In The Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-12-00194-CR
SHARON ANNE MAXWELL, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 115th District Court Upshur County, Texas Trial Court No. 16,037
Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ. Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss MEMORANDUM OPINION From the time Gordon Lynn Maxwell’s charred body was discovered in his partially
burned truck in his backyard, until the conviction 1 of Sharon Anne Maxwell for the murder of
Gordon, her tenth husband, Maxwell 2 furnished authorities at least three different narratives to
explain Gordon’s death. We affirm the trial court’s judgment because (1) sufficient evidence
supports Maxwell’s conviction, (2) admitting evidence of Maxwell’s recent contacts with
Stroman and Campbell was within the trial court’s discretion, (3) admitting evidence of the
biting incident was harmless, (4) admitting French’s testimony was harmless, (5) denying
Maxwell a continuance was not harmful error, and (6) no error in admitting the hearsay portions
of Mullins’ investigative report was preserved.
(1) Sufficient Evidence Supports Maxwell’s Conviction
On August 30, 2011, Maxwell placed a frantic 9-1-1 telephone call. She told the
dispatcher that she could not locate her husband, his truck was “on fire in the backyard,” and
bullets were exploding inside the truck. When Christopher Maxwell, Gordon’s brother and a
volunteer firefighter, arrived on the scene, he noticed smoke coming from behind the Maxwell
home. He ran to the backyard, climbed on the porch, and knocked on the locked back door. The
door was answered by Maxwell who “had a towel around her head like she had just got out of
the shower,” and by her son, James Potter, who looked like he “kind of just woke up” because he
was wearing pajama pants, no shoes, and no shirt.
1 Maxwell was sentenced to life imprisonment and ordered to pay a $10,000.00 fine. 2 All references to Maxwell are to Sharon, and we refer to Gordon Maxwell as Gordon.
2 The fire department responded and extinguished the fire. Investigator Mark Moore
testified that a body, burned beyond recognition, was “located in the floorboard” in the front of
the truck along with “numerous shell casings.” Because the floorboard in the rear passenger
compartment contained unburned “paper products, several magazines and books all behind the
seat area,” Moore concluded that “flames were coming from the front of the vehicle towards the
back.” Moore walked a canine around the scene. The dog made “multiple” positive alerts,
suggesting use of accelerants in the fire. Emerald Nazareno, a forensic scientist at the State Fire
Marshal’s Office Forensic Arson Laboratory, tested samples taken from the front floorboard of
the truck and confirmed the presence of gasoline. He testified that the clothing found on the
body had also been doused with gasoline.
Moore testified that he found “several red plastic containers that had gasoline written on
them,” including one container that was burned on the side with “liquid that . . . was coming out
of the can.” He smelled gasoline around the area. He also noticed that bedding was located in
the truck and strewn on the back porch of the home.
Noticing these details, Investigator David Cruce asked Maxwell for consent to search her
home. Although her family encouraged her to give consent, Maxwell refused. Cruce testified
that Maxwell voluntarily followed officers to the Upshur County Sheriff’s Department office to
give her first statement, while he sought a warrant to search the house. During this first
August 30, 2011, statement, Maxwell denied any involvement in Gordon’s death and claimed
that, although this was her tenth marriage, Gordon, who was her high school sweetheart, was her
“fairytale.” She described the marriage as normal and denied any abuse on his part.
3 Maxwell told Cruce that the “last time she saw her husband he had gone outside to work
on his truck” because “maybe something was wrong with the fuse box.” Maxwell said she was
in the shower, heard the honk of a horn, climbed out of the shower to investigate, and discovered
the truck was engulfed in flames. She woke her nineteen-year-old son, James, who was
recovering from kidney surgery and who, according to Maxwell, was in a deep sleep due to the
pain medication he was taking. Maxwell claimed that, as she approached the truck and called
9-1-1, bullets began flying past her. Cruce was perplexed by this statement because of his belief
that bullets do not simply explode in fires. Given Maxwell’s great delays in answering simple
questions, her lack of emotion, and scratch marks on her legs that Cruce thought may have been
caused by her going into the woods to dispose of the murder weapon, Cruce suspected Maxwell
was lying to him.
As Maxwell was giving her first statement, Chris McCauley and Chase Mullins received
a warrant to search the Maxwell house and began processing the scene. As McCauley took
photographs of the inside of the residence, he noticed “something on the wall that appeared to be
a blood stain or blood spatter around the headboard” in the master bedroom. Mullins saw what
he believed was blood on the ceiling. Bedding—including “a maroon comforter as well as
additional maroon items of bedding . . . three pillow cases, a pillow roll, a fitted bed sheet, a flat
bed sheet, and a bed skirt,” apparently stripped from the bed—was found by Detective Dan
Registad inside a black trash bag. Registad found cleaning supplies on the kitchen counter and
the top to a Pine-Sol bottle inside the washing machine. Registad and Mullins concluded that “a
cleanup had taken place.” After observing the scene in the master bedroom, Registad concluded
4 that “an extreme amount of force [was] applied to something with blood” given the “mostly high
velocity” blood on the headboard. McCauley recalled that the master bedroom closet contained
several dusty .22 rifles that had not been shot recently, boxes of ammunition, and a gun box for a
never-recovered .22 caliber revolver with a 6.5 inch barrel. 3
The results of the initial investigation by McCauley, Mullins, and Registad were
immediately reported to Cruce during Maxwell’s August 30 interview. When faced with those
findings, Maxwell quickly changed her story. She told investigators that Gordon got “irate about
everything -- didn’t matter what it was” and would go “crazy sometimes.” She said, “I loved
him with all my heart. And I think he loved me with all his, but he had such a strange way of
showing it -- I don’t know, he had such a -- a control thing.” Maxwell claimed that, earlier on
the day of Gordon’s death, Gordon had tried to kill her. She testified, “He had the gun in my
mouth and he told me he was gonna blow my brains out.” “Then I got the gun out of my mouth
and I hit it, whatever. You know (unintelligible). But the gun went off -- I don’t know what
happened.” Gordon was shot four times with his never-recovered .22 caliber revolver. 4
Maxwell said, “I didn’t want him to hurt me again,” but claimed she did not intentionally shoot
him. Next, she admitted that she dragged Gordon’s body out of the house using a blanket, put
his body in the truck, “poured gasoline in the engine compartment and inside the cab of the
truck” on the body, and “set the truck on fire.” She stated that James was asleep during this time.
3 A .375 caliber pistol with a spent shell was also recovered from under the bed. According to Registad, the hammer of this gun was cocked and ready to be fired. Maxwell told investigators that this was her weapon. 4 Cruce opined that Maxwell could have received the scratches on her legs in an attempt to hide the weapon in briars or bushes. 5 Lynn Salzberger conducted an autopsy and confirmed from dental records that the
“severely burned or charred” body recovered from the truck was Gordon. She testified that
Gordon had suffered four gunshot wounds to the head and determined the cause of death was
“homicidal violence including multiple gunshot wounds.” 5 Gloriz Ruiz, a Texas Department of
Public Safety Crime Laboratory forensic scientist, testified that the blood swabs collected from
the master bedroom had, “[t]o a reasonable degree of scientific certainty,” come from Gordon.
James Jeffress, a forensic scientist in the “fireman and tool mark section at the Texas
Department of Public Safety Crime Laboratory,” testified that four bullets “removed from the
skull of the head of the victim” were consistent with .22 caliber ammunition that could be “fired
from a revolver, pistol, or rifle.” Jeffress said there was no way to accidentally shoot a revolver
four times, because the trigger would have to be pulled four times. Cruce agreed.
In evaluating legal sufficiency, we review all the evidence in the light most favorable to
the jury’s verdict to determine whether any rational jury could have found the essential elements
of murder beyond a reasonable doubt. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App.
2010) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); Hartsfield v. State, 305 S.W.3d
859, 863 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d) (citing Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). We examine legal sufficiency under the direction of the Brooks
opinion, while giving deference to the responsibility of the jury “to fairly resolve conflicts in
testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate
5 Salzberger added that, “if a person is alive at the time of a fire that soot or smoke will be deposited on the surface of the airway” and that, because “Mr. Maxwell did not have any soot in his airway,” he was killed before the fire. 6 facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at
318–19).
Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined
by a hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App.
1997). The hypothetically correct jury charge “sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment,
does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s
theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was
tried.” Id. Maxwell committed the offense of murder if she intentionally or knowingly caused
Gordon’s death. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b)(1) (West 2011).
Maxwell incorrectly argues that there is no evidence she pulled the trigger that killed
Gordon. This argument stems from another change in Maxwell’s testimony suggesting that
James was the shooter. This change in testimony, however, took place after several jailhouse
calls to one of her ex-husbands. On September 10, 2011, she told this ex-husband, “I didn’t do
it. I promise you that. This is crazy.” Maxwell claimed, “[Gordon] went beserk. I told you he
was crazy before,” and again denied James’ involvement. She said, “They better reduce it to
accident. That’s what it was.” Maxwell and this ex-husband professed their love for one another
on the telephone, and he agreed to assist her due to his belief that she was defending herself from
Gordon.
On September 18, 2011, Maxwell was informed over the telephone by her ex-husband
that the autopsy results revealed Gordon had been shot four times. He seemed concerned and
confused and again asked if James was involved. Maxwell maintained, at that time, that James
7 was uninvolved. In a January 3, 2012, call, the ex-husband presented Maxwell with details of
the investigation that had been disclosed publically. Convinced that James was the shooter, he
told Maxwell, “They all think James done that. If James done that he’s got to route his own
heat.” He warned Maxwell of the consequences she would face if she was protecting James and
pleaded with her to “get [her] story straight.” The jailhouse calls reveal that he wanted to reunite
with Maxwell, if she was set free.
On March 6, 2012, Maxwell informed investigators that she wanted to set the record
straight. She provided this narrative:
At some point James came through the kitchen, and he went outside. He might not have been outside. He went through to the utility room. I don’t know if he went all the way outside. The back door was open, and he came back through. I guess he was going to his room. He was mumbling to himself, I’m not sure what he said . . . . The next thing I know I was in the kitchen area and I heard a gunshot. It startled me and at first, I didn’t realize what it was, and I thought, “oh my gosh, Gordon.” So I went back to the bedroom door, and I saw Gordon on the bed, and there was blood on his head or something, it looked like. I backed up, and I told James something about putting a bag under him or something. I don’t know what I said. I backed up in the kitchen, and just . . . I didn’t know what to do. I was scared to death.
She also discussed what happened after the shooting:
[I] couldn’t look at Gordon. I told James to put a bag around him. I couldn’t look at him . . . I don’t know, I just . . . James had, he was trying, he was crying, he was upset. I was a mess. I remember dragging him off the bed . . . oh God . . . And I was telling James to help me. James, he tried. He was crying, bent over . . . I got to, I guess the utility room maybe. I’m not sure where I stopped at. Then I pulled the truck up to the edge of the house . . . I don’t know. Then I remember we were across the back porch, and I told James to help me. He was hung on a nail or something was sticking up. He tried to help me get it loose . . . I’m not, I was crossing the grass area and into the truck, and . . . I was, pulled up into the truck. James had tried to help me. He wasn’t much help. My shoulder’s pretty bad . . . oh gosh . . . I remember, like you know, stuffing him around in the blanket and in the bag or whatever it was, I don’t know. I don’t know what it 8 was. At that point I backed the truck up and came back outside, threw the stuff in the house. Put it all in the bag, and I told James to help me stick it up in the attic . . . So he helped me, or I helped him, or I don’t remember, but we got it up in there . . . Backed the truck up . . . Gosh I was just . . . There were gas jugs sitting over by the shed. I poured some in the motor and across the seat. There was something, I can’t remember, it said flamboyant [sic]. I don’t know, I don’t know where it come from. You know I opened it and dumped it. I couldn’t look at Gordon. 1 don’t know, I just nuh uh. This whole thing’s . . . When I turned around and I was going to put the gas jug up . . . I didn’t light the fire. I don’t know if James did it or it caught on fire, I don’t know. I remember a “whoosh,” and then I went back in the house . . . And I was so . . . we took the house phone to call 9-1-1, and of course I tried to dial it and it wouldn’t dial. . . . I grabbed my phone which was on the nightstand and called 9-1-1. I told them the truck was on fire and all that . . . . At some point I think I washed my face and arms or something, I don’t know.
Maxwell reiterated that Gordon “was abusive” and “would get really angry at different times.”
She claimed Gordon did not want James living in the house, and his dislike of James led to
arguments that left her with bruises. Maxwell told the officers, “If Gordon said anything to
James it was rude.” She added, “I guess you could say Gordon hated James and James hated
Gordon, in my point of view.” She explained that she didn’t call 9-1-1 immediately because she
was trying to save her son.
However, in addition to Maxwell’s earlier statement denying her son’s involvement,
other evidence elicited could have led the jury to conclude that James was not the murderer.
James told Cruce that Maxwell knocked on his door and woke him up, 6 that Gordon was “a real
calm and a good natured guy,” that “there did not appear to be any problems between his mother
6 Gordon’s brother Christopher also testified that James appeared to have just been awakened when he answered the door. Christoper testified that James was not sweating at the time.
9 and Gordon,” and that “he never saw violence in the home.” 7 James testified at trial that
Maxwell “was screaming and the truck was on fire, everything had already happened” when she
woke him. He correctly pointed out that Maxwell is heard on the 9-1-1 call referring to him and
stating, “[H]e was asleep. I just woke him up.” James told the jury that Maxwell would often
manipulate men for money and claimed that she was having multiple affairs while she was
married to Gordon. James said Maxwell had threatened him with a gun more than one time.
James’ medical records confirmed that he had chronic kidney disease and had undergone
a kidney stent placement the week of Gordon’s death. He went to the hospital by ambulance
immediately after the incident. His medical records stated,
Patient had kidney surgery with stent placement for kidney failure . . . . Family vehicle was on fire in the backyard. He got out of bed to assist his mother and upon doing so overexerted himself. He was supposed to remain in bed for rest and rehab following this surgery. . . .
James’ stepbrother, William Eric Potter, 8 testified that James first told him that Maxwell
shot Gordon, but later claimed that he did the crime. James denied telling Potter that he shot
Gordon. After extensive questioning, Cruce dismissed James as a suspect. The jury, as the
finder of fact, was also free to conclude that James was not the killer, especially given Maxwell’s
7 Mullins testified that Maxwell’s other sons, Aaron and Timothy Henderson, also said that Gordon was “[an] outstanding individual,” that they loved and respected him, and that they knew of no problems between Gordon and Maxwell. Rhonda Maxwell, who had been married to Gordon for sixteen years, testified that he had never abused or threatened her. 8 Potter described his extensive criminal background as a “long list,” which included “anything you can think of basically.” William had been convicted of deadly conduct involving a firearm, discharging a firearm, evading arrest with a motor vehicle, evading arrest on foot, assault, assault of a public servant, multiple thefts, unauthorized use of a vehicle, possession of marihuana and other drugs. He admitted that warrants had been issued for his arrest on the week of his testimony and that arrangements had been made to dismiss the warrants in exchange for his testimony. 10 earlier statements and James’ physical condition. We find the evidence sufficient for a rational
fact-finder to conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Maxwell shot Gordon.
Maxwell also argues that she had no intent to kill Gordon, based on the fact that the
shooting was accidental. Intent to kill, however, can be inferred from the circumstances
surrounding the use of a deadly weapon, “the acts, words, and conduct of the accused,” and “the
extent of the injuries.” Patrick v. State, 906 S.W.2d 481, 487 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995); see
Godsey v. State, 719 S.W.2d 578, 580–81 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (pulling loaded revolver and
aiming it at two officers sufficient to establish intent to kill). The jury heard testimony from
investigators and forensic scientists that shooting Gordon four times could not be an accident.
Instead of initially calling 9-1-1 for assistance, there was evidence that Maxwell drug Gordon’s
body through the house, pulled him across the back porch using a comforter, and placed him
inside of his vehicle. Per her own admissions, she next doused the body and the vehicle with
gasoline and threw bullets into the car. Investigators believed that Maxwell tried to cleanse the
scene and hid the murder weapon in the woods. She called 9-1-1 after the truck was burning and
claimed she could not put the fire out because bullets were flying past her. Given these facts, the
jury could find the crime was intentionally committed.
The evidence is legally sufficient to support Maxwell’s conviction.
(2) Admitting Evidence of Maxwell’s Recent Contacts with Stroman and Campbell Was Within the Trial Court’s Discretion
The State informed the trial court of its intent to call witnesses Joseph Adam Stroman and
Rusty Campbell, two of Maxwell’s former lovers. Because Maxwell’s defense at trial was that
James was the shooter, the State “move[d] to offer through rebuttal testimony . . . [that] there 11 were extramarital affairs that she was having, that she was sleeping with several other men,” and
that she had once bitten a man that tried to leave her. The State argued it was “important to show
the state of mind of the accused” because “we believe [Gordon] was leaving and walking out the
door. Based on our theory of the case that’s why she shot and killed him.” While arguing why
the trial court should allow testimony of the affairs and the biting incident, the State said,
In addition there were other men including ex-husbands that she was talking to during this time period. This is important to show the state of mind of the accused for this reason, we have designated an expert and provided a letter report to [Maxwell’s counsel] that Dr. Wade French would state that she fits the category of a borderline personality disorder and based on those types of individuals the fear of abandonment or rejection would be very relevant to their state of mind and could cause them to flip and including killing another person.
Maxwell complained that admission of the testimony would violate Rule 404: 9
(a) Character Evidence Generally. Evidence of a person’s character or character trait is not admissible for the purpose of proving action in conformity therewith on a particular occasion, except:
(1) Character of accused. Evidence of a pertinent character trait offered:
(A) by an accused in a criminal case, or by the prosecution to rebut the same
....
(b) Other Crimes, Wrongs or Acts. Evidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident, provided that on timely request by the accused in a criminal case, reasonable notice is given in advance of trial of intent to introduce in
9 While Maxwell also argued at trial that the probative value of this evidence was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, of confusion of the issues, or of misleading the jury, this issue was not included in Maxwell’s brief and will not be addressed. See TEX. R. EVID. 403.
12 the State’s case-in-chief such evidence other than that arising in the same transaction.
TEX. R. EVID. 404. Specifically, Maxwell argued that this evidence should not be admitted under
Rule 404(a) because the defense had not argued that she was a good wife, and the evidence did
not rebut the argument that James committed the crime.
The trial court admitted the evidence. 10 Stroman testified to having had an affair with
Maxwell in 2009, punctuated unpleasantly with a biting incident, which is discussed later.
Despite the biting experience, Stroman returned to Maxwell. He received a telephone call from
her in April or May 2011 in which Maxwell told Stroman that “she had married Gordon and that
she wasn’t happy.” Stroman testified that he had “a sexual encounter” with her August 15, 2011,
“two weeks and one day before she committed the crime.” A week after the encounter, Maxwell
told Stroman that “Gordon was watching her phone. She had to be careful.”
Campbell testified that he was twice married to and divorced from Maxwell. She
continued to contact him after their divorces, and the two kept in touch. Campbell testified that
he and Maxwell spoke several times in August 2011 before the murder. 11
A trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence is reviewed under an abuse of
discretion standard. McDonald v. State, 179 S.W.3d 571, 576 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). A trial
court does not abuse its discretion so long as the decision to admit evidence is within the “zone
of reasonable disagreement.” Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex. Crim. App.
10 The court also granted Maxwell a running objection to the evidence. 11 There was evidence, which was unobjected to, suggesting that Gordon was experiencing marital problems. His co- worker, Billy Robert Harmon, testified that Gordon reported having problems at home shortly before the murder and that he cried when Harmon suggested that Gordon should consider leaving Maxwell. Harmon testified that Gordon “was somewhat depressed . . . his attitude changed, [he] wasn’t as talkative and as lively as he had been.” 13 1990) (op. on reh’g). We may not substitute our own decision for that of the trial court. Moses
v. State, 105 S.W.3d 622, 627 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
If the opponent of proffered evidence objects that the evidence constitutes an extraneous
offense, “the proponent must satisfy the trial court that the extraneous offense evidence has
relevance apart from its character conformity value.” Santellan v. State, 939 S.W.2d 155, 168
(Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Article 38.36 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides,
In all prosecutions for murder, the state or the defendant shall be permitted to offer testimony as to all relevant facts and circumstances surrounding the killing and the previous relationship existing between the accused and the deceased, together with all relevant facts and circumstances going to show the condition of the mind of the accused at the time of the offense.
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.36(a) (West 2005).
Further, evidence of other bad acts are admissible to show motive and absence of
mistake. TEX. R. EVID. 404(b). Although motive is not itself an element of a crime, it is relevant
because it tends to make it more likely that the accused committed the crime. Massey v. State,
933 S.W.2d 141, 154 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); see, e.g., Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d 45, 50
(Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (appellant’s affair “demonstrated that the appellant had a motive to kill
his wife”); Temple v. State, 342 S.W.3d 572, 585 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010), aff’d,
390 S.W.3d 341 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (evidence of defendant’s affair during marriage may
provide motive for murder of spouse).
In this case, the jury had heard Maxwell’s claim that she shot Gordon accidentally and
had no intent to shoot him. Maxwell had also claimed that her marriage to Gordon was a
fairytale and that James was the shooter. We conclude that the trial court was within its
14 discretion to admit the testimony of the affairs, including Maxwell’s recent sexual encounter
with Stroman and her communications with Campbell, to rebut these theories, i.e., for the limited
purpose 12 of showing an absence of mistake or accident and motive to kill. See Reaves v. State,
970 S.W.2d 111, 118 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1998, no pet.) (addressing Texas Rules of Evidence
401 and 403 only, but holding evidence of wife’s extramarital affair admissible to show motive
to kill husband and rebut claim of self-defense).
(3) Admitting Evidence of the Biting Incident Was Harmless
Part of Stroman’s testimony, however, was of questionable relevance and rather remote
in time. Stroman testified that, during his affair with Maxwell in 2009, he tried to break up with
her, creating a strong response from her. Stroman was driving when he noticed Maxwell
following him in her vehicle. He testified, “I finally got out of my truck and I locked my doors
so she couldn’t get in, got her calmed down, and we sat down in her vehicle and I was trying to
tell her, you know, this is -- this ain’t going to work with us, [I’m] going home to my wife.”
Stroman said that, on hearing his news, Maxwell “jumped over and she planted her teeth in my
arm, [and] bit me.” He “drug her out through the passenger side” while “she was still biting [his]
12 The court issued the following limiting instruction to the jury:
Members of the jury, regarding the testimony concerning the defendant’s involvement in another act you cannot consider such testimony for any purpose unless you first find from the testimony presented beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed these other acts, if any. . . . Further, . . . you may only consider this testimony as it may aid you, if it does, in rebutting a defensive theory in this case and not for character conformity.
15 arm.” He told the jury, “I couldn’t get her off of me,” 13 and showed them the teeth marks on his
arm which were still visible.
Maxwell argued that the biting incident was too attenuated in time to be considered. We
find that no reason was advanced by the State explaining admissibility of the biting incident
except to show that Maxwell could “flip.” In other words, the State specifically sought to offer
this testimony to show an action in conformity with a propensity for violence—an inadmissible
purpose.
Although the State did not meet its burden to demonstrate that the biting incident had any
relevance beyond character conformity, we conclude that its admission was harmless. The
erroneous admission of an extraneous offense does not constitute constitutional error.
Higginbotham v. State, 356 S.W.3d 584, 592 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, pet. ref’d) (citing
Casey v. State, 215 S.W.3d 870, 885 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). Because it is not a constitutional
error, it must be disregarded unless it affects a substantial right of the accused. TEX. R. APP. P.
44.2(b). An error affects a substantial right when it has a substantial and injurious effect or
influence on the jury’s verdict. King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). If
the error had no influence or only a slight influence on the verdict, it is harmless.
Higginbottham, 356 S.W.3d at 592 (citing Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1998)).
In assessing the likelihood that the jury’s decision was adversely affected by the error, we
“consider everything in the record, including any testimony or physical evidence admitted for the
13 Stroman reported the incident to a police officer. 16 jury’s consideration, the nature of the evidence supporting the verdict, the character of the
alleged error and how it might be considered in connection with other evidence in the case.”
Morales v. State, 32 S.W.3d 862, 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). We may also consider the jury
instruction given by the trial judge, the State’s theory, any defensive theories, closing arguments,
and even voir dire, if material to Maxwell’s claim. Id.
We begin by noting that “extraneous-offense evidence is ‘inherently prejudicial, tends to
confuse the issues, and forces the accused to defend himself against charges not part of the
present case against him.’” Higginbotham, 356 S.W.3d at 593 (quoting Sims v. State, 273
S.W.3d 291, 294–95 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Pollard v. State, 255 S.W.3d 184, 187–88 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 2008), aff’d, 277 S.W.3d 25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)). “By its very nature,
an improperly admitted extraneous offense tends to be harmful. It encourages a jury to base its
decisions on character conformity, rather than evidence that the defendant committed the offense
with which he or she has been charged.” Id. (quoting Jackson v. State, 320 S.W.3d 873, 889
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d)). This factor favors a finding of harm.
The other factors, however, overwhelmingly lead to the conclusion that harm did not
result from the admission of this evidence. The testimony of the biting incident consumed only
two pages out of “over 1150 pages of actual testimony plus numerous exhibit volumes.” The
evidence of Maxwell’s guilt, including her testimony, was strong. It would be quite a leap for a
rational jury to believe that a person would be capable of shooting someone and burning his body
simply because they were capable of biting someone some two years earlier. This incident
contributed nothing to the theories of either party since Maxwell’s assault of Stroman several
17 years ago would not establish that the shooting was committed by someone else, that it was an
accident, or that it provided motive or intent to kill. The incident was mentioned during the
closing argument, but the trial court instructed the jury not to consider any bad act for the
purpose of character conformity. “Instructions to the jury are generally considered sufficient to
cure improprieties that occur during trial[,]” and appellate courts “generally presume that a jury
will follow the judge’s instructions.” Gamboa v. State, 296 S.W.3d 574, 580 (Tex. Crim. App.
2009).
Considering the entire record, we conclude that admission of the biting incident did not
have a substantial and injurious effect or influence on the jury’s verdict. We overrule this point
of error.
(4) Admitting French’s Testimony Was Harmless
Over Maxwell’s objections, citing irrelevance and Rules 403 and 703 of the Texas Rules
of Evidence, the State sought to admit testimony from Dr. Wade French, a licensed professional
counselor. The State explained that “Dr. Wade French would state that [Maxwell] fits the
category of a borderline personality disorder and based on those types of individuals the fear of
abandonment or rejection would be very relevant to their state of mind and could cause them to
flip and including killing another person.” French had not examined Maxwell, but the State
believed that his testimony regarding borderline personality disorder, a diagnosis which Maxwell
did not have, would be helpful to the jury. 14 After a brief voir dire examination conducted
outside of the presence of the jury, Maxwell’s counsel argued,
14 Specifically, the State argued, 18 [T]he [S]tate’s trying to admit evidence as far as memory in general and diagnosis in general, but there’s no -- he’s up here as an expert. He’s going to testify about memory. He’s going to -- if he follows the letter he’s going to testify that he doesn’t believe that, you know, the statements she made about her memory and not being able to remember stuff are valid. He talks about borderline personality disorder and although he’s not going to diagnose it with her, he wants to testify about borderline personality disorder and I think that is far too prejudicial. He’s not qualified as an expert. As far as the Kelly challenge, you know, Daubert obviously he’s got no testimony about the underlying scientific theory being valid. He can’t testify about it being applied validly in this case because it wasn’t, and I would object any testimony he has because there’s nothing he can help the jury with in this particular case.
The State assured, “We’re not going to ask him to diagnose this defendant. We never have. He
was never hired as that.” The trial court stated it would “allow the witness to testify in general
terms as to what type of people . . . that he would diagnose as having borderline personality
disorders, but not specially this defendant.”
French testified, “[W]hen you have multiple marriages then that’s generally an indication
of some—some type of instability,” and usually the instability falls “within what we refer to as
personality disorders.” He claimed that people with the disorder are not capable of following
through with commitments for a long period of time and “seem to get bored easily and then start
seeking stimulation,” which behavior can include extramarital relationships. French said, “The
cardinal feature . . . is a chronic fear and excessive reaction to abandonment. Within individuals
Based on the evidence that’s been admitted we advised the Court yesterday one possible motive, there’s several the jury can pick from in this case, but one very likely motive is the motive of the relationship dysfunctions that she’s exhibited that’s now before the jury, that’s not speculation. Number two, the fact that if an individual that shows these characteristics in relationships like this and when they are ended by the other individual, people that fit these categories act out in anger and rage. . . . It will aid this jury understanding why that is relevant and important for them to understand. Plus the videos, the gap in time of her looking up at the ceiling, her memory loss. The memory doesn’t work that way. Memory is constantly rolling and imprinting and encoding in our brain. Dr. French would testify to such matters.
19 with borderline personality disorders you don’t leave them, they leave you.” French told the
jury, “People with borderline personality disorders, they have difficulties with rapid shifting of
mood, they go from happy to rage, full anger very quickly and often without very much
provocation at least as you would observe what happens. So their response to what they perceive
as provocation is often way in excess of the situation itself.” He explained that, when someone
tries to leave another with this disorder, “it provokes an anger that goes beyond anger, it’s almost
a blind rage.” Over additional objection, French concluded that Gordon’s murder could have
been an act of rage, an opinion which was deduced from watching video recordings of
Maxwell’s interviews.
The trial court may admit expert testimony “[i]f scientific, technical, or other specialized
knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.”
TEX. R. EVID. 702. For the testimony to be admissible, the proponent of expert testimony must
establish that (1) the expert is qualified to render an opinion on the subject matter and (2) the
testimony is relevant and based on a reliable foundation. Id.; E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v.
Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549, 556 (Tex. 1995). The proponent of the scientific evidence has the
burden of demonstrating by clear and convincing evidence that the evidence is reliable. Jackson
v. State, 17 S.W.3d 664, 670 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Expert testimony is unreliable if it is not
grounded “in the methods and procedures of science” and is no more than “subjective belief or
unsupported speculation.” Robinson, 923 S.W.2d at 557 (quoting Daubert v. Merrell Dow
Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 590 (1993)).
20 In evaluating expert testimony, “the trial court must determine whether the expert
‘make[s] an effort to tie pertinent facts of the case to the scientific principles which are the
subject of his testimony.’” Morales v. State, 32 S.W.3d 862, 865 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)
(quoting Jordan v. State, 928 S.W.2d 550, 555 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)). “Restated, the
testimony must be ‘sufficiently tied to the facts to meet the simple requirement that it be
“helpful” to the jury.’” Id. (quoting Jordan, 928 S.W.2d at 555). If the expert does not tie the
facts to his expert testimony, the testimony is neither helpful nor admissible. See Mata v. State,
46 S.W.3d 902, 915–17 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Griffith v. State, 983 S.W.2d 282, 287–88 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1998); see also Rousseau v. State, 855 S.W.2d 666, 686 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).
In this case, French described the lengthy process it takes to diagnose someone and stated
that he could not diagnose Maxwell because he had not examined her. He also testified that
there are ten different types of personality disorders. For this reason, the State emphasized that
French was not hired to diagnose Maxwell, but rather, to speak in generalities. To the extent
French was testifying generally about personality disorders that Maxwell had never been
diagnosed as possessing, we find the testimony was not sufficiently tied to the facts in a manner
to be helpful to the jury. Despite his claims that he could not diagnose Maxwell, French testified
that, after watching Maxwell’s interviews, Gordon’s murder could have been the result of rage
caused by one of these personality disorders. This testimony was merely speculative and, thus,
unreliable and inadmissible.
21 The State used this testimony in closing argument, reminding the jury, “What did
Dr. French testify to? Borderline personality disorders, they will flip in a moment’s notice.
They will leave you, but by God, you won’t leave them. You won’t leave them.” This was
error. Given the strength of the evidence in this case supporting Maxwell’s conviction and the
fact that French’s testimony was less than fifteen pages long, however, we find that the error did
not have a substantial and injurious effect or influence on the jury’s verdict. Accordingly, we
overrule this point of error.
(5) Denying Maxwell a Continuance Was Not Harmful Error
On the day of trial, August 20, 2012, Maxwell sought a continuance to have more time to
locate potential witnesses who were identified in a sheriff’s report that was given to counsel on
the “eve of trial.” The report recalled an exchange occurring when David Cruce and Chris Clark
interviewed Potter. The report contained the following statements:
• William “said basically James told him that Gordon had been beating up on his mom, and had threatened her with a gun. He advised James said that Sharon did all that.”
• William “advised James said she shot Gordon, and I guess drug him somewhere. William advised James said that he heard a bunch of commotion, and then he heard a gunshot, and that’s when James ran in there.”
• William’s mother Diane Jeanette Perdue told investigators that her son Steven Purdue “advised that James admitted to killing Gordon Maxwell by shooting him four times in the face. I asked William if that was pretty much an accurate statement, and William nodded his head up, and down. I asked him if I could believe what his mother told me, and he said yea to an extent yea. I asked him if anything she said was wrong, and he said ‘no to the places, the shots I guess, I mean I don’t know.’”
• “Jeanette said . . . Steven advised that James admitted to killing Gordon Maxwell by shooting him four times in the face.”
• “William advised . . . he was surprised when James admitted to killing Gordon.” 22 • “I asked William if it seemed to bother James when he was telling of how he killed Gordon, and William said no. I asked William what James’s reaction was, and did it seem to bother James when James admitted to shooting Gordon four times, to which William said not really, and that’s why he really did not believe what he was saying.”
The motion for continuance stated, “After the jury was empanelled . . ., Movant attempted all
week to locate Diana Perdue, Steven Perdue, and William Eric Potter. Unbeknownst to Movant,
Diana Perdue had moved and the address he had . . . was not any good.” On appeal, Maxwell
argues only that additional time was required to locate William.
At the hearing on the motion for continuance, the State argued that Diana Perdue’s
statement, claiming that William told her of James’ statements had been “turned over . . . in the
discovery December 23.” Thus, the State claimed that Maxwell knew William could be a
potential witness all along. It argued, “William Potter is the person the defense has known
about. The defense has until this morning not even filed a subpoena request for him. He was on
. . . the witnesses list for the defense.” The State claimed it had sent by fax the report attached to
the motion for continuance in January 2012. Maxwell’s counsel claimed he did not receive any
fax and argued it was “clearly unfair to the defense to have the most important exculpatory
evidence in all the discovery to be withheld from us or not provided to us until, you know, [a]
week after [the] jury has been selected.” The motion for continuance was denied.
“A trial court’s ruling on a motion for continuance is reviewed under an abuse of
discretion standard.” Clay v. State, 390 S.W.3d 1, 15 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2012, pet. ref’d)
(citing Gallo v. State, 239 S.W.3d 757, 764 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). For Maxwell to establish
an abuse of discretion, she must show that the trial court erred by denying her motion and that
23 she was harmed by the denial of a continuance. Id. (citing Gonzales v. State, 304 S.W.3d 838,
843 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)).
A first motion for continuance alleging the absence of a witness must show, among other
things, “[t]he diligence which has been used to procure [the witness’s] attendance” and “[t]he
facts which are expected to be proved by the witness,” which must “appear to the court” to be
material. 15 TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 29.06(2), (3) (West 2006); see Harrison v. State,
187 S.W.3d 429, 434 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). “Diligence, in the motion for continuance
context, is the exercise of timely and persistent efforts to secure the attendance of witnesses,
using the means and agencies provided by law.” Tucker v. State, 109 S.W.3d 517, 520 (Tex.
App.—Tyler 1999, pet. ref’d) (citing Edwards v. State, 185 S.W.2d 111, 112 (Tex. 1945)). “If
defense counsel waits until only a few days before trial to seek to secure a witness for trial, the
court may conclude that due diligence has not been used.” Id. (citing Norton v. State, 564
S.W.2d 714, 716–17 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978)).
The trial court heard that Maxwell’s counsel had known since December 23, 2011, of the
existence of Perdue and her statement that William told her James shot Gordon. Counsel’s
statements establish that he did not attempt to locate William until after the jury had been seated
even though William was included on Maxwell’s witness list. Given this evidence, the court
could find that due diligence was not exercised.
Also, to be successful on his or her motion, the defendant’s attorney should “demonstrate
the likelihood that the witness will be found within a reasonable amount of time.” Id. (citing
15 The report attached to the motion for continuance contained both inculpatory and exculpatory statements. 24 Salinas v. State, 542 S.W.2d 864, 866 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976)). Counsel was able to track down
Perdue’s family members through Perdue’s last known address. Perdue’s family members,
however, were uncooperative in advising counsel of William’s whereabouts. When it appears
that the witness may be absent indefinitely, as was the case during the motion for continuance
hearing, the trial court does not abuse its discretion by denying the continuance. Id.; Salinas, 542
S.W.2d at 866.
We find that the trial court was within its discretion to overrule the motion for
continuance. 16 We overrule this point of error.
(6) No Error in Admitting the Hearsay Portions of Mullins’ Investigative Report Was Preserved
Maxwell’s counsel questioned Mullins extensively during cross-examination with respect
to the contents and omissions in his investigatory report. On re-direct examination, the State
sought admission of the entire report during this exchange:
Q. You wrote a report in this case, you recall that?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Mr. Patton asked you a lot of questions about that report, did he not?
Q. Just now. I want to show you what I have marked as State’s Exhibit 350.
THE COURT: 350.
Q. 350. You recognize State’s Exhibit 350.
16 Also, William was eventually located and testified at trial. Thus, the denial of the continuance would have been harmless if any error was shown. 25 A. Yes, sir, this is my report.
Q. Has a lot of evidence documented in it and your involvement in this investigation.
A. That’s correct.
Q. This is what Mr. Patton was just asking you about, correct?
[State’s Attorney]: Your Honor, I move to offer State’s Exhibit 350 under rule 107, the rule of optional completeness.
THE COURT: Any objection?
[State’s Attorney]: He’s opened the door to it, Your Honor.
[Defense Attorney]: Well, Your Honor, there’s -- there’s some hearsay statements in there that I would object to.
[State’s Attorney]: Well, Your Honor, that’s why the rule is in place to go around the hearsay rule because he opened the door to only specific parts of the report, not it’s [sic] entirety, and I have the opportunity to offer it under that rule.
[Defense Attorney]: Your Honor, that doesn’t get around the hearsay statements. I mean, can ask him what’s in the report that’s been provided to me, but if there’s inadmissible evidence in it that doesn’t make this statement admissible.
THE COURT: I’m going to overrule the objection[.] 350 is admitted.
“Hearsay statements are generally not admissible unless the statement falls within a
recognized exception to the hearsay rule. Rule 107, the rule of optional completeness, is one
such rule.” Mick v. State, 256 S.W.3d 828, 831 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2008, no pet.). The
Rule states,
When part of an act, declaration, conversation, writing or recorded statement is given in evidence by one party, the whole on the same subject may be inquired 26 into by the other, and any other act, declaration, writing or recorded statement which is necessary to make it fully understood or to explain the same may also be given in evidence, as when a letter is read, all letters on the same subject between the same parties may be given.
TEX. R. EVID. 107. This rule of admissibility “permits the introduction of otherwise inadmissible
evidence when that evidence is necessary to fully and fairly explain a matter ‘opened up’ by the
adverse party.” Mick, 256 S.W.3d at 831 (quoting Walters v. State, 247 S.W.3d 204, 217–18
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). It is designed to reduce the possibility of the jury receiving a false
impression from hearing only a part of some act, conversation, or writing. Id. However, “Rule
107 does not permit the introduction of other similar, but inadmissible, evidence unless it is
necessary to explain properly admitted evidence. Further, the rule is not invoked by the mere
reference to a document, statement, or act.” Id.
Where “appellant first raised the subject of [an officer’s] report and questioned the
witness as to special portions of its contents . . . it was permissible for the State to offer into
evidence those portions of the report on the same subject.” Wintters v. State, 616 S.W.2d 197,
202 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981). Wintters noted that the entire report was admitted, but concluded
this was permissible because “Appellant’s objection to the admission of [the officer’s] report was
directed toward the entire exhibit,” “a general objection to an item of evidence, a part of which is
admissible, is not sufficient to preserve an alleged error for review,” and “Appellant had access
to the report before the time it was offered into evidence and made no request that any portion of
the report be deleted or covered.” Id.
Here, our review of Maxwell’s cross-examination reveals that the questions regarding the
report were general, no reference was made with regard to specific statements in the report, and 27 no portion of the report was read to the jury. Thus, admission of the report based on the rule of
optional completeness was not an option. Grunsfeld v. State, 813 S.W.2d 158, 163 (Tex. App.—
Dallas 1991), aff’d, 843 S.W.2d 521 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992), superseded by statute on other
grounds, Act of May 29, 1993, 73d Leg., R.S., ch. 900, § 5.05, sec. 3(a), 1993 Tex. Gen. Laws
3586, 3759; see Sauceda v. State, 129 S.W.3d 116, 123 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).
However, we must uphold the admission of evidence if it is correct under any theory of
law applicable to the case. Bowley v. State, 310 S.W.3d 431, 434 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). The
objection raised by Maxwell at trial was hearsay. A generalized hearsay objection to an exhibit
may be properly overruled where it contains admissible evidence and there is no request to
redact allegedly inadmissible portions. Wintters, 616 S.W.2d at 202; see Sonnier v. State, 913
S.W.2d 511, 518 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995); Foster v. State, 779 S.W.2d 845, 858 (Tex. Crim. App.
1989); Ross v. State, 154 S.W.3d 804, 813 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. ref’d)
(“The trial court is not required to sort through challenged evidence to segregate the admissible
from the inadmissible.”). Exhibit 350 is seventeen pages long. Maxwell’s brief states, “The
contents do include matters pertinent to respond under this doctrine, but the exhibit has many
other items bolstering other evidence and not pertaining to the subject.” The brief fails to
identify any particular objectionable statement contained in the report.
Because Maxwell admits that certain portions of the report were admissible and that her
objection at trial failed to direct the trial court to allegedly objectionable statements included
therein, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting Mullins’ report.
We overrule this point of error.
28 We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Josh R. Morriss, III Chief Justice
Date Submitted: September 24, 2013 Date Decided: February 12, 2014
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