Terrell, J.
Alice R. Willard of Jacksonville, Florida, died intestate in November, 1926, leaving as heirs and distributees, one sister and a number of nephews and nieces. In January, 1926, M. JEi. Haughton was appointed administrator of her estate which consisted of a house and lot on Adams Street, some unimproved lots one of which was under contract of sale, cash in the sum of $716.04, three mortgage notes aggregating $5500.00, and some jewelry. Haughton acted as administrator until April, 1931, during which time he collected' the amounts due on the mortgage notes, the amount due on the lot that was under contract of sale and the rent for the use of the house and lot on Adams Street.
From the amounts so collected, he paid the funeral expenses, cost of administration, taxes on the real estate, repair and general upkeep on the Adams Street property and made distribution to the heirs and distributee's aggregating $6100. In April, 1931, Haughton filed his application in the probate court of Duval County to be discharged as administrator and as part of such application, he included a statement of his account showing that he had on hand $12.20 in cash and that there was due by him as administrator to the estate, the sum of $2080.74.
His discharge was promptly granted and T. E. Willard was appointed administrator
de bonis non
in his stead. Willard qualified and acted as administrator until November, 1932, when he filed his resignation as such with the probate court but it was not accepted and stands unrevoked
to this date. As a part of his qualification as administrator
de bonis non,
Willard posted a bond in the penal sum of $3000 with Globe Indemnity Company as surety. Both are parties defendant to this suit.
Haughton delivered the jewelry and the $12.20 in cash held by him as administrator to Willard. Willard then instituted an action at law against the surety on Haughton’s bond to recover the sum of $2,080.74 shown by his final report to be due the estate. Soon after the action was brought, the surety company (United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company) in full settlement of said claim paid Willard as administrator the sum of $2,059.41. Willard reported this sum to the probate court aá assets of the estate and as administrator, for prosecuting and settling the claim, he claimed attorneys’ fees and costs which were allowed him by the court.
As administrator, Willard collected rents on the Adams Street property in the sum of $1,050.00 and from these rents and other amounts received as administrator, he made repairs on the Adams Street property, paid taxes on the real estate, fees to the rental agent, paid the premium on his bond as administrator and paid himself for services in managing the estate. He reported the rents collected as assets of the estate and in his reports to the probate judge, claimed payment for repairs, taxes, commissions to rental agent and premium on his bond as administrator of the estate.
The appellant, Sessions, being one of the distributees, objected to the final report of Willard as administrator, but the probate judge audited and stated the account of Willard as revealed by his final report to show a balance chargeable to him of $1,944.63 in favor of the estate. Willard as administrator filed a petition for rehearing on the probate judge’s findings and for restatement of the ac
count, but both were denied and neither the account stated nor the order of the judge were ever appealed from or modified.
Prior to the death of the intestate, M. H. Haughton was guardian of her estate and as such, had possession and control of her real estate. He was authorized to sell the latter subject to confirmation by the court. At the time of her death, he was in possession of her property, collecting rents therefrom and following her death, having been appointed as administrator of her estate, he continued to collect the rents. When. Willard was appointed administrator, he collected the rents from the Adams Street property and both administrators reported the said rents as assets of the estate in all their accounts filed with the probate judge and all accounts paid from said funds were paid as administrator without objection on the part of the heirs and distributees.
In July, 1932, the appellant, Sessions, alleging unequal distribution among the distributees, filed a petition in the probate court for supplemental distribution from the assets of the estate to equalize distributions previously made. After hearing' and consideration, the court decreed that Willard as administrator forthwith pay and distribute $900.00 to the various heirs, including $450.00 to Sessions. It is alleged that these payments have not been made, though the order remains in force and effect.
It is shown that the plaintiff, Theodore' H. Willard, Jr., was born March 17, 1911, and did not attain his majority until March 17, 1932, that the jewelry belonging to the estate has never been sold or distributed, but continues in possession of Willard as administrator, that the debts of the intéstate have been paid and the time for filing claims against her estate under the law long since passed, and
that Willard as administrator has failed and refused to distribute the amount found by the probate judge to be due.
This suit was instituted by a portion of the heirs and distributees and after reciting the foregoing facts, the bill prayed that T. E. Willard be required to account for the assets of the estate coming into his hands and that the court determine the distributive shares to- which the plaintiffs are entitled, making allowance for inequalities in previous distributions. Globe Indemnity Company was named as a party defendant. Both defendants moved to dismiss the bill on the ground that the funds for which plaintiffs seek accounting were not part of the administrable estate of Alice R. Willard, but were rents from real estate and property of the heirs, that no relief can be obtained therefor except against T. E. Willard in his personal capacity, that the bill does not make T. E. Willard liable personally and that Globe Indemnity Company was not a proper party to the bill. Both motions to dismiss were overruled and answers were filed denying the material allegations of the bill and interposing the same defense as that contained in the motions to dismiss.
A special master was appointed who took testimony and found: (1) That the suit was brought against Willard solely in his representative capacity and that no judgment can be rendered against him personally; (2) of the funds of the estate handled by the administrators, more than the balance charged against Willard was derived from rents from real estate and being so, it will be presumed that the payment of all claims and distributions were made from the proceeds of personal assets of the estate and that the balance sought to be charged against the administrator, Willard, was rents from real estate to which he had no legal right and for which the surety is not liable; and (3) the
order of the probate judge adjudicating Willard’s accountability for the amount found due the estate is not a final judgment because (a) notice was not given, (b) the plaintiff, Sessions, and the administrator were the only parties and (c) no order of distribution was made.
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Terrell, J.
Alice R. Willard of Jacksonville, Florida, died intestate in November, 1926, leaving as heirs and distributees, one sister and a number of nephews and nieces. In January, 1926, M. JEi. Haughton was appointed administrator of her estate which consisted of a house and lot on Adams Street, some unimproved lots one of which was under contract of sale, cash in the sum of $716.04, three mortgage notes aggregating $5500.00, and some jewelry. Haughton acted as administrator until April, 1931, during which time he collected' the amounts due on the mortgage notes, the amount due on the lot that was under contract of sale and the rent for the use of the house and lot on Adams Street.
From the amounts so collected, he paid the funeral expenses, cost of administration, taxes on the real estate, repair and general upkeep on the Adams Street property and made distribution to the heirs and distributee's aggregating $6100. In April, 1931, Haughton filed his application in the probate court of Duval County to be discharged as administrator and as part of such application, he included a statement of his account showing that he had on hand $12.20 in cash and that there was due by him as administrator to the estate, the sum of $2080.74.
His discharge was promptly granted and T. E. Willard was appointed administrator
de bonis non
in his stead. Willard qualified and acted as administrator until November, 1932, when he filed his resignation as such with the probate court but it was not accepted and stands unrevoked
to this date. As a part of his qualification as administrator
de bonis non,
Willard posted a bond in the penal sum of $3000 with Globe Indemnity Company as surety. Both are parties defendant to this suit.
Haughton delivered the jewelry and the $12.20 in cash held by him as administrator to Willard. Willard then instituted an action at law against the surety on Haughton’s bond to recover the sum of $2,080.74 shown by his final report to be due the estate. Soon after the action was brought, the surety company (United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company) in full settlement of said claim paid Willard as administrator the sum of $2,059.41. Willard reported this sum to the probate court aá assets of the estate and as administrator, for prosecuting and settling the claim, he claimed attorneys’ fees and costs which were allowed him by the court.
As administrator, Willard collected rents on the Adams Street property in the sum of $1,050.00 and from these rents and other amounts received as administrator, he made repairs on the Adams Street property, paid taxes on the real estate, fees to the rental agent, paid the premium on his bond as administrator and paid himself for services in managing the estate. He reported the rents collected as assets of the estate and in his reports to the probate judge, claimed payment for repairs, taxes, commissions to rental agent and premium on his bond as administrator of the estate.
The appellant, Sessions, being one of the distributees, objected to the final report of Willard as administrator, but the probate judge audited and stated the account of Willard as revealed by his final report to show a balance chargeable to him of $1,944.63 in favor of the estate. Willard as administrator filed a petition for rehearing on the probate judge’s findings and for restatement of the ac
count, but both were denied and neither the account stated nor the order of the judge were ever appealed from or modified.
Prior to the death of the intestate, M. H. Haughton was guardian of her estate and as such, had possession and control of her real estate. He was authorized to sell the latter subject to confirmation by the court. At the time of her death, he was in possession of her property, collecting rents therefrom and following her death, having been appointed as administrator of her estate, he continued to collect the rents. When. Willard was appointed administrator, he collected the rents from the Adams Street property and both administrators reported the said rents as assets of the estate in all their accounts filed with the probate judge and all accounts paid from said funds were paid as administrator without objection on the part of the heirs and distributees.
In July, 1932, the appellant, Sessions, alleging unequal distribution among the distributees, filed a petition in the probate court for supplemental distribution from the assets of the estate to equalize distributions previously made. After hearing' and consideration, the court decreed that Willard as administrator forthwith pay and distribute $900.00 to the various heirs, including $450.00 to Sessions. It is alleged that these payments have not been made, though the order remains in force and effect.
It is shown that the plaintiff, Theodore' H. Willard, Jr., was born March 17, 1911, and did not attain his majority until March 17, 1932, that the jewelry belonging to the estate has never been sold or distributed, but continues in possession of Willard as administrator, that the debts of the intéstate have been paid and the time for filing claims against her estate under the law long since passed, and
that Willard as administrator has failed and refused to distribute the amount found by the probate judge to be due.
This suit was instituted by a portion of the heirs and distributees and after reciting the foregoing facts, the bill prayed that T. E. Willard be required to account for the assets of the estate coming into his hands and that the court determine the distributive shares to- which the plaintiffs are entitled, making allowance for inequalities in previous distributions. Globe Indemnity Company was named as a party defendant. Both defendants moved to dismiss the bill on the ground that the funds for which plaintiffs seek accounting were not part of the administrable estate of Alice R. Willard, but were rents from real estate and property of the heirs, that no relief can be obtained therefor except against T. E. Willard in his personal capacity, that the bill does not make T. E. Willard liable personally and that Globe Indemnity Company was not a proper party to the bill. Both motions to dismiss were overruled and answers were filed denying the material allegations of the bill and interposing the same defense as that contained in the motions to dismiss.
A special master was appointed who took testimony and found: (1) That the suit was brought against Willard solely in his representative capacity and that no judgment can be rendered against him personally; (2) of the funds of the estate handled by the administrators, more than the balance charged against Willard was derived from rents from real estate and being so, it will be presumed that the payment of all claims and distributions were made from the proceeds of personal assets of the estate and that the balance sought to be charged against the administrator, Willard, was rents from real estate to which he had no legal right and for which the surety is not liable; and (3) the
order of the probate judge adjudicating Willard’s accountability for the amount found due the estate is not a final judgment because (a) notice was not given, (b) the plaintiff, Sessions, and the administrator were the only parties and (c) no order of distribution was made.
Exceptions to the master’s report and findings were filed by the plaintiffs, but on final hearing, the Chancellor overruled the exceptions, confirmed the master’s report and dismissed the bill of complaint. This appeal is from the final decree.
It is first contended that the bill of complaint is latally defective because it is brought against Willard as administrator and does not make him a defendant individually and that consequently, no decree could be rendered against him other than as administrator.
This contention is without merit. In the first place, that question was raised and adjudicated on the motion to dismiss and the master was without authority to raise and adjudicate it here. But if he had been clothed with such authority, the bill o.f complaint is ample to withstand the attack and warrant the relief prayed for. The suit is not at common law, but is in equity, and the bill prays that T. E. Willard be required to account for the assets of the estate in his hands as administrator and that the court decree the payment by defendants to plaintiffs and such other persons of like interest as may join in this suit. Under the 1931 Chancery Act, it was deemed to have prayed, for general relief.
The bill correctly described the status of the parties and recites facts which give complainants a right of action against the defendants personally or as administrators. In equity such is the test of its sufficiency. When the amount due is ascertained by the accounting, a decree may be en
tered against the administrator, but if he fails to respond to it, the surety on his bond may suffer a judgment to be entered against him as this liability arises only when the administrator fails to pay or produce the goods and assets of the estate. Royal Indemnity Company v. Knott, 101 Fla. 1495, 136 So. 474; Green’s Administratrix v. Creighton, 23 Flow. (U. S.) 90, 16 L. Ed. 419; Irving v. Malton, 27 Ga. 330.
Three other questions are argued, but the only one necessary to be answered is whether Willard was acting as the administrator of the estate of Alice R. Willard when he collected the rents from the real estate and received the amount due on Haughton’s bond or was he the mere agent of the heirs and distributees of the intestate. If he was acting in the latter capacity, his bondsman is not liable, but if in the former, it was.
The record shows conclusively that Willard was appointed and qualified as administrator
de bonis non
for the purpose of recovering for the estate the indebtedness admittedly due it by Haughton. Haughton’s final account and application for discharge shows the amount to be $2,080.74. There was no other personal property left in the estate except jewelry valued at $250.00 and this would not have required a bond of $3,000.00. The order of the probate judge accepting Haughton’s resignation finds that -he has certain funds in his hands belonging to the estate and orders that they be paid to Willard as administrator
de bonis non.
Suit was brought by Willard as administrator against the surety on Haughton’s bond. The suit was dismissed because the indebtedness was paid in full, Willard accounted for the collection as administrator, and his account was approved.
In addition to these facts, the defendants contend and the chancellor held that much more than the balance charged
against Willard by the audit and judgment of the probate judge was rents from real estate owned by' the intestate, which passed, to her heirs. From this, the chancellor indulges the presumption that payments of debts, expenses, and other distributions made by the administrators were made from the proceeds of personal assets of the estate rather than from rents. By the same token,» it was held that the funds due by Haughton to the estate.were rents from real estate and that, consequently, they were due to the heirs individually and were not properly paid as assets of the estate to the administrator
de bonis non.
All the facts as here detailed contradict such a presumption and we find nothing in the record to support it. In our view, the only reasonable presumption to be drawn from the salient facts would be that Willard held as administrator the proceeds of Haughton’s bond and other funds which he acquired lawfully as such and that if he collected rents in some other capacity, he paid them out in the same capacity in which they were collected. The rule is settled that where trust funds are mingled with other funds and disbursements made from the common fund or the common fund is wasted, it will be presumed that the pail disbursed or wasted was that of the trustee and not that of his
cestui que
trust. Gliden v. Gutelius, 96 Fla. 834, 119 So. 140.
The law of'this State not only requires a successor administrator to receive'the funds belonging to the estate in the hands of his predecessors, but requires him to sue for them if not paid. Sections 5568, 5569, and 5560, Revised General Statutes of 1920. It is also settled on good authority that if an executor takes custody of. property in his representative capacity, he is afterward estopped to deny that it is property of the estate. 23 C. J. 1158; State,
ex rel.
Lafferty, v. Young, 125 N. C. 296, 34 S. E. 444.
Under the circumstances of this case, the rents collected were assets of the estate and were protected by the bond. They were collected and accounted for by the administrator
de bonis non
in his official capacity. One of the distributees was a minor, the others were scattered in different parts of the country, and all acquiesced in their collection and management by the administrator. This procedure was carried on over a period of years and the condition of the bond was such that it should'be construed to protect the rents from real estate. A compensation surety is in no position to invoke the rule of
strictissimi juris
in cases like this. American Surety Company of New York v. Smith, 100 Fla. 1012, 130 So. 440.
There is no reason in law why real estate may not become the assets of an intestate estate and in fact it is often made so. It was treated so in this case for six years. The condition of the bond of course determines the liability of the surety, but the scope of that condition may also be measured by the activity of the principal under it when acquiesced in or approved by the surely. When acted under and approved in the manner done in the instant case, this Court will not go out in search of a ruse to relieve the parties to it.
For the reasons thus stated, the judgment below is reversed.
Reversed.
Ellis, C. J., and Whitfield, Brown, Buford and Davis, J. J., concur.