FILED No. 17-0620 – Raven Crest Contracting, LLC et al v. Adkins November 8, 2017 released at 3:00 p.m. EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK LOUGHRY, Chief Justice, concurring: SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA
I concur in the majority’s conclusion that the writ of prohibition should be
denied, based solely upon the specific facts underlying the instant case. These facts fail
to justify application of the rule prohibiting reapplication for employment to
surreptitiously extend the statute of limitations, which rule the majority has incorporated
into a new syllabus point. The respondent herein was originally terminated as part of the
idling of the petitioner’s mine, along with all other employees. As such—and despite the
respondent’s poorly and inaccurately drafted complaint—the respondent’s claim is a
singular one of subsequent failure to hire, which statute of limitations commenced as of
the date the petitioner refused to rehire him to work at the mine. However, I write
separately to make clear that only under these limited and peculiar circumstances does
the respondent’s claim survive the well-accepted rule that absent a discrete, new act of
discrimination, a failure to rehire does not give rise to a new claim or otherwise serve to
extend the statute of limitations. I write further to set forth what I believe to be the
appropriate analysis to resolve this matter, rather than the somewhat convoluted rationale
contained in the majority opinion.
As set forth in the majority opinion, the respondent was on medical leave
when the petitioner’s mine was idled. Once the mine reopened, he applied for
reemployment. At oral argument, the respondent’s counsel advised that the allegations
contained in the complaint alleging both wrongful discharge (emanating from the original
termination when the mine was idled) and failure to rehire (arising when respondent
reapplied for employment when the mine was reopened) were in error and that the
respondent intended to allege only the latter.1 Accordingly, with that concession, there
was no “original” discharge due to discrimination; rather, the original discharge occurred
across the board due to the mine idling and without discriminatory intent.
1 The Court accepts as true the representation by the respondent’s counsel and as set forth in the petitioner’s brief that the respondent was on medical leave when the original termination due to idling occurred and that the respondent was terminated along with other employees for that reason. The respondent’s complaint supports this contention: “[A]fter the defendants ‘idled’ the surface mine further described above, the plaintiff was provided with a valid release to return to work[.]” However, neither the respondent’s brief nor the circuit court’s order make that all-important distinction. The respondent’s brief vaguely indicates that he was terminated on April 11, 2012, and that the mine was idled “from April 2012 to January 2014[.]” The circuit court’s order quite erroneously states that the termination preceded the idling and that “almost immediately after Plaintiff’s termination the mine was idled[.]”
The distinction is critical: lack of clarity about the permanence of his original discharge (caused by the termination due to idling rather than some other reason) is all that saves the respondent’s claim from the rule discussed herein. See discussion, infra. If the respondent were individually terminated before the mine was idled, such discharge would give rise to a discrete adverse employment action, which, if alleged to be discriminatory, would be independently actionable and subject to the statute of limitations. It would not, however, give rise to a new or continuing claim of discrimination when he was subsequently denied rehire assuming the same discriminatory animus was alleged. However, where his discharge was contemporaneous with the mine idling and discharge of the entire workforce, it would be virtually impossible to suggest that such discharge was discriminatory (as expressly conceded by his counsel at oral argument).
Unquestionably, the respondent’s inexplicably inaccurate pleadings
endangered his claim by creating the impression that he was trying to circumvent the
expired statute of limitations by alleging a secondary, subsequent act of discrimination
which was pled within the statute. Ordinarily, this pleading error would be construed
against the respondent. However, given the representations of both the respondent’s
counsel and the petitioner that the discharge occurred commensurate with the mine idling
and not as the result of an adverse employment action against the respondent independent
of that closure, equity demands that we accept counsel’s confession of error in that regard
as true. Certainly, any allegation that the respondent was discriminatorily discharged
when in fact the mine was idled and he was merely discharged along with other
employees would fail on its face. As such, it rings true that the respondent’s inclusion of
the original discharge claim was in error.
However, given the oddity occasioned by the facts of this case, it is
necessary to distinguish and clarify this case such as to avoid abuse of the Court’s limited
holding. This Court long-ago observed that “failure to rehire after an alleged
discriminatory discharge, absent an independent discrete act of discrimination, does not
constitute a new or continuing violation of the civil rights law.” Independent Fire Co.
No. 1 v. W. Va. Human Rights Comm’n, 180 W. Va. 406, 411, 376 S.E.2d 612, 617
(1988). The basis for this rule is obvious: “Otherwise, the limitation period could always
be circumvented by simply reapplying for employment.” Id. This rule emanates from
the Eleventh Circuit’s conclusion that “a failure to rehire subsequent to an allegedly
discriminatory firing, absent a new and discrete act of discrimination in the refusal to
rehire itself, cannot resurrect the old discriminatory act.” Burnam v. Amoco Container
Co., 755 F.2d 893, 894 (11th Cir. 1985) (emphasis added). Viewed properly, the
subsequent application merely “seeks to redress the original termination.” Collins v.
United Airlines, Inc., 514 F.2d 594, 596 (9th Cir.1975). Accord Hargett v. Valley Fed.
Sav. Bank, 60 F.3d 754, 763–64 (11th Cir. 1995) (“Because Hargett alleges the same
discriminatory reasons to support his claim of discrimination in rehiring, Hargett fails to
demonstrate that the rehire claim is derived from a separate act of discrimination by
Valley.”); Riddle v. Citigroup, 449 F. App’x 66, 71 (2d Cir. 2011) (dismissing claim
which “alleged no discrete acts of discrimination and were based on the same alleged
conduct underlying [] other untimely claims.”). As well-explained by the Seventh
Circuit:
An employer’s refusal to undo a discriminatory decision is not a fresh act of discrimination. If it were, then an employee could avoid [time limitations] by filing a series of appeals or fresh requests[.] . . . An applicant does not have to sue about the first wrong to be entitled to contest a second.
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FILED No. 17-0620 – Raven Crest Contracting, LLC et al v. Adkins November 8, 2017 released at 3:00 p.m. EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK LOUGHRY, Chief Justice, concurring: SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA
I concur in the majority’s conclusion that the writ of prohibition should be
denied, based solely upon the specific facts underlying the instant case. These facts fail
to justify application of the rule prohibiting reapplication for employment to
surreptitiously extend the statute of limitations, which rule the majority has incorporated
into a new syllabus point. The respondent herein was originally terminated as part of the
idling of the petitioner’s mine, along with all other employees. As such—and despite the
respondent’s poorly and inaccurately drafted complaint—the respondent’s claim is a
singular one of subsequent failure to hire, which statute of limitations commenced as of
the date the petitioner refused to rehire him to work at the mine. However, I write
separately to make clear that only under these limited and peculiar circumstances does
the respondent’s claim survive the well-accepted rule that absent a discrete, new act of
discrimination, a failure to rehire does not give rise to a new claim or otherwise serve to
extend the statute of limitations. I write further to set forth what I believe to be the
appropriate analysis to resolve this matter, rather than the somewhat convoluted rationale
contained in the majority opinion.
As set forth in the majority opinion, the respondent was on medical leave
when the petitioner’s mine was idled. Once the mine reopened, he applied for
reemployment. At oral argument, the respondent’s counsel advised that the allegations
contained in the complaint alleging both wrongful discharge (emanating from the original
termination when the mine was idled) and failure to rehire (arising when respondent
reapplied for employment when the mine was reopened) were in error and that the
respondent intended to allege only the latter.1 Accordingly, with that concession, there
was no “original” discharge due to discrimination; rather, the original discharge occurred
across the board due to the mine idling and without discriminatory intent.
1 The Court accepts as true the representation by the respondent’s counsel and as set forth in the petitioner’s brief that the respondent was on medical leave when the original termination due to idling occurred and that the respondent was terminated along with other employees for that reason. The respondent’s complaint supports this contention: “[A]fter the defendants ‘idled’ the surface mine further described above, the plaintiff was provided with a valid release to return to work[.]” However, neither the respondent’s brief nor the circuit court’s order make that all-important distinction. The respondent’s brief vaguely indicates that he was terminated on April 11, 2012, and that the mine was idled “from April 2012 to January 2014[.]” The circuit court’s order quite erroneously states that the termination preceded the idling and that “almost immediately after Plaintiff’s termination the mine was idled[.]”
The distinction is critical: lack of clarity about the permanence of his original discharge (caused by the termination due to idling rather than some other reason) is all that saves the respondent’s claim from the rule discussed herein. See discussion, infra. If the respondent were individually terminated before the mine was idled, such discharge would give rise to a discrete adverse employment action, which, if alleged to be discriminatory, would be independently actionable and subject to the statute of limitations. It would not, however, give rise to a new or continuing claim of discrimination when he was subsequently denied rehire assuming the same discriminatory animus was alleged. However, where his discharge was contemporaneous with the mine idling and discharge of the entire workforce, it would be virtually impossible to suggest that such discharge was discriminatory (as expressly conceded by his counsel at oral argument).
Unquestionably, the respondent’s inexplicably inaccurate pleadings
endangered his claim by creating the impression that he was trying to circumvent the
expired statute of limitations by alleging a secondary, subsequent act of discrimination
which was pled within the statute. Ordinarily, this pleading error would be construed
against the respondent. However, given the representations of both the respondent’s
counsel and the petitioner that the discharge occurred commensurate with the mine idling
and not as the result of an adverse employment action against the respondent independent
of that closure, equity demands that we accept counsel’s confession of error in that regard
as true. Certainly, any allegation that the respondent was discriminatorily discharged
when in fact the mine was idled and he was merely discharged along with other
employees would fail on its face. As such, it rings true that the respondent’s inclusion of
the original discharge claim was in error.
However, given the oddity occasioned by the facts of this case, it is
necessary to distinguish and clarify this case such as to avoid abuse of the Court’s limited
holding. This Court long-ago observed that “failure to rehire after an alleged
discriminatory discharge, absent an independent discrete act of discrimination, does not
constitute a new or continuing violation of the civil rights law.” Independent Fire Co.
No. 1 v. W. Va. Human Rights Comm’n, 180 W. Va. 406, 411, 376 S.E.2d 612, 617
(1988). The basis for this rule is obvious: “Otherwise, the limitation period could always
be circumvented by simply reapplying for employment.” Id. This rule emanates from
the Eleventh Circuit’s conclusion that “a failure to rehire subsequent to an allegedly
discriminatory firing, absent a new and discrete act of discrimination in the refusal to
rehire itself, cannot resurrect the old discriminatory act.” Burnam v. Amoco Container
Co., 755 F.2d 893, 894 (11th Cir. 1985) (emphasis added). Viewed properly, the
subsequent application merely “seeks to redress the original termination.” Collins v.
United Airlines, Inc., 514 F.2d 594, 596 (9th Cir.1975). Accord Hargett v. Valley Fed.
Sav. Bank, 60 F.3d 754, 763–64 (11th Cir. 1995) (“Because Hargett alleges the same
discriminatory reasons to support his claim of discrimination in rehiring, Hargett fails to
demonstrate that the rehire claim is derived from a separate act of discrimination by
Valley.”); Riddle v. Citigroup, 449 F. App’x 66, 71 (2d Cir. 2011) (dismissing claim
which “alleged no discrete acts of discrimination and were based on the same alleged
conduct underlying [] other untimely claims.”). As well-explained by the Seventh
Circuit:
An employer’s refusal to undo a discriminatory decision is not a fresh act of discrimination. If it were, then an employee could avoid [time limitations] by filing a series of appeals or fresh requests[.] . . . An applicant does not have to sue about the first wrong to be entitled to contest a second. But when the first decision is connected to and implies the second— when, in other words, a single discriminatory decision is taken, communicated, and later enforced despite pleas to relent—the time starts with the initial decision.
Lever v. Nw. Univ., 979 F.2d 552, 556 (7th Cir. 1992) (citations omitted).
The foregoing then begs the question of when a subsequent failure to rehire
would constitute a new act of discrimination. First, I would observe that a simple refusal
to rehire does not, on its face, necessarily constitute a new act of discrimination. It is this
aspect of the majority’s opinion with which I take the most issue: while it is difficult to
argue that the refusal is not a new act, it is not a new act of discrimination. The
majority’s clumsy handling of this issue potentially suggests otherwise. 2 Where a
plaintiff alleges the same discriminatory animus which existed at the time of the original
discharge—or at a minimum fails to demonstrate that such animus has abated—there is
no “new” discrimination. As such, some showing sufficient to demonstrate that a
reapplication was not an exercise in futility—because of the continued existence of prior
discriminatory animus—is necessary.
To that end, courts have found intermediate changes in substantive policy
that produced an initial firing or disparate treatment in the reinstatement process itself to
be exceptions to the general rule. The majority takes a glancing blow at these exceptions
and yet fails to observe the exception applicable herein. With regard to the original
adverse employment action, courts have found failures to rehire actionable “in the face of
2 In particular, the majority’s unqualified statement that the respondent “alleged a new and discrete act of discrimination [because] . . . the defendants refused to rehire him because of his age and his perceived disability” misses the point entirely. A failure to rehire upon reapplication will always constitute a “new” act by its very definition. It is whether this allegation alleges new discrimination that is key.
uncertainty regarding the initial adverse action.” Kaufman v. Perez, 745 F.3d 521, 529
(D.C. Cir. 2014) (emphasis added). It is this exception that necessitates the relief
afforded the respondent herein.3
The rationale for this exception was aptly explained by the Seventh Circuit.
In Webb v. Indiana National Bank, 931 F.2d 434 (7th Cir. 1991), the plaintiff was turned
down for the position of corporate trust administrator, then reapplied within the statutory
period and was turned down for the same reason—her lack of a college degree. Id. at 436.
The defendant in Webb argued that the plaintiff “should not be permitted by the facile
expedient of reapplication to force the court to adjudicate the bona fides of conduct
outside the period of the statute of limitations[.]” Id. In explaining why the plaintiff’s
reapplication did not serve to restart her statute of limitations, the court explained:
Suppose the proper interpretation of the defendant’s refusal to consider the plaintiff for the position of corporate trust administrator back in March 1986 just days outside the limitations period is that she would never be considered for the position because she is black; and the plaintiff knew this. Then the refusal to appoint her later was the inevitable consequence of the earlier determination . . . and her suit would indeed be time-barred. . . . Only if the defendant has made clear that the plaintiff will not receive further consideration is the plaintiff on notice of a permanent
3 As indicated, the majority makes brief reference to “futile gesture[s]” and the “permanen[cy]” of the original discharge, but fails to fully set forth the exception and properly apply the facts to reach its conclusion. In so doing, it breeds uncertainty about the application of the new syllabus point it creates: uncertainty that this Court will undoubtedly have to rectify in the future. It is in this regard that I write separately to provide guidance on proper application of these principles.
exclusion—a freeze, a ceiling on advancement, parallel to a denial of tenure—that starts the statute of limitations running on any future job applications. Or put differently, if it obviously would be futile to make a future application for the job for which he has just been turned down, the plaintiff cannot delay suit and use those futile applications to delay the running of the statutory period indefinitely.
Id. at 437. In short, if circumstances objectively demonstrate that a plaintiff’s discharge
is final and that future attempts at employment would be futile, the plaintiff cannot restart
the statute of limitations by reapplying for employment. Certainly, when a plaintiff
alleges discrimination in an original discharge it is unlikely that plaintiff is not
sufficiently on notice that the discharge is undoubtedly final as pertains to that employer.
As stated, it is this exception to the general reapplication rule that provides
the respondent herein relief. Because his original discharge was occasioned by
widespread discharge of the work force due to the idling of the mine, the respondent
could have reasonably believed that when the mine reopened, he would be considered for
employment. There was nothing about the original discharge—certainly no demonstrable
discriminatory animus—which would suggest he would be unlikely to be considered
upon reopening and therefore would make reapplication futile.
Finally, I wish to clarify one additional point to avoid misconstruction of
the majority’s somewhat cryptic opinion. Nothing herein should be construed to prohibit
an employer from moving to dismiss an action for failure to hire or rehire simply because
the employee wisely chooses not to plead an “original” discharge claim which has
expired. That is to say, an employee cannot avoid the preclusive effect of the
reapplication rule espoused herein by simply ignoring the expired claim. If an employer
can demonstrate that a failure to hire or rehire claim actually emanates from an unpled
original act of discrimination which has expired and is therefore not a new act of
discrimination, it should be permitted to present that argument in aid of dismissal.
Accordingly, I respectfully concur.