Opinion by
Rice, P. J.,
Gideon Shadle, the decedent, left to survive him S. P. Shadle, a son, and three minor children of a deceased son, of whom David Snyder, the appellant, was guardian. S. P. Shadle was appointed administrator, and to his first and final account numerous exceptions were filed by the guardian. At the first hearing before the auditor appointed to pass upon the exceptions, “ and make distribution of the balance in the hands of the administrator to those entitled thereto,” S. P. Shadle was called as if under cross-examination and testified at length in answer to questions put by counsel for the exceptant concerning the items of the account and the matters referred to in the exceptions. Some of these exceptions were as to surcharges which the exceptant claimed should be made. At a later hearing he was again called and cross-examined by the exceptant’s counsel as to these matters. At a still later hearing the accountant testified, under objections by the exceptant’s counsel, in support of an offer made by the accountant’s counsel which we quote: “ I propose by the witness to prove that after the death of his mother, his father, who had taken Gideon Shadle, Jr., to raise, came to his hotel, bringing with him Gideon, Jr., to board with him, and that at that time a contract was made between them for the payment of their boarding; for the purpose of establishing an additional claim by the accountant against the estate.” The auditor held that the accountant was not a competent witness as to this matter and, therefore, when he [155]*155made up his report, rejected this testimony from consideration, but concluded that the testimony of other witnesses was sufficient to establish the claim. The court overruled the exception to the auditor’s conclusion of fact, but held that inasmuch as the exceptant had called the accountant for cross-examination the latter became a fully competent witness in his own behalf as to all relevant matters, and that this was a relevant matter. This is the first question to be considered.
We are not prepared to decide that the accountant would not have been competent to testify in his own behalf as to .matters occurring in the lifetime of the decedent, even if the party calling him for cross-examination had confined his examination strictly to matters occuring after the death of the decedent. But it is unnecessary to discuss, or express a decided opinion upon, that question; for while the cross-examination, in the main, related to the latter, yet it was not strictly confined thereto, but touched on some matters occurring in decedent’s lifetime. His cross-examination as to these matters was not very extended nor very important, it is true, but under all the authorities he thereby became a fully competent witness as to other relevant matters, whether occurring before or after the death of the decedent: Corson’s Est., 137 Pa. 160; Boyd v. Conshohocken Worsted Mills, 149 Pa. 363; Hambleton’s Est., 166 Pa. 500; Danley v. Danley, 179 Pa. 170; Watkins v. Hughes, 206 Pa. 526; Mothes’s Est., 29 Pa. Superior Ct. 462.
Was this claim a relevant matter within the meaning of the statute ? Prior to the enabling evidence statutes it was held in Pennsylvania that if a witness, disqualified by reason of interest, was called and examined generally by a party, it did not lie in the mouth of that party to object to him as incompetent when called by his adversary to testify to other facts: Turner v. Waterson, 4 W. & S. 171; Stockton v. Demuth, 7 Watts. 39. In Floyd v. Bovard, 6 W. & S. 75, Chief Justice Gibson commented on the English practice under which the new matter might be brought out under cross-examination, and after showing that under the practice here the cross-examination of a witness must be confined to the subject-matter of his direct testimony, concluded, both upon reason and authority, that the party first calling him thereby rebutted the presumption arising from interest and made him a competent witness [156]*156for the adverse party. The principle was carried still further in Patterson v. Wallace, 44 Pa. 88, where it was held that an objection to a witness called by one party, if known to the opposite party, must be made before he is examined’; if he is permitted to testify without objection, his competency cannot afterwards be objected to when recalled for examination, at any subsequent stage of the trial. Substantially the same was held in Dean v. Warnock, 98 Pa. 565. The act of 1865 was a departure from the common law, in that it enabled a party to compel any adverse party, etc., “ to testify, as a witness in his behalf, in the same manner and subject to the same rules as other witnesses,” but the common-law rule above referred to was applied in its construction. In Seip v. Storch, 52 Pa. 210, decided in, 1866, Justice Read, speaking for the court, referred to the rule established by these earlier cases, and then said: “ In construing, therefore, the remedial Act of March 27, 1865, P. L. 38, we must apply the well-established principle, that, if a party puts an incompetent witness on the stand, by exercising any power which he possesses over him, he makes him an entirely competent witness in the cause, to be used as such by either party.” To the same effect is Bennett v. Williams, 57 Pa. 404. Following this ruling it was held in Forrester v. Torrence, Adm. of Kline, 64 Pa. 29, that where the plaintiff examined one of the defendants as a witness at an arbitration, this rendered her competent on her own behalf on the trial of the same case in court. Sharswood, J., said: “There are good reasons for thus holding; for by calling and examining the witness, the plaintiff fully accredited her as worthy to be believed. Having done so once in the cause, he ought not to be allowed to object to her afterwards. Such a course would be likely to mislead his opponent, to induce him to believe that she would be called again, and to make his preparations on that expectation.” It is true it was decided in Alcorn’s Exr. v. Cook, 101 Pa. 209, that the provisions of the act of 1865 had no application to suits by and against administrators, and in Tinstman v. Croushore, 104 Pa. 192, that the right to cross-examine an adversary, conferred by the second section of the act of 1869, did not extend to such suits, but in neither of these cases did the court question that at common law a party calling and examining generally an incompetent witness and having the benefit of his [157]*157testimony could not object to Ms competency when called by the other side as to other relevant matters. The Act of May 23, 1887, P. L. 158, is not a step backward; it is an advance in the line of competency and the removal of disqualifications founded on interest or policy : Smith v. Hay, 152 Pa. 377. In a very recent case Justice Brown said that the act had been uniformly interpreted “ in the light of the literal meaning of its words ” and that under its provisions “ competency of witnesses in civil cases is the rule and incompetency the exception : ” Pattison v. Cobb, 212 Pa. 572. The courts have no authority to construe the act contrary to its plain provisions, and thus add to the exceptions to the general rule of competency, in the vain effort to put the parties in interest in every litigation that maj’- arise upon an equal footing: Foringer v. Sisson, 14 Pa. Superior Ct. 266; Smith v. Hay, 152 Pa. 377. The plea that where death has closed the mouth of one party to a thing or contract in action the law will preserve equality by excluding the living party thereto from testifying regarding it, is good only so far as it is sustained by the express words of the act. Under clause “ e ” of sec. 5, S. P.
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Opinion by
Rice, P. J.,
Gideon Shadle, the decedent, left to survive him S. P. Shadle, a son, and three minor children of a deceased son, of whom David Snyder, the appellant, was guardian. S. P. Shadle was appointed administrator, and to his first and final account numerous exceptions were filed by the guardian. At the first hearing before the auditor appointed to pass upon the exceptions, “ and make distribution of the balance in the hands of the administrator to those entitled thereto,” S. P. Shadle was called as if under cross-examination and testified at length in answer to questions put by counsel for the exceptant concerning the items of the account and the matters referred to in the exceptions. Some of these exceptions were as to surcharges which the exceptant claimed should be made. At a later hearing he was again called and cross-examined by the exceptant’s counsel as to these matters. At a still later hearing the accountant testified, under objections by the exceptant’s counsel, in support of an offer made by the accountant’s counsel which we quote: “ I propose by the witness to prove that after the death of his mother, his father, who had taken Gideon Shadle, Jr., to raise, came to his hotel, bringing with him Gideon, Jr., to board with him, and that at that time a contract was made between them for the payment of their boarding; for the purpose of establishing an additional claim by the accountant against the estate.” The auditor held that the accountant was not a competent witness as to this matter and, therefore, when he [155]*155made up his report, rejected this testimony from consideration, but concluded that the testimony of other witnesses was sufficient to establish the claim. The court overruled the exception to the auditor’s conclusion of fact, but held that inasmuch as the exceptant had called the accountant for cross-examination the latter became a fully competent witness in his own behalf as to all relevant matters, and that this was a relevant matter. This is the first question to be considered.
We are not prepared to decide that the accountant would not have been competent to testify in his own behalf as to .matters occurring in the lifetime of the decedent, even if the party calling him for cross-examination had confined his examination strictly to matters occuring after the death of the decedent. But it is unnecessary to discuss, or express a decided opinion upon, that question; for while the cross-examination, in the main, related to the latter, yet it was not strictly confined thereto, but touched on some matters occurring in decedent’s lifetime. His cross-examination as to these matters was not very extended nor very important, it is true, but under all the authorities he thereby became a fully competent witness as to other relevant matters, whether occurring before or after the death of the decedent: Corson’s Est., 137 Pa. 160; Boyd v. Conshohocken Worsted Mills, 149 Pa. 363; Hambleton’s Est., 166 Pa. 500; Danley v. Danley, 179 Pa. 170; Watkins v. Hughes, 206 Pa. 526; Mothes’s Est., 29 Pa. Superior Ct. 462.
Was this claim a relevant matter within the meaning of the statute ? Prior to the enabling evidence statutes it was held in Pennsylvania that if a witness, disqualified by reason of interest, was called and examined generally by a party, it did not lie in the mouth of that party to object to him as incompetent when called by his adversary to testify to other facts: Turner v. Waterson, 4 W. & S. 171; Stockton v. Demuth, 7 Watts. 39. In Floyd v. Bovard, 6 W. & S. 75, Chief Justice Gibson commented on the English practice under which the new matter might be brought out under cross-examination, and after showing that under the practice here the cross-examination of a witness must be confined to the subject-matter of his direct testimony, concluded, both upon reason and authority, that the party first calling him thereby rebutted the presumption arising from interest and made him a competent witness [156]*156for the adverse party. The principle was carried still further in Patterson v. Wallace, 44 Pa. 88, where it was held that an objection to a witness called by one party, if known to the opposite party, must be made before he is examined’; if he is permitted to testify without objection, his competency cannot afterwards be objected to when recalled for examination, at any subsequent stage of the trial. Substantially the same was held in Dean v. Warnock, 98 Pa. 565. The act of 1865 was a departure from the common law, in that it enabled a party to compel any adverse party, etc., “ to testify, as a witness in his behalf, in the same manner and subject to the same rules as other witnesses,” but the common-law rule above referred to was applied in its construction. In Seip v. Storch, 52 Pa. 210, decided in, 1866, Justice Read, speaking for the court, referred to the rule established by these earlier cases, and then said: “ In construing, therefore, the remedial Act of March 27, 1865, P. L. 38, we must apply the well-established principle, that, if a party puts an incompetent witness on the stand, by exercising any power which he possesses over him, he makes him an entirely competent witness in the cause, to be used as such by either party.” To the same effect is Bennett v. Williams, 57 Pa. 404. Following this ruling it was held in Forrester v. Torrence, Adm. of Kline, 64 Pa. 29, that where the plaintiff examined one of the defendants as a witness at an arbitration, this rendered her competent on her own behalf on the trial of the same case in court. Sharswood, J., said: “There are good reasons for thus holding; for by calling and examining the witness, the plaintiff fully accredited her as worthy to be believed. Having done so once in the cause, he ought not to be allowed to object to her afterwards. Such a course would be likely to mislead his opponent, to induce him to believe that she would be called again, and to make his preparations on that expectation.” It is true it was decided in Alcorn’s Exr. v. Cook, 101 Pa. 209, that the provisions of the act of 1865 had no application to suits by and against administrators, and in Tinstman v. Croushore, 104 Pa. 192, that the right to cross-examine an adversary, conferred by the second section of the act of 1869, did not extend to such suits, but in neither of these cases did the court question that at common law a party calling and examining generally an incompetent witness and having the benefit of his [157]*157testimony could not object to Ms competency when called by the other side as to other relevant matters. The Act of May 23, 1887, P. L. 158, is not a step backward; it is an advance in the line of competency and the removal of disqualifications founded on interest or policy : Smith v. Hay, 152 Pa. 377. In a very recent case Justice Brown said that the act had been uniformly interpreted “ in the light of the literal meaning of its words ” and that under its provisions “ competency of witnesses in civil cases is the rule and incompetency the exception : ” Pattison v. Cobb, 212 Pa. 572. The courts have no authority to construe the act contrary to its plain provisions, and thus add to the exceptions to the general rule of competency, in the vain effort to put the parties in interest in every litigation that maj’- arise upon an equal footing: Foringer v. Sisson, 14 Pa. Superior Ct. 266; Smith v. Hay, 152 Pa. 377. The plea that where death has closed the mouth of one party to a thing or contract in action the law will preserve equality by excluding the living party thereto from testifying regarding it, is good only so far as it is sustained by the express words of the act. Under clause “ e ” of sec. 5, S. P. Shadle would not have been competent to testify to the alleged contract between him and his deceased father; but, exercising the right which the 7th section gave him, the only other party interested in the proceeding called him as if under cross-examination. Having thus obtained the benefit of the accountant’s testimony, so far as it was favorable to him, without being concluded by it so far as it was unfavorable, we fail to see what principle of natural justice, or policy of the' law, would be offended by permitting him to testify in his own behalf as to other facts relevant and material in the audit then pending. It would not have been regarded as in contravention of the principles of the common law, notwithstanding all the strictness with which it held interest as disqualifying to testify, and, as Justice McCollum said, the act of 1887 “ is not a step backward.” Its plain and unambiguous language is “but such person so cross-examined shall become thereby a fully competent witness for the other party as to all relevant matters, whether or not these matters were touched upon in his cross-examination.” Relevant to what ? Clearly it is not essential that his testimony relate specifically to the subject-matter of his cross-examination; the [158]*158words of the act settle that question. But it is argued that as the cross-examination of the accountant related solely to the issue made by the account and the exceptions, therefore, his testimony in his own behalf should have been confined to the same issue. In considering this proposition it is to be observed that the only parties interested in the final result of the audit were the accountant and the minors of whom the exceptant was the guardian, and that while under the terms of the auditor's appointment the ascertainment of the assets of the estate in tne hands of the accountant was necessarily involved, the ultimate purpose of the audit was the distribution of them to and among the persons entitled. The claim of the accountant was clearly a relevant matter in the proceeding. The fact that he did not allude to it in. his account, and that it was not “ touched upon ” when he was cross-examined by the exceptant, cannot be made the ground for excluding his testimony regarding it, without detracting from the words of the statute, “ a fully competent witness as to all relevant matters, whether or not these matters were touched upon in his cross-examination.” We conclude, therefore, that he was a competent witness as to this matter.
The testimony of the accountant was to the effect that after the death of his mother his father, the decedent, came to live with him at his hotel, bringing with him a grandson, toward whom he stood in loco parentis, and that they continued to board with him until the decedent’s death. As to the contract between them he testified : “ He said he would pay me for the boarding, as there was enough left, and that I should not do this for nothing, and that he would pay me for boarding them.” “ Q. By them he meant who ? A. Why, my father and Gideon, Jr.” On cross-examination he testified : “ Q. Your father, Mr. Shadle, told you that he would pay you for the boarding of himself and Gideon? A. Yes, sir. Q. Did he specify the amount which he would pay ? A. No. Q. He seemed satisfied that there was enough left to pay you ? A. He said you need not to keep me for nothing, you need not to keep us for nothing, I have got so much left that I will pay; he says you need not keep me for nothing, and he says, I will pay you.” This testimony was corroborated by the testimony of Jonas Garman and L. H. Zeigler as to declarations which the decedent made [159]*159to them, and it was not contradicted. Claims of this character are to be rigidly scrutinized under all circumstances, and especially under such circumstances as were developed in this case. Nevertheless, there is no valid principle upon which it can be declared that under no circumstances are they to be allowed. The rule upon the subject was thus laid down in Miller’s Appeal, 100 Pa. 568: “ Between parent and child the rule is, that there can be no recovery for' services, boarding, or the like, in the absence of an express contract to pay therefor. The degree of proof to establish it cannot be the same in all cases. . . . The question always is, whether the parties contemplated payment and dealt with each other as debtor and creditor. A son who takes his decrepit parents into his house and supports them, is presumed to do so from the promptings of natural affection; no contract is implied. But if the father, before they go and afterward, repeatedly declares that he was to pay for their board, such declarations are evidence, and with the circumstances may be so direct and strong as to compel belief that he expressly agreed to pay for it. Loose declarations made to the son or others will not answer. That which may be only the expression of an intention to compensate is not evidence of an agreement to compensate. If he intended to pay, and often said so to others, he was not bound. It must appear that he proposed to assume a legal obligation, capable of being enforced against him.” It was further decided in the same case that a contract to pay for services or boarding may be express and binding, withoutthe terms being defined. “ The gist is an actual agreement to pay, and if the sum be, not expressed it will be implied to be the value.” It is unnecessary to cite other cases upon the subject, or to discuss those cases bearing more particularly upon the question of the wages of domestic servants. Taken as a whole the testimony, if believed, was sufficient to overcome the presumption that the boarding of the decedent and his grandson and his nurse was furnished gratuitously, or from promptings of filial affection, or merely from expectation of a legacy, and to support-a finding that it was furnished pursuant to an express contract. The general rule is, that an appellate court will not disturb a finding of fact by an. auditor, approved by the orphans’ court, except in cases of fraud, clear mistake or manifest lack of due considera[160]*160tion, and especially is this true where the finding is based on direct oral testimony, and is not a mere inference from other facts. We see no reason to depart from that rule in this case, or to hold that the finding was clearly wrong.
The question raised by the fifth assignment of error was fully considered by the learned judge of the orphans’ court in that part of his opinion which relates to the fourth exception of the accountant to the auditor’s report. It involves a question of fact, and we are of opinion that this was correctly determined by the court. All that need be said concerning it is contained in that portion of the learned judge’s opinion above referred to.
The decree is affirmed and the appeal dismissed, the costs of the appeal to be paid by David Snyder, guardian.