Sepulveda v. Ole's Waffle Shop

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: April 18, 2022
• Docket: 4:20-cv-00400
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 RICHARD SEPULVEDA, Case No. 20-cv-00400-DMR

8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 9 v. DISMISS

10 OLE’S WAFFLE SHOP, et al., Re: Dkt. No. 77 11 Defendants.

12 Plaintiff Richard Sepulveda is an individual with a disability. He filed a complaint against 13 Defendants Ole’s Waffle Shop, Douglas F. Durein, and Susan C. Durein alleging violations of the 14 Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) and California’s Unruh Civil Rights Act. Defendants 15 now move pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) to dismiss the amended complaint 16 for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, arguing that Sepulveda’s ADA claims are moot and that the 17 court should decline to exercise jurisdiction over the Unruh Act claims. [Docket No. 77.] This 18 matter is suitable for resolution without a hearing. Civ. L.R. 7-1(b). For the following reasons, 19 the motion is granted. 20 I. BACKGROUND 21 Sepulveda makes the following allegations in the operative complaint: Sepulveda “is 22 limited in the use of his legs and must use a walker.” [Docket No. 50 (First Am. Compl., “FAC”) 23 ¶ 8.] Ole’s Waffle Shop (“Ole’s”) is a restaurant in Alameda, California. Douglas F. Durein and 24 Susan C. Durein (the “Dureins”) own the building in which Ole’s operates. Id. at ¶ 3. Sepulveda 25 visited Ole’s on September 25, 2019, October 29, 2019, and December 7, 2019 and encountered 26 numerous access barriers. Id. at ¶ 14. The barriers identified in the FAC are: 1) the entrance door 27 lacked the proper posted accessibility symbol; 2) the interior seating “was not accessible to 1 and “the international symbol designating such table for disabled persons,” and the counter seating 2 and booths were inaccessible; 3) “[s]ome of the” interior aisles between tables “were too narrow 3 and caused difficulty to move about,” and “in order to access a portion of the dining area, it is 4 necessary to pass through the kitchen area, which is not an accessible path”; 4) “[t]he restroom 5 was not accessible for users of walkers” and “[t]he path of travel [to the restroom] was through the 6 kitchen,” which had too-narrow lateral clearances, and 5) the restroom itself contained numerous 7 violations, including unwrapped pipes under the sink, toilet paper and paper dispensers in the 8 wrong positions, a too-high mirror, a door handle that required twisting and grasping, and a flush 9 handle “on the wrong side.” Id. at ¶ 4(a)-(d). These barriers interfered with Sepulveda’s access to 10 Ole’s. Id. at ¶ 5. 11 Sepulveda filed the original complaint on January 20, 2020 alleging the foregoing 12 disability access violations. The parties conducted a joint site inspection at Ole’s on August 19, 13 2020; at the time, dine-in service was not permitted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. [Docket 14 Nos. 84-1 (Cortez Decl., Jan. 25, 2022) ¶ 2, Ex. 1; 77-3 (Corfee Decl., Jan. 14, 2022) ¶ 9.] 15 On February 18, 2021, Sepulveda asserts that he drove past Ole’s and observed that it had 16 placed tables and chairs on the public sidewalk outside the restaurant and in front of the business 17 next door to Ole’s that did not comply with disability access laws. [Docket No. 41-3 (Sepulveda 18 Decl., Mar. 31, 2021) ¶¶ 2-3.] Sepulveda states that he “observed waiters going back and forth 19 from Ole’s Waffle Shop to this new area . . . serving customers.” Id. at ¶ 3. On May 27, 2021, the 20 court granted Sepulveda leave to amend the complaint to add allegations about the additional 21 barriers he observed. [Docket No. 49.] Sepulveda timely filed the FAC, which reasserts the 22 existence of the barriers he identified in his original complaint as described above, and adds that 23 Ole’s placed the tables and chairs on the public sidewalk outside the restaurant and “outside the 24 storefront next door . . . to serve Ole’s Waffle Shop’s customers.” He further alleges that the 25 tables and chairs on the sidewalk do not have the required knee and toe clearance and clear floor 26 space and that the seating area lacks the required clear turning space and that “[t]hese new barriers 27 deter [Sepulveda] from visiting again.” FAC ¶ 7. 1 Access Specialist (“CASp”), Kelly Bray, who inspected Ole’s on October 6 and 13, 2021. 