in such proof. The description in the location notice of the Henrietta mining claim describes it as located one mile south of the town of Bisbee, and bounded on the north by the Uncle Sam mining claim, on the west by the Iron Prince mining claim, on the south by the Jeff Davis mining claim, on the east by the Tip Top and Woodchopper mining claims. To name mining claims as the boundaries of a location is such a reference to natural objects and permanent monuments as to comply with the statute. The presumption is that such objects exist, and the duty to show that they do not exist is cast upon the disputing party. It is in evidence, however, that the Wood-chopper mining claim is a patented mining claim belonging to the Copper Queen Company. Shattuck, in his testimony, says he was acquainted with the ground in dispute; that he had been on it several times; that he knew that Dr. Moore had a claim there, and he knew he had not done his assess[28]*28mént work in 1895, but had done it in 1894; that Dr. Moore had shown him all the monuments, and that he knew them very well; that Moore had taken him all around the claim, and had wanted him to buy in it, and had shown him his lines and monuments; that Moore abandoned the claim in 1895; that he tried to get Shattuck to take all the claims and do the assessment work for a half interest, saying that he was going to allow them to run out in 1895; that Moore did not do any assessment work in 1895, and told witness tie was going to abandon it; that the name of the claim was the Henrietta. Witness testified that the Triangle claim is inside of the boundaries of the Henrietta claim; that the Henrietta was too big a claim to come out right; that all the Triangle claim was inside the boundaries of the Henrietta; that he knew the Uncle Sam, the Iron Prince, the Jeff Davis, the Tip Top, and the Woodchopper mining claims, and described how the Henrietta was located in reference to them, as Moore showed him the monuments of the Henrietta. Witness also described the location of the Henrietta monuments in reference to the Triangle monuments. He also said he knew the claim on the ground called the “Leo,” and knew the monuments there; that he had seen them; that he was with the surveyor when he surveyed for a patent for the Leo; that he knew the discovery shaft of the Leo on the ground, and that the discovery monument was within the boundaries of the Triangle claim; that he saw the location notice in the monument. Witness also drew on the blackboard a diagram of the Henrietta, the Triangle, the Iron Prince, the Uncle Sam, and the Wood-chopper claims, which showed the Triangle and the Henrietta claims to be substantially the same, the Triangle lines coming within the boundaries of the Henrietta. Witness testified that the Henrietta claim joins the end of the Woodchopper claim, but did not quite strike the side lines of the Uncle Sam claim; that Moore had taken him upon the ground two or three different times, wanting him to buy in with him, and at such times showed witness the monuments. Witness testi- • fied that he- saw the work being done on the Henrietta -in 1894; that when Ovens located the Triangle claim he knew that the Henrietta had been a location,. and that Ovens was locating nearly the same ground, and that it was located for the reason that the assessment work had not been done for [29]*291895; that he knew Ovens was a citizen of the United States, and witness had known him for many years; had known Ovens voted at the elections in Arizona; that witness knew Moore was a citizen of the United States; that Moore had told him that he was born in Illinois; that he knew him to be an army doctor and'an army surgeon; that Moore was in the territory 'twelve years, at Bisbee, and practiced medicine there. John Pirrung, a witness, testified that he knew the ground covered by the Iron Prince, the Standard, the Roy, the Triangle, and the Woodehopper claims, and the boundaries of the Triangle claim; that he first knew the Triangle claim in January, 1896; that the ground covered by the old Henrietta claim was located' about three or four years prior to the Triangle claim; that Moore claimed to be the-owner of the Henrietta; that witness saw a notice of the Roy location inside of the Triangle ground, signed by Martin Costello as the locator and Pat Cunningham as witness, dated December, 1895. George Hill, a witness, testified that he knew the ground included within the location of the Triangle; that he was up there in January and February, 1896; that he went up there to show Dolan a monument on the Standard; that witness saw location notice of the Roy, signed by Costello and Cunningham, inside of the lines of the Triangle. J. A. Rockefeller, a witness, testified that he was a surveyor, and had surveyed the claims known as the “Leo” and the “Roy,” and attempted to re-run the old lines of the Henrietta. Witness produced a map, and pointed out monuments of the Leo and the Roy. He testified that he found the center end of the Leo marked in a corner of the Woodehopper claim; that there was a monument of the Tip Top, and it was also marked the Leo and the Roy; that he found a corner of the Leo marked on the center end of the Woodehopper, and in making the official survey the end lines would not be parallel, and he drew the corner in some ninety or ninety-one feet from this point on the line between this corner and this center end of the Woodehopper, which was scribed for the corner of the Leo. In describing further the monuments, witness said, pointing on the map: “I found a location corner probably fifteen feet out from the corner that I established,—that is, corner number three,—just as in the other case, in order to make the claims parallel, and make the claims symmetrical.” [30]*30Witness gave full descriptions of lines which he ran, all tending to show that the Leo and the Triangle covered the same ground as had been covered by the Henrietta. Defendant, in offering evidence in support of his claim, and in opposition to the offer made by plaintiffs to support their claim, nowhere produced such evidence as would show that the Henrietta had never been a mining claim or a valid location, nor did he show that the assessment work had not been done in 1894.
The result of the evidence produced by the respective ^parties leads to the conclusion that the Henrietta mining claim was an existing, valid location up until the close of the year 1895; that 'when Costello made the location of the Leo, December 12, 1895, the ground was not open to relocation, and he could not initiate any rights at that time. No one could initiate a right by an attempted location before January 1, 1896, which was the date of plaintiffs’ location. The evidence in regard to these conflicts is not as clear and as distinct as one could desire, but, if the Henrietta is to be regarded as a valid, existing claim (and upon that point we have no doubt), then the evidence more strongly shows that it was a valid, existing claim on the twelfth day of December, 1895, and included ground which is the subject of this conflict, than that it was abandoned or forfeited before 1895. The evidence of witnesses in those particulars, taken in connection with evidence that location notices bearing Costello’s name had been recorded for the Leo ground, dated on the twenty-seventh day of January, 1900, with the declaration, “This is a relocation of the ground formerly located by unknown parties, and abandoned in 1895 or 1896; name of former location unknown,” leads to the conclusion that the location of January 27, 1900, was the act of the former locator of the Leo for the purpose of strengthening his right to his earlier location. It stands in the nature of an admission by Costello that the location of December 12, 1895, was premature.
The judgment of the district court is reversed, and case is remanded to district court for new trial.
Sloan, J., and Doan, J., concur.