STATE OF LOUISIANA COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT
24-686 consolidated with 24-687
MCKINLEY WAYNE GUIDRY AND SETH GUIDRY
VERSUS
ENTERGY SERVICES, LLC
ENTERGY LOUISIANA, LLC AND
XYLEM, INC. OF VIRGINIA
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APPEAL FROM THE THIRTY-EIGHTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT PARISH OF CAMERON, NO. 10-20718 AND NO. 10-20719 HONORABLE PENELOPE QUINN RICHARD, DISTRICT JUDGE
GUY E. BRADBERRY JUDGE
Court composed of Shannon J. Gremillion, Ledricka J. Thierry, and Guy E. Bradberry, Judges.
REVERSED IN PART; AFFIRMED IN PART; AND RENDERED. Jennifer A. Jones Jones Law Firm 1231 Marshall Street Cameron, LA 70631 (337) 249-1056 COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFFS/APPELLEES: McKinley Wayne Guidry Seth Guidry
Robert A. Mahtook, Jr. Kaliste Joseph Saloom, IV Mahtook & LaFleur, LLC 600 Jefferson Street, Suite 1000 Lafayette, LA 70501 (337) 266-2189 COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS/APPELLANTS: Entergy Louisiana, LLC Xylem, Inc. of Virginia BRADBERRY, Judge.
Defendants, Entergy Louisiana, LLC and Xylem, Inc. of Virginia, appeal a
trial court judgment awarding damages to McKinley “Butch” Guidry and his son,
Seth Guidry, for the loss of live oak and pecan trees on their properties that were cut
down after Hurricane Laura in 2020. The trial court found that Defendants were
liable for negligently clear-cutting the oak and pecan trees on Plaintiffs’ properties
and awarded damages.
FACTS
Immediately following Hurricane Laura in 2020, Entergy began assessing the
damage in Cameron Parish. As part of the restoration efforts, Entergy contracted
with companies to clear trees, limbs, and bushes so that it could access utility lines
and poles to make the necessary repairs. Xylem was one of the companies Entergy
employed because it already had an existing base load contract with Xylem for
routine maintenance work in Arkansas, and Xylem knew Entergy’s policies for
trimming trees. Entergy entered into a storm contract with Xylem to perform the
post-hurricane work in Louisiana.
As part of the work following a hurricane, Entergy elevates senior journeymen
to the role of circuit bosses. In the present case, Mack LaVergne became the circuit
boss of the area fed by the Solac 190 substation, which included the Cameron Parish
area where the Guidrys’ property was located. As a circuit boss, he was responsible
for directing all the line contractors and vegetation contractors on that particular
circuit. Following a hurricane, the circuit boss initially sends out scouts to assess
the damage and identify what lines and poles are down. Then he sends out the
vegetation contractors like Xylem to clear the way for the repairs to be made. Travis West, a certified line clearance tree trimmer arborist employed by
Xylem, was deployed to Lafayette at a staging area prior to the landfall of Hurricane
Laura. After the storm, Travis was assigned to the Cameron Parish area. He was an
on-site supervisor managing multiple tree-trimming crews. He would meet daily
with Mack LaVergne about the work that needed to be accomplished. Mack would
lay out the route of the Entergy line crews, and Xylem would work ahead of them to
clear the way. Travis explained that Xylem was trimming for access to repair the
equipment. Travis testified that at some point the scope of the work changed to
clearing so that all the poles could be changed.
Butch Guidry and his wife lived on Hebert Camp Road in Cameron Parish.
He donated part of the land to his son, Seth, who lived there with his wife and
children. They evacuated for Hurricane Laura but returned the day after to check on
their homes. Butch explained that the trees were still standing along the roadway.
The leaves were missing, and some limbs were broken. Eventually, Butch and his
wife moved back on the property on September 8, 2020, with generator power. Seth
was with them. At that time, he noticed that the trees had been cut down on his
property. The workers were still there with chainsaws in their hands, continuing to
cut down trees. Butch and Seth approached them and asked them to stop cutting the
trees down. Travis West testified that Xylem stopped cutting the trees down and
never returned to the property.
Butch and Seth each filed separate suits against Entergy and Xylem on
September 1, 2021, for intentional trespass, loss of timber, loss of aesthetic value,
mental anguish, cost of cleaning and clearing the damaged land, attorney fees and
court costs, and treble timber damages pursuant to La.R.S. 56:1478.1, now La.R.S.
2 3:4278.1. Prior to trial, Seth and Butch filed a motion to consolidate the actions. A
judgment was signed on August 21, 2023, granting the motion to consolidate.
A two-day bench trial was held on November 20–21, 2023. At the close of
Plaintiffs’ case, Defendants moved for an involuntary dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims
for treble damages under La.R.S. 3:4278.1(E), which the court found inapplicable
finding no evidence that Defendants acted in bad faith. At the conclusion of the trial,
the case was taken under advisement. The trial court issued written reasons for
judgment on February 5, 2024. The trial court found Defendants were “liable for
failing to follow ENTERGY’s Line Clearance Specifications and for negligently
clear-cutting the Guidrys’ property instead of trimming plaintiffs’ trees for line
access.” The trial court awarded damages.
On April 16, 2024, Plaintiffs filed a motion seeking clarification of the
apportionment of fault to each Defendant and clarification of the apportionment of
certain damages awarded to Plaintiffs. A hearing on the matter was held on July 1,
2024. A judgment was signed on August 2, 2024. Damages in the amount of
$78,850.00 were awarded to Butch, and Seth was awarded $79,850.00 in damages.
Fault was apportioned 50% to Entergy and 50% to Xylem on each award.
SERVITUDE
Defendants argue that they have a servitude established by a 1948 agreement
with the landowner at that time. They argue that the servitude allows them the right
to trim and cut trees on the Guidry property to allow access for the removal and
replacement of the utility lines and equipment that were damaged or destroyed by
Hurricane Laura. In the alternative, Defendants argue that a servitude was created
through the St. Julien Doctrine or by acquisitive prescription.
3 The trial court’s reasons for judgment and judgment are silent as to the
existence of a predial servitude. “Silence in a judgment as to any part of a demand
or any issue litigated is construed as a rejection of that claim or issue by the trial
court.” Reed v. La. Horticulture Comm’n., 21-657, p. 5 (La.App. 1 Cir. 12/22/21),
341 So.3d 66, 71, writ denied, 22-284 (La. 4/12/22), 336 So.3d 89.
Appellate courts review findings of fact pertaining to servitudes under the
manifest error standard of review. Carpenter v. Guillory Inv., Inc., 18-571 (La.App.
3 Cir. 2/27/19), 266 So.3d 581, writ denied, 19-748 (La. 9/17/19), 279 So.3d 384.
“An appellate court may not set aside a trial court’s findings of fact unless they are
manifestly erroneous or clearly wrong.” Allen v. Cotton, 11-1354, p. 3 (La.App. 3
Cir. 5/2/12), 93 So.3d 681, 683. “To reverse under the manifest error rule, an
appellate court must find from the record that there is no reasonable basis for the
trial court’s finding and that the record shows the finding to be manifestly erroneous.”
Id.
1948 Agreement
Defendants claim that Entergy’s servitude was establish through a 1948
agreement that gives them the right to cut and trim all trees within fourteen feet of
poles, lines, and equipment. Plaintiffs argue that the 1948 servitude has no
application in this case.
“Predial servitudes are established by all acts by which immovables may be
transferred.” La.Civ.Code art. 722. Predial “servitudes are regulated by the title by
which they are created[.]” La.Civ.Code art. 697. “A predial servitude may be
established on a certain part of an estate, if that part is sufficiently described.”
La.Civ.Code art. 727. “Doubt as to the existence, extent, or manner of exercise of a
4 predial servitude shall be resolved in favor of the servient estate.” La.Civ.Code art.
730.
“Interpretation of a contract is the determination of the common intent of the
parties.” La.Civ.Code art. 2045. “A doubtful provision must be interpreted in light
of the nature of the contract, equity, usages, the conduct of the parties before and
after the formation of the contract, and of other contracts of a like nature between
the same parties.” La.Civ.Code art. 2053.
In 1948, Agnes Hebert, Plaintiffs’ ancestor-in-title, granted a utility servitude
to Gulf States Utilities. Gulf States later merged with Entergy. The agreement
provided the utility company:
[W]ith the right to go on the land of Owner . . . to remove, trim and keep trimmed any trees or bushes, without further payment, so that there shall be a clearance of 14 feet between any part of any tree or bush and the above mentioned poles, wire or other equipment.
Defendants note that both their surveyor and Plaintiffs’ surveyor indicated
that every tree that was trimmed or cut down was within fourteen feet of its utility
poles, lines, and equipment.
Plaintiffs refer to the location of the servitude in the right-of-way agreement
as: “Approx. 10 ft. S more or less from pop. line running along public road on S.
side and to run in southwesterly direction.” Plaintiffs note that both surveys
indicated that the poles and overhead power lines are located between forty and
forty-five feet south of the north property line, which is significantly more than ten
feet. It is Plaintiffs’ position that since the utility equipment is located outside the
specified boundaries of the 1948 contract, its provisions are inapplicable.
Defendants point to the fact that the description also contains the terms
“approx.[imately]”, “more or less”, and “southwesterly”. Defendants argue that
5 installation of the poles in the exact location designated in the agreement would have
placed them in the center of Hebert Camp Road which is nonsensical. Defendants
argue that the final placement of the poles was the best place, and this placement
least restricted Plaintiffs’ property.
Jamie Chapman, Entergy’s senior regional manager over the distribution line
for the western region of Louisiana, testified about Entergy’s AMFM report
introduced into evidence by Defendants. The AMFM report gives linemen or
designers an idea of what poles, wires and equipment are in a specific area. Jamie
explained that the poles are marked with the year they are placed. Based on the
information contained in the AMFM report for this area, the power line on the
Guidrys’ property had been in place since at least 1954.
When Butch and his wife leased the property in the mid-1980s and later
purchased the property in 1988, the utility poles and lines were in the same location.
In 2004, they donated a portion of the property to Seth. There is no evidence in the
record that any landowner ever objected to the location of the poles and lines.
Defendants cite J.C. Trahan Drilling Contractor, Inc. v. Younger, 169 So.2d
15 (La.App. 2 Cir. 1964), and Burgas v. Stoutz, 174 La. 586, 141 So. 67 (1932), for
the proposition that any insufficiency in the description in a servitude agreement as
to the traversal of the right of way does not render the conveyance void for want of
certainty if the grantee actually constructs the line on the land in accordance with the
intent of the parties.
In Istre v. S. Cent. Bell Tel. Co., 329 So.2d 486 (La.App. 3 Cir.), writ denied,
333 So.2d 233 (La.1976), this court held that landowners who acquiesced in the
construction of an underground telephone cable were barred from recovering
trespass damages. This court cited Gray v. State, Dep’t of Highways, 250 La. 1045,
6 202 So.2d 24 (1967), which held that when an owner of land is aware his property
is being appropriated for public use and takes no action to prevent it, he cannot later
complain. These cases suggest that mere silence or lack of complaint by the
landowner may be interpreted as acquiescence. Furthermore, “Modification of a
written agreement can be presumed by silence, inaction, or implication.” Gucci 1
Field Servs., LLC v. Reeves, 23-73, 23-74, 23-75, 23-76, p. 7 (La.App. 5 Cir.
11/8/23), 377 So.3d 354, 360.
While the description is not exact, we do not find it vague. Further, we find
that there is nothing in the record establishing that an objection to placement of the
lines and poles by the landowner occurred. Therefore, it can be presumed that the
landowner consented to the placement of the lines and poles in the location they
were placed. We find that the trial court clearly erred in failing to find the 1948
Servitude Agreement in effect. This finding obviates the need to address Defendants’
alternative arguments that they have a servitude under the St. Julien Doctrine or by
acquisitive prescription of thirty years.
REASONABLE AND NECESSARY
In its reasons for judgment, the trial court found that Defendants failed to
follow their own line specifications by negligently clear-cutting the Guidrys’ trees
instead of trimming them for line access. Defendants argue that they had a right, as
the dominant estate, to maintain and preserve their servitude pursuant to
La.Civ.Code art. 744, which allows the owner of a dominant estate to make all works
that are necessary for the use and preservation of the servitude. Defendants also note
that the agreement allows them:
[T]he right to go on the land of Owner . . . to remove, trim and keep trimmed any trees or bushes, without further payment, so that there
7 shall be a clearance of 14 feet between any part of any tree or bush and the above mentioned poles, wires or other equipment.
However, as noted by Plaintiffs, these rights “are to be exercised in a way
least inconvenient for the servient estate.” La.Civ.Code art. 743. The court in
Weigand v. Asplundh Tree Experts, 577 So.2d 125, 129 (La.App. 1 Cir.), writ denied,
580 So.2d 379 (La.1991), recognized that a utility company has the right to cut or
trim trees when it is necessary to preserve its servitude but also noted: “that when it
becomes necessary, in maintaining electrical lines, to remove, cut or trim trees and
shrubs, it must be done in a reasonable manner, with due regard to the rights of all
parties.” While the trees that were cut were in the fourteen-foot servitude, the
question is whether it was reasonable and necessary and exercised in a way least
inconvenient for Plaintiffs’ property.
Defendants claim that they established that the trees needed to be removed to
safely remove damaged lines and equipment through the testimony of Mack
LaVergne. Mack testified that he told Travis West that Entergy needed to access
every pole, not that they were going to be replaced. Mack explained that they needed
to clear to a point to be able to get the service line up safely because this was one of
the biggest storms he had ever seen as far as a widespread damage event. On Hebert
Camp Road, they had to restring all new lines, which would require access from pole
to pole, meaning complete clearance between poles.
Travis testified that Xylem was not brought in to do trimming and
maintenance but for storm response. The crews would meet daily with Mack on the
scope of work. He testified that the initial scope of the work changed based on his
conversations with Mack. The work went from trimming in order that lines could
be accessed for repair to clearing so that all poles and lines could be replaced.
8 Entergy did not come out and tell him what trees to cut down. Travis made the
decision on what trees to cut down based off the information he had from Mack.
Travis explained that it may become necessary to deviate from standard pruning
practices when there is a widespread restoration project and clearance is needed to
rebuild and speed up the restoration process. Xylem deviated because it was his
understanding that the whole infrastructure was going to be rebuilt.
Travis testified that he would not have cut the trees in that manner if Entergy
was not replacing all poles. He explained that spot treating the areas requires less
clearing than a total rebuild. Maintaining trees and vegetation is an important part
of the job.
Travis testified that most of the trees cut down were directly under the power
lines. They did not finish cutting the trees because the Guidrys told them to stop,
and they never returned to the property. The three poles on the Guidrys’ properties
did not have to be replaced.
Defendants also argue that they followed Entergy’s line clearance
specifications, which allow for deviations during an emergency response to natural
disasters. Defendants contend that the elevated danger caused by Hurricane Laura
necessitated a deviation from the standard tree trimming practices.
Jamie Chapman explained that the Louisiana Public Service Commission
(LPSC), the governing body over utilities, requires Entergy to maintain written line
clearance specifications and file them annually. She testified that the standards
require, “ʻTree trimming and pruning shall be performed in accordance with modern
arboricultural standards.’” The LPSC also required Entergy to file written policies
for tree removal.
9 Jamie explained that Entergy has specifications for its yearly trim cycle for
line clearance. The purpose of the maintenance program is to minimize the amount
of damage a tree can cause to a power line. These specifications are incorporated
into Entergy’s contracts with tree trimming contractors. Jamie admitted that nothing
in the specifications allowed a contractor to clear-cut around equipment in the event
of a storm or ignore the specifications in the event of a natural disaster.
Entergy’s written line specifications were introduced into evidence. The
specifications provide that “[t]rees shall be trimmed as to provide a maximum
clearance from primary conductors.” In rural areas, live oak trees should have a line
clearance of ten feet and pecan trees should have a clearance of fifteen feet. Tree
removal specifications require that trees with a greater than eight-inch diameter
should be considered removed if they are “[d]ead, dying, diseased, decayed, or
leaning . . . which endanger the safe operation and maintenance of energized primary
conductors[.]”
Defendants argue that Entergy’s Line Clearance Specifications also provide
that all work “shall be performed in accordance with modern arboricultural
standards.” Citing testimony from Plaintiffs’ expert in urban forestry and
arboriculture, Dr. Frederick Fellner, Entergy points out that the American National
Standards Institute A300 publication provides the modern arboriculture standards
for pruning trees. This standard provides that there is a deviation from standards
following storms as follows:
Following severe storms, tree damage is often widespread, and utility services may be interrupted across a large area. At such times, government authorities or utilities may declare an emergency. Emergency service workers, including utility arborists, are likely to be involved in a coordinated effort to restore critical services. Damaged trees have the potential to imperil the safety of both the public and utility workers. To expedite restoration efforts under such urgent
10 circumstances, it may be necessary for workers to deviate from standard pruning practices until the emergency is over and services are rendered.
While Defendants were not working under normal circumstances and were
responding to events following a catastrophic storm that rendered destruction on a
widespread basis to Entergy’s electrical system, evidence indicated that there were
no clear-cut directions on the process to be followed. Based on the evidence, the
trial court was correct in finding that there was a miscommunication between Mack
of Entergy and Travis of Xylem. Travis thought he was supposed to cut down trees
to make way for the placing of new poles and new electrical wire. Mack stated that
he told Travis that only the electric wire was going to be replaced. The line
specifications of Entergy do not call for the cutting down of trees after a storm, so it
would follow that line specifications as to trimming should still be followed. Travis
agreed that Xylem would not have cut down the trees if the poles were not going to
be replaced, and testimony established that none of the poles were replaced.
Therefore, we find no manifest error in the trial court’s finding that Entergy’s line
specifications were not followed and the cutting down of the trees was not necessary.
VALUE OF SOUTHERN LIVE OAKS
Defendants claim that the estimates to replace the southern live oaks provided
by Dr. Fellner were stale and inaccurate. Dr. Fellner’s estimates were prepared one-
and-a-half years before trial and estimated $10,000 per live oak tree to replace them.
They argue that the estimate given by their expert arborist, Dr. Brock Barker, should
be used because he contacted the same tree farm as Dr. Fellner forty-five days before
trial to ascertain the value and availability of replacement trees. The figure he
received was $2,500 less per live oak than the figure obtained by Dr. Fellner.
11 The party responsible for causing property damage to another is liable for the
cost of restoring property to its former condition as it was immediately preceding
the damage. Hornsby v. Bayou Jack Logging, 04-1297 (La. 5/6/05), 902 So.2d 361;
Ivory v. Safeway Ins. Co. of La., 19-521 (La.App. 3 Cir. 12/18/19), 287 So.3d 807.
Generally, the method of estimating the value of a shade or ornamental tree wrongfully removed is to compare the value of the surrounding property before and after the removal; however, the trial court has discretion to apply a different measure of damages in cases involving willful and wanton disregard for the interests of the property owner.
Pearce v. L.J. Earnest, Inc., 411 So.2d 1276, 1279–80 (La.App. 3 Cir.), writ denied,
414 So.2d 377 (La.1982).
“Special damages are those which have a ‘ready market value,’ such that the
amount of damages theoretically may be determined with relative certainty[.]”
Kaiser v. Hardin, 06-2092, p. 11 (La. 4/11/07), 953 So.2d 802, 810. “In reviewing
a jury’s factual conclusions with regard to special damages, an appellate court must
satisfy a two-step process based on the record as a whole: There must be no
reasonable factual basis for the trial court’s conclusions, and the finding must be
clearly wrong.” Id.
A total of seventeen trees were cut on Butch’s property, and a total of seven
trees were cut on Seth’s property. Butch lost three live oak trees. Seth lost two live
oak trees. The oak trees ranged in diameter from twenty-two inches to thirty-one
inches. The replacement trees were only eight to ten inches in diameter. Brock
agreed that all the replacement trees would be significantly smaller than the
destroyed trees. Brock also agreed that availability and pricing of the trees fluctuates.
12 We find the trial court’s award of $10,000 for each live oak reasonable.
Plaintiffs are not even getting a similar tree since they are significantly smaller than
the trees that were cut down.
DAMAGES FOR DEBRIS AND STUMP REMOVAL
Defendants finally argue that the trial court erred in awarding damages for
debris and stump removal. They argue that testimony at trial established that
Plaintiffs would never be responsible for debris and stump removal, which the
Plaintiffs knew. Defendants claim that Butch, as a Cameron Parish police juror,
knew that FEMA paid for debris and stump removal. Plaintiffs argue that they did
not apply for FEMA stump removal because the stump had to be at a forty-five-
degree angle, and FEMA only removed stumps that were blown over by the
hurricane and not cut down by utility companies. Plaintiffs argue that Defendants’
argument is in direct conflict with the collateral source rule.
“Under the collateral source rule, a tortfeasor may not benefit, and an injured
plaintiff’s tort recovery may not be reduced, because of monies received by the
plaintiff from sources independent of the tortfeasor’s procuration or contribution.”
La. Dep’t of Transp. and Dev. v. Kansas City S. Ry. Co., 02-2349, p. 6 (La. 5/20/03),
846 So.2d 734, 739. “Under this well-established doctrine, the payments received
from the independent source are not deducted from the award the aggrieved party
would otherwise receive from the wrongdoer.” Id. “A wrongdoer’s liability should
not be reduced by the amount of collateral source payments to an injured plaintiff,
even where the nature of the collateral source is a public relief provided to the
plaintiff by application of federal or state law.” Id. at 743.
We find that the trial court did not err in awarding damages for debris and
stump removal. First, there was no evidence that FEMA removed the debris and
13 stumps associated with the cut-down trees. Second, even if there was, Entergy and
Xylem cannot benefit from its wrongdoing by any efforts made by FEMA.
For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we find that the 1948 servitude was
applicable and reverse the trial court’s finding as to that issue. We affirm the
judgment in all other respects. Costs of this appeal are assessed to Entergy Louisiana,
LLC and Xylem, Inc. of Virginia.
REVERSED IN PART; AFFIRMED IN PART; AND RENDERED.