2 [Docket Nos. 64, 77-7 (Bray Decl.) ¶ 4.] Bray prepared a CASp report and concluded that each 3 alleged access barrier complies with ADA standards and that no barriers exist. Id. at ¶¶ 4-9, Ex. 4 A. Defense counsel sent Bray’s report to Sepulveda’s counsel and invited him to return to Ole’s 5 to verify that no barriers exist. Corfee Decl. ¶¶ 6, 7. 6 Importantly, Sepulveda concedes that no barriers remain at Ole’s. [Docket No. 84 (Pl.’s 7 Opp’n) at 3, 10.] 8 Defendants now move to dismiss the FAC for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. They 9 argue that Sepulveda’s ADA claims are moot because none of the alleged barriers exist and 10 therefore Sepulveda lacks standing to seek injunctive relief, which is the only available relief 11 under the ADA. Defendants also argue that the court should decline to exercise supplemental 12 jurisdiction over Sepulveda’s Unruh Act claim. 13 Defendants supported their motion with declarations by Bray and Ole’s manager Ken 14 Monize, as well as a declaration by defense counsel. They submitted additional declarations by 15 Monize and defense counsel and declarations by two other individuals with their reply. [Docket 16 Nos. 85-1, 85-3, 85-5, 85-6.] The court granted Sepulveda leave to file a response to the new 17 evidence submitted with Defendants’ reply. [Docket No. 86.] Sepulveda timely filed a response. 18 [Docket No. 87.] 19 II. LEGAL STANDARD 20 A motion to dismiss filed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) is a challenge to the court’s subject 21 matter jurisdiction. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). The challenging party may make a facial or 22 factual attack challenging subject matter jurisdiction. White v. Lee, 227 F.3d 1214, 1242 (9th Cir. 23 2000). A facial challenge asserts that “the allegations contained in a complaint are insufficient on 24 their face to invoke federal jurisdiction.” Safe Air for Everyone v. Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1039 25 (9th Cir. 2004). “The district court resolves a facial attack as it would a motion to dismiss under 26 Rule 12(b)(6): Accepting the plaintiff’s allegations as true and drawing all reasonable inferences 27 in the plaintiff’s favor, the court determines whether the allegations are sufficient as a legal matter 1 In contrast, a factual attack disputes “the truth of the allegations that, by themselves, would 2 otherwise invoke federal jurisdiction.” Safe Air, 373 F.3d at 1039. “In resolving a factual attack 3 on jurisdiction, the district court may review evidence beyond the complaint without converting 4 the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment,” and “[t]he court need not presume 5 the truthfulness of the plaintiff’s allegations” in deciding a factual attack. Id. “Once the moving 6 party has converted the motion to dismiss into a factual motion by presenting affidavits or other 7 evidence properly brought before the court, the party opposing the motion must furnish affidavits 8 or other evidence necessary to satisfy its burden of establishing subject matter jurisdiction.” 9 Savage v. Glendale Union High Sch., Dist. No. 205, Maricopa Cty., 343 F.3d 1036, 1040 n.2 (9th 10 Cir. 2003) (citing St. Clair v. City of Chico, 880 F.2d 199, 201 (9th Cir. 1989)). When “the 11 jurisdictional issue and substantive claims are so intertwined that resolution of the jurisdictional 12 question is dependent on factual issues going to the merits,” the court must apply the summary 13 judgment standard. Rosales v. United States, 824 F.2d 799, 803 (9th Cir. 1987). The motion to 14 dismiss must be granted “only if the material jurisdictional facts are not in dispute and the moving 15 party is entitled to prevail as a matter of law.” Id. 16 III. DISCUSSION 17 A. ADA Claim 18 “Title III of the ADA prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in the ‘full and 19 equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of 20 any place of public accommodation’ with a nexus in interstate commerce.” Oliver v. Ralphs 21 Grocery Co., 654 F.3d 903, 904 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000a(b), 12182(a)). 22 Unlawful discrimination under the ADA occurs when features of a public accommodation deny 23 equal access to disabled persons:

24 It shall be discriminatory to subject an individual or class of individuals on the basis of a disability or disabilities of such 25 individual or class, directly, or through contractual, licensing, or other arrangements, to a denial of the opportunity of the individual or class 26 to participate in or benefit from the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of an entity. 27 1 attorneys’ fees. 42 U.S.C. §§ 12188(a)(2), 12205. 2 Defendants bring a factual challenge to the court’s subject matter jurisdiction, arguing that 3 Sepulveda’s ADA claims are moot because Ole’s does not have access barriers. Sepulveda 4 concedes that barriers no longer exist but responds that his ADA claims are not moot due to the 5 voluntary cessation doctrine. Opp’n 3, 6-8. He contends that Defendants presented their 6 jurisdictional challenge as a summary judgment motion and argues that the court should deny the 7 motion due to disputed issues, including “whether there were barriers in the first place that [he] 8 encountered” and “whether an injunction is now needed . . . to order [Defendants] not to violate 9 the law in the future.” Id. at 2-3. 10 Since the facts supporting Defendants’ mootness argument are intertwined with the 11 substantive merits of the case, the court must apply the Rule 56 summary judgment standard. See 12 Whitaker v. Gundogdu, Inc., No. 21-cv-03132-JSC, 2021 WL 5937659, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 16, 13 2021) (applying Rule 56 standard to Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss ADA claims as moot, citing 14 Rosales, 824 F.2d at 803); Johnson v. Opa Campbell LP, No. 21-cv-01619-PJH, 2021 WL 15 3493712, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 9, 2021) (same).1 The court must view the evidence in the light 16 most favorable to the non-moving party and draw all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor. 17 Fresno Motors, LCC v. Mercedes Benz USA, LLC, 771 F.3d 1119, 1125 (9th Cir. 2014). 18 “[A] case is moot when the issues presented are no longer ‘live’ or the parties lack a 19 legally cognizable interest in the outcome.” Norman-Bloodsaw v. Lawrence Berkeley Lab’y, 135 20 F.3d 1260, 1274 (9th Cir. 1998) (quotation omitted). While “[m]ere voluntary cessation of 21 allegedly illegal conduct does not moot a case . . . part or all of a case may become moot if (1) 22 subsequent events have made it absolutely clear that the allegedly wrongful behavior cannot 23 reasonably be expected to recur, and (2) interim relief or events have completely and irrevocably 24 eradicated the effects of the alleged violation.” Id. (cleaned up). “Because a private plaintiff can 25 sue only for injunctive relief (i.e., for removal of the barrier) under the ADA, a defendant’s 26 1 Sepulveda was on notice that the summary judgment standard applies to this motion. Defendants 27 submitted evidence with their Rule 12(b)(1) motion and discussed the Rule 56 standard. See Mot. 1 voluntary removal of alleged barriers prior to trial can have the effect of mooting a plaintiff’s 2 ADA claim.” Oliver, 654 F.3d at 905 (internal citation omitted). However, voluntary removal of 3 access barriers moots an ADA claim only “where there is no ‘sufficient likelihood that [the 4 plaintiff] will again be wronged in a similar way,’” Whitaker, 2021 WL 5937659, at *2 (alteration 5 in original) (quoting City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 111 (1983)). 6 In ADA access cases, “courts have held that where structural modifications are made, then 7 it is absolutely clear the allegedly wrongful behavior could not reasonably be expected to occur in 8 the future since structural modification[s] undo the offending conduct.” Zaldivar v. City of San 9 Diego, No. 15CV67-GPC(RBB), 2016 WL 5118534, at *10 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 21, 2016) (collecting 10 cases). On the other hand, courts considering non-structural features have found that “‘voluntary 11 remediation of’ these violations do ‘not moot an issue’ because the violations ‘could easily 12 reoccur.’” Moore v. Saniefar, No. 1:14-CV-01067-SKO, 2017 WL 1179407, at *6 (E.D. Cal. 13 Mar. 29, 2017) (quoting Zaldivar, 2016 WL 5118534, at *10). Nonetheless, “[e]ven with non- 14 structural barriers, . . . if the evidence is undisputed that the ADA violations could not reasonably 15 be expected to recur, the ADA claim will still be moot.” Whitaker, 2021 WL 5937659, at *3 16 (collecting cases). In evaluating whether ADA violations “could not reasonably be expected to 17 recur,” courts consider “the bona fides of the expressed intent to comply, the effectiveness of the 18 discontinuance and, in some cases, the character of the past violations.” Opa Campbell, 2021 WL 19 3493712, at *3 (quoting Watanabe v. Home Depot USA, Inc., No. CV025088RGKMCX, 2003 20 WL 24272650, at *4 (C.D. Cal. July 14, 2003) (quoting United States v. W. T. Grant Co., 345 U.S. 21 629, 633 (1953))). “The necessary determination is that there exists some cognizable danger of 22 recurrent violation, something more than the mere possibility which serves to keep the case alive.” 