Shambi v. Blanche

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
• Decided: June 26, 2026
• Docket: 24-132
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

24-132 Flores-Shambi v. Blanche BIA DeCure, IJ A220 999 293/294/295/296

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 26th day of June, two thousand twenty- six.

PRESENT: DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, Chief Judge, EUNICE C. LEE, SARAH A. L. MERRIAM, Circuit Judges. _____________________________________

ANGEL STALIN FLORES-SHAMBI, BLANCA LETICIA GUAMAN-VARGAS, K.A.F., J.A.F., Petitioners,

v. 24-132 NAC TODD BLANCHE, ACTING UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL, Respondent.*

_____________________________________

FOR PETITIONERS: Bruno J. Bembi, Hempstead, NY.

FOR RESPONDENT: Brian M. Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General; Edward E. Wiggers, Senior Litigation Counsel; A. Ashley Arthur, Trial Attorney, Office of Immigration Litigation, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC.

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION of this petition for review of a Board of

Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the petition for review is DENIED.

Petitioner Angel Stalin Flores-Shambi, his wife Blanca Leticia Guaman-

Vargas, and their two minor children, natives and citizens of Ecuador, seek review

of a December 14, 2023, decision of the BIA that affirmed a February 24, 2023,

decision of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying Flores-Shambi’s application for

asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture

(“CAT”). In re Angel Stalin Flores-Shambi, et al., Nos. A 220 999 293/294/295/296

(B.I.A. Dec. 14, 2023), aff’g Nos. A 220 999 293/294/295/296 (Immigr. Ct. N.Y.C. Feb.

24, 2023). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts and

* The Clerk of the Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption as set forth above.

2 procedural history.

We have reviewed the IJ’s decision as modified and supplemented by the

BIA and reach only the grounds on which the BIA relied. See Xue Hong Yang v.

U.S. Dep’t of Just., 426 F.3d 520, 522 (2d Cir. 2005); Yan Chen v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d

268, 271 (2d Cir. 2005). “We review the agency’s factual findings . . . under the

substantial evidence standard,” and questions of law and the application of law to

fact de novo. Hong Fei Gao v. Sessions, 891 F.3d 67, 76 (2d Cir. 2018). “[T]he

administrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator

would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).

To establish eligibility for asylum and withholding of removal, Flores-

Shambi had to show that “race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular

social group, or political opinion was or will be at least one central reason for

persecuting [him].” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i); see id. § 1231(b)(3)(A); 8 C.F.R.

§§ 1208.13(b), 1208.16(b); Quituizaca v. Garland, 52 F.4th 103, 109–14 (2d Cir. 2022)

(“one central reason” standard applies to both asylum and withholding of

removal). Where, as here, an applicant seeks relief based on membership in a

particular social group, he must show both that the group is cognizable and a

nexus between his membership in that group and the harm suffered or feared.

Paloka v. Holder, 762 F.3d 191, 195 (2d Cir. 2014). We find no error in the agency’s

3 cognizability determination, and substantial evidence supports the adverse nexus

finding. Id. (reviewing cognizability of group de novo); Edimo-Doualla v.

Gonzales, 464 F.3d 276, 282–83 (2d Cir. 2006) (reviewing nexus determination for

substantial evidence).

We agree that Flores-Shambi’s proposed particular social group of

“informants” was not cognizable because it was not defined with sufficient

particularity. A group is cognizable if it is “(1) composed of members who share

a common immutable characteristic, (2) defined with particularity, and (3) socially

distinct within the society in question.” Paloka, 762 F.3d at 196 (quoting Matter of

M–E–V–G–, 26 I. & N. Dec. 227, 237 (B.I.A. 2014)). As to particularity, “the social

group in question must be defined by characteristics that provide a clear

benchmark for determining who falls within the group,” and “[t]he group must

. . . be discrete and have definable boundaries—it must not be amorphous,

overbroad, diffuse, or subjective.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). Flores-

Shambi’s formulation of this group—that he is an informant because he alerted his

neighbor to attempted cattle theft—was overbroad, as he never contacted or

cooperated with any Ecuadorian authorities. Under this definition, the term

“informant” could refer to anyone who has ever alerted another person in a

community about a criminal act. Flores-Shambi’s contention that the BIA

4 misapplied precedent that “informants” are a cognizable social group is

unavailing, as those cases involved individuals who affirmatively cooperated with

law enforcement in a public manner. See Gashi v. Holder, 702 F.3d 130, 136–38 (2d

Cir. 2012) (finding cognizable a social group of witnesses to a specific set of war

crimes where the names of witnesses cooperating with U.N. investigations were

on a public list); Matter of H-L-S-A-, 28 I. & N. Dec. 228, 237 (B.I.A. 2021) (holding

that “cooperation with law enforcement” may render a group cognizable “if the

cooperation is public in nature, particularly where testimony was given in public

court proceedings, and the evidence in the record reflects that the society in

question recognizes and provides protection for such cooperation”). His

argument that the thieves perceived him as an informant is insufficient to render

the group cognizable, as a “persecutor’s perception alone is not enough to

establish a cognizable social group.” Paloka, 762 F.3d at 196.

As to his second proposed particular social group of indigenous people in

Ecuador, substantial evidence supports the agency’s determination that he was

not harmed on this basis. “Whether the requisite nexus exists depends on the

views and motives of the persecutor.” Id. at 196–97 (quotation marks omitted).

An applicant “must provide some evidence . . . direct or circumstantial” to establish

motive. INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 483 (1992). Nothing in the record

5 supports an inference that the cattle thieves were motivated by Flores-Shambi’s

indigenous identity, other than his own insistence that police were slow to

respond to his indigenous community and would have responded faster if it were

a white community. Instead, the record reveals that the thieves were motivated

to steal simply to get money, that they said nothing about his indigenous identity

either during the attempted theft or their later attack, and that they attacked

Flores-Shambi in retribution for thwarting their attempted theft, not because of his

indigenous identity. See Quituizaca, 52 F.4th at 115 (affirming BIA’s

determination that “the evidence established the greater probability that the gang

was motivated to harm [petitioner] based on incentives presented to ordinary

criminals rather than persecution” (citation modified)). While he now argues that

the thieves knew to target that area because it was an indigenous community

where police response was slow, this does not establish the requisite nexus

because it shows the gang picked an easy target, not why they returned to attack

Flores-Shambi. See Melgar de Torres v. Reno, 191 F.3d 307, 314 (2d Cir. 1999)

(holding that harm resulting from “general crime conditions” in a country does

not establish persecution on account of a protected ground); Matter of Acosta, 19 I.

& N. Dec. 211, 211-12 (B.I.A. 1985) (defining persecution as “harm or suffering that

is inflicted upon an individual in order to punish him for possessing a belief or

6 characteristic a persecutor seeks to overcome”).

The nexus and cognizability findings are dispositive of asylum and

withholding of removal. See Paloka, 762 F.3d at 195–97.

Flores-Shambi has abandoned his CAT claim because he does not address

the BIA’s determination that he waived that claim on appeal, and our “review is

limited to whether the BIA erred in deeming the argument waived.” Prabhudial

v. Holder, 780 F.3d 553, 555–56 (2d Cir. 2015); see also Debique v. Garland, 58 F.4th

676, 684 (2d Cir. 2023) (“We consider abandoned any claims not adequately

presented in an appellant’s brief, and an appellant’s failure to make legal or factual

arguments constitutes abandonment.” (quotation marks omitted)). Moreover,

even absent waiver, any challenges to the denial of CAT relief are unexhausted

and not sufficiently argued because his brief here is nearly identical to his brief to

the BIA and mentions CAT relief in only a conclusory manner. † See Vera Punin v.

†Flores-Shambi’s brief does not comply with Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28, and he submitted a substantially similar brief before the BIA. A brief that “simply repeats, word for word, [the] brief to the BIA” is “an inadequate submission” that is “grounds not only for rejection of the brief but for formal reprimand or other sanction.” Shunfu Li v. Mukasey, 529 F.3d 141, 146 (2d Cir. 2008). Moreover, the brief challenges portions of the IJ’s decision not before us, abandons the CAT claim, and does not adequately support the arguments raised. See Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(A). Counsel Bruno Bembi is cautioned that future briefing deficiencies may result in dismissal without consideration of the merits and may result in disciplinary proceedings.

7 Garland, 108 F.4th 114, 124 (2d Cir. 2004) (precluding consideration of claims not

raised before the BIA); Yueqing Zhang v. Gonzalez, 426 F.3d 540, 545 n.7 (2d Cir.

2005) (deeming claim abandoned where brief “devote[d] only a single conclusory

sentence to” it).

Finally, Flores-Shambi misunderstands the BIA’s refusal to consider his

argument that his family would be targeted based on their familial relationship

with him, and that a nuclear family constitutes a cognizable particular social

group. His wife and children proceeded as derivative beneficiaries of his

application and did not submit their own applications; thus, they could only

obtain asylum through Flores-Shambi based on persecution he had suffered or

would suffer. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(3)(A) (providing that a spouse or child of an

applicant who is granted asylum may, “if not otherwise eligible for asylum under

this section, be granted the same status as the [applicant] if accompanying, or

following to join, such [applicant]”); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.21; In re A-K-, 24 I. & N. Dec.

275, 278–79 (B.I.A. 2007) (explaining that, to derive asylum, “the principal

applicant must first establish entitlement to asylum in his own right, following

which the spouse or child of the principal applicant may then be afforded asylum

8 status through him,” and noting that “[a]utomatically treating harm to a family

member as being persecution to others within the family is inconsistent with

the derivative asylum provisions”).

For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is DENIED. All pending

motions and applications are DENIED and stays VACATED.

FOR THE COURT: Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court