Jones, J.
The first assignment of error is that the trial court held the action to be legal and not equitable. The material part of the statute under which the action was brought is as follows (sec. 1773, Stats.):
“No such. corporation shall transact business with any others than its members until at least one half of its capital stock shall have been duly subscribed; . . . and if any obligation shall be contracted in violation hereof, . . . the stockholders then existing, shall be personally liable upon the same.”
It was urged that actions for the enforcement of liability under this statute must be governed as to practice by secs. 3223-3228. Sec. 3223 provides:
“Whenever any creditor of any corporation shall seek to charge the directors, trustees or other officers or stockholders thereof on account of any liability created by law he may commence and maintain an action for that purpose in the circuit court and may at his election join the corporation in such action.”
The other sections provide for the taking of an account; • for. ascertaining the liabilities of the directors or other officers and stockholders and enforcing the same by judgment; for the distribution of the property of the corporation; that the court shall compel each stockholder to pay in the amount due and unpaid on the share of stock held by him or so much as shall be necessary to pay the debts of the corporation ; that if the debts of the corporation remain unsatisfied the court shall proceed to ascertain the .liabilities of the [595]*595officers and stockholders, adjudge the amount due, and enforce payment. The statute further provides that the court may by injunction restrain proceedings by other creditors against the defendant; that the court may require all creditors of. the corporation to exhibit their claims within a specified time or be precluded from any share in the distribution under the judgment. Provision is also made for discovery of stock and property belonging to the corporation and for adverse examinations of officers and stockholders as to transfers of property of the corporation.
Several classes of actions have come to this court under various statutes to enforce the statutory liability of stockholders : (1) the personal liability of stockholders in banks, (2) for unpaid subscriptions to stock, (3) for the indebtedness to laborers, (4) under sec. 1773, the statute in question, for liability because fifty per cent, of the stock had not been subscribed.
In the first three classes of cases it has been held by this court that the actions to enforce liability are equitable and that all. the parties interested should be joined. In some of these cases, for example Sleeper v. Goodwin, 67 Wis. 577, 31 N. W. 335; Gager v. Marsden, 101 Wis. 598, 77 N. W. 922; Kollock v. Scribner, 98 Wis. 104, 73 N. W. 776; Foster v. Posson, 105 Wis. 99, 81 N. W. 123; and Day v. Buckingham, 87 Wis. 215, 58 N. W. 254, language is used by the court on which appellant’s counsel rely as support for the proposition that actions based on sec. 1773 are also equitable and should be brought under sec. 3223, quoted above.
In the first of these classes of cases the liability of the stockholder is for the benefit of creditors generally to an amount equal to the stock held in addition to the amount invested in the stock, and the time of such liability is limited. The statute provides for the mode of bringing the action, and, under. certain- conditions, for the reimbursement of the stockholders. Sec. 2024 — 44, Stats.
[596]*596The liability of a stockholder for unpaid subscriptions is limited to the amount unpaid. The amount unpaid as well as the amount paid is regarded as a trust fund pledged for the payment of the debts of the corporation. The liability of a stockholder for the debts to employees is limited to the amount of stock held by him, and is confined to six months’ service by the employee. Sec. 1769, Stats. The liability for doing business before fifty per cent, of the stock is subscribed is different from that in any of these, because there is no limitation or qualification as to the liability of the stockholder. His liability is primary and absolute, not to the corporation, but to every creditor. It does not depend on the amount of the stock, nor the continued ownership of the stock, nor upon the solvency of the corporation. The statute in no way limits the period of the liability.
Although the precise question raised by this assignment of error does not seem to have been decided by this court, several actions have come .before this court and been brought as purely actions at law. Zwietusch v. Becker, 153 Wis. 213, 140 N. W. 1056; Weston v. Dahl, 162 Wis. 32, 155 N. W. 949. The only case we have been referred to or have found which construes the statute in question is Flour City Nat. Bank v. Wechselberg, 45 Fed. 547. In an able arid full discussion, Jenkins, J., held that the remedy at law is adequate and that the action need not be brought under sec. 3223, Stats. We quote from the opinion, page 551:
“The liability is not only primary and absolute, but attaches immediately upon the contracting of the debt by the corporation, maturing upon the maturity of the debt incurred. By the very terms of the statute, the liability is upon the stockholders existing at the time of the contracting of the debt. It does not involve those who may afterwards become interested. A transfer of stock would not acquit one of liability, nor transfer such liability to his successor in interest. So, also, liability is to the particular creditor, not to the body of creditors. It is measured by the amount of the debt, not by the amount the shareholder has at stake in the cor[597]*597poration. It is a separate liability to each individual creditor. Its enforcement is not postponed to the .ascertainment of the assets of the corporation, nor dependent upon the winding up of its affairs, or the insufficiency of corporate assets. It consists with the continued life of the corporation. The shareholder, compelled to respond to the creditor for the debt of the corporation, may or may not have an action over against the corporation. That is matter personal to the shareholder, with which the creditor is in no way concerned. Equity has' here nothing to act upon. There is here no community of interest, no marshaling of assets, no distribution. The case involves no one subject of equity jurisdiction. It is a simple question of liability of one party to the other. The remedy at law is all-sufficient to the occasion. It is the one that should be pursued.”
We hold that the trial court did not err in treating the action as one at law.
Counsel for. the appellant claim that in 'order to make up the necessary one half of the subscriptions there must be counted 100 shares of stock for which it is claimed Hecht made a separate oral subscription and for which he never paid. It is urged that any agreement to take such shares was void and ift violation of the statute of frauds. On the other hand, it is claimed by respondents’ counsel that Hecht agreed to take only 200 shares, one half of which was paid by the delivery of his interest in the stock of goods, and that the sale of the partnership goods by Long and Hecht to the corporation jointly and the individual promises to take 100 shares each were all one contract. On the motion for judgment the trial judge said:
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Jones, J.
The first assignment of error is that the trial court held the action to be legal and not equitable. The material part of the statute under which the action was brought is as follows (sec. 1773, Stats.):
“No such. corporation shall transact business with any others than its members until at least one half of its capital stock shall have been duly subscribed; . . . and if any obligation shall be contracted in violation hereof, . . . the stockholders then existing, shall be personally liable upon the same.”
It was urged that actions for the enforcement of liability under this statute must be governed as to practice by secs. 3223-3228. Sec. 3223 provides:
“Whenever any creditor of any corporation shall seek to charge the directors, trustees or other officers or stockholders thereof on account of any liability created by law he may commence and maintain an action for that purpose in the circuit court and may at his election join the corporation in such action.”
The other sections provide for the taking of an account; • for. ascertaining the liabilities of the directors or other officers and stockholders and enforcing the same by judgment; for the distribution of the property of the corporation; that the court shall compel each stockholder to pay in the amount due and unpaid on the share of stock held by him or so much as shall be necessary to pay the debts of the corporation ; that if the debts of the corporation remain unsatisfied the court shall proceed to ascertain the .liabilities of the [595]*595officers and stockholders, adjudge the amount due, and enforce payment. The statute further provides that the court may by injunction restrain proceedings by other creditors against the defendant; that the court may require all creditors of. the corporation to exhibit their claims within a specified time or be precluded from any share in the distribution under the judgment. Provision is also made for discovery of stock and property belonging to the corporation and for adverse examinations of officers and stockholders as to transfers of property of the corporation.
Several classes of actions have come to this court under various statutes to enforce the statutory liability of stockholders : (1) the personal liability of stockholders in banks, (2) for unpaid subscriptions to stock, (3) for the indebtedness to laborers, (4) under sec. 1773, the statute in question, for liability because fifty per cent, of the stock had not been subscribed.
In the first three classes of cases it has been held by this court that the actions to enforce liability are equitable and that all. the parties interested should be joined. In some of these cases, for example Sleeper v. Goodwin, 67 Wis. 577, 31 N. W. 335; Gager v. Marsden, 101 Wis. 598, 77 N. W. 922; Kollock v. Scribner, 98 Wis. 104, 73 N. W. 776; Foster v. Posson, 105 Wis. 99, 81 N. W. 123; and Day v. Buckingham, 87 Wis. 215, 58 N. W. 254, language is used by the court on which appellant’s counsel rely as support for the proposition that actions based on sec. 1773 are also equitable and should be brought under sec. 3223, quoted above.
In the first of these classes of cases the liability of the stockholder is for the benefit of creditors generally to an amount equal to the stock held in addition to the amount invested in the stock, and the time of such liability is limited. The statute provides for the mode of bringing the action, and, under. certain- conditions, for the reimbursement of the stockholders. Sec. 2024 — 44, Stats.
[596]*596The liability of a stockholder for unpaid subscriptions is limited to the amount unpaid. The amount unpaid as well as the amount paid is regarded as a trust fund pledged for the payment of the debts of the corporation. The liability of a stockholder for the debts to employees is limited to the amount of stock held by him, and is confined to six months’ service by the employee. Sec. 1769, Stats. The liability for doing business before fifty per cent, of the stock is subscribed is different from that in any of these, because there is no limitation or qualification as to the liability of the stockholder. His liability is primary and absolute, not to the corporation, but to every creditor. It does not depend on the amount of the stock, nor the continued ownership of the stock, nor upon the solvency of the corporation. The statute in no way limits the period of the liability.
Although the precise question raised by this assignment of error does not seem to have been decided by this court, several actions have come .before this court and been brought as purely actions at law. Zwietusch v. Becker, 153 Wis. 213, 140 N. W. 1056; Weston v. Dahl, 162 Wis. 32, 155 N. W. 949. The only case we have been referred to or have found which construes the statute in question is Flour City Nat. Bank v. Wechselberg, 45 Fed. 547. In an able arid full discussion, Jenkins, J., held that the remedy at law is adequate and that the action need not be brought under sec. 3223, Stats. We quote from the opinion, page 551:
“The liability is not only primary and absolute, but attaches immediately upon the contracting of the debt by the corporation, maturing upon the maturity of the debt incurred. By the very terms of the statute, the liability is upon the stockholders existing at the time of the contracting of the debt. It does not involve those who may afterwards become interested. A transfer of stock would not acquit one of liability, nor transfer such liability to his successor in interest. So, also, liability is to the particular creditor, not to the body of creditors. It is measured by the amount of the debt, not by the amount the shareholder has at stake in the cor[597]*597poration. It is a separate liability to each individual creditor. Its enforcement is not postponed to the .ascertainment of the assets of the corporation, nor dependent upon the winding up of its affairs, or the insufficiency of corporate assets. It consists with the continued life of the corporation. The shareholder, compelled to respond to the creditor for the debt of the corporation, may or may not have an action over against the corporation. That is matter personal to the shareholder, with which the creditor is in no way concerned. Equity has' here nothing to act upon. There is here no community of interest, no marshaling of assets, no distribution. The case involves no one subject of equity jurisdiction. It is a simple question of liability of one party to the other. The remedy at law is all-sufficient to the occasion. It is the one that should be pursued.”
We hold that the trial court did not err in treating the action as one at law.
Counsel for. the appellant claim that in 'order to make up the necessary one half of the subscriptions there must be counted 100 shares of stock for which it is claimed Hecht made a separate oral subscription and for which he never paid. It is urged that any agreement to take such shares was void and ift violation of the statute of frauds. On the other hand, it is claimed by respondents’ counsel that Hecht agreed to take only 200 shares, one half of which was paid by the delivery of his interest in the stock of goods, and that the sale of the partnership goods by Long and Hecht to the corporation jointly and the individual promises to take 100 shares each were all one contract. On the motion for judgment the trial judge said:
“It appears to the court that the statute of frauds was fully complied with so as to render the oral agreements to take stock valid. The agreement of Hecht to take $2,000 face value was not divided into parts so as to constitute two contracts. In effect he agreed to take 200 shares and pay for one half thereof by the immediate delivery of his interest in the partnership property, and pay for the -other half thereof in cash later. His interest in the partnership [598]*598property was immediately put into the possession of the corporation.”
On this branch of the case the jury found for the respondents. If the facts which occurred at the meeting of the stockholders on December. 29, 1916, are controlling, there was clearly sufficient evidence to sustain the verdict. These is evidence tending to support the claim of appellant as to the main facts, consisting of entries in the stock-books inconsistent with respondents’ claims. It also appeared that, the number of stock certificates actually issued to Hecht and Long did not correspond with the claim of respondents as to the agreement of December 29, 1916. But no certificates were issued until several months after that meeting. All these facts were before the jury and the trial judge and we do not feel justified in setting aside the judgment, since if the agreement to take the requisite amount of stock was made at the meeting and was accompanied by delivery of the assets of Long and Hecht the effect could hardly be changed by subsequent irregularities or mistakes or new agreements.
There is much discussion in the briefs concerning oral subscriptions for stock and the statute of frauds. In view of the conclusion we have reached as to the facts it does not seem necessary to'enter upon a discussion of those subjects. The oral agreement to take the stock and the delivery of compensation for it were practically contemporaneous. All parties and the corporation acted upon the arrangement in good faith. As part of a single entire agreement one of the owners of the assets to be turned over agreed to take $1,000 in stock for which he never paid. The agreement was accepted and acted upon by the corporation. If action had been brought upon the promise he could not have repudiated it. There are conflicting decisions as to the validity of oral subscriptions to stock, but we have found none inconsistent with our conclusion, which is that on the facts found the required amount of stock was subscribed.'.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.