23 W. T. Grant Co., 345 U.S. at 633. 24 Here, the parties agree that no barriers currently exist at Ole’s. However, they dispute 25 whether the barriers alleged in the FAC were ever present. Prior existence bears on the issue of 26 mootness. If the barriers previously existed, the court must determine whether they could 27 reasonably be expected to recur. For this reason, the court must first determine whether Sepulveda 1 Monize states that “Ole’s has had a fully compliant ADA restroom since 2001,” but that 2 there was an issue with the signage related to the accessible restroom that he fixed immediately 3 after being served with the summons and complaint. Monize Decl. ¶¶ 8, 9; Monize Decl. II ¶¶ 1, 4 2.2 Defendants also cite CASp Bray’s declaration, in which he states that he reviewed the 5 operative complaint in connection with his October 2021 inspection of Ole’s and “found that there 6 is no further ADA action required and the alleged elements [of the violations] are not truthful and 7 do not exist.” Bray Decl. ¶ 4. As to the allegations added in the FAC regarding outdoor seating 8 barriers, Defendants deny that Ole’s served its customers at the tables on the sidewalk in February 9 2021, asserting that “[t]hose tables were owned and controlled by the business next door and they 10 needed more space on the public sidewalk to serve their customers so they placed them in front of 11 Ole’s” and that “Ole’s was not providing any outdoor dining services in the front of the restaurant 12 [in February 2021] and has not at any other time.” [Docket Nos. 77-5 (Monize Decl., Jan. 14, 13 2022) ¶¶ 5, 6; 85-3 (Monize Decl. II, Feb. 3, 2022) ¶¶ 12-14.] 14 In response to Defendant’s evidence, Sepulveda submitted a declaration by CASp Roberto 15 Cortez along with the written report prepared by Cortez following the August 19, 2020 joint site 16 inspection. Cortez’s report details violations related to 1) the men’s restroom that Sepulveda 17 contends he used during a prior visit; 2) the narrowness of the hallway leading to the men’s 18 restroom, and 3) the inaccessible dining counter. Cortez Decl. ¶ 2, Ex. 1 (Report at ECF pp. 9, 12- 19 13, 14-20). Cortez also inspected the former women’s restroom, which was converted into an “all 20 gender single occupancy restroom.” The only access violations he found in the all-gender 21 restroom were 1) the existence of some “exposed” drain pipes under the sink that were not 22 “insulated or otherwise configured so as to protect against contact” and 2) a sign identifying the 23 accessible restroom that did not comply with technical requirements. Report at ECF pp. 8, 21, 23. 24 Cortez concluded that the dining counter, accessible restroom sign, and uncovered pipes could be 25 remedied at “no cost/low cost.” Report at ECF pp. 8, 9, 29. 26 2 Apparently there was only a “women’s” sign on the accessible restroom. There is now a unisex 27 sign on that restroom, which means that accessible bathroom facilities are available for all patrons. 1 Cortez’s declaration addresses barriers with respect to the lunch counter and the sidewalk 2 dining area. With respect to the lunch counter, Cortez states that at the August 2020 joint site 3 inspection he “specifically found that the dining counter was not compliant” and that in March 4 2021, he walked by Ole’s and observed the same non-compliant dining counter. Cortez Decl. ¶¶ 5 2-4. In January 2022, he observed a “remodeled lunch counter section” in the restaurant that had 6 not been present during his March 2021 visit. Id. at ¶ 6. 7 With respect to outside dining facilities, Cortez states that during his March 2021 visit, he 8 found a new barrier: “[t]he business has set out tables and chairs for dining outside in front of 9 Ole’s Waffle Shop on the public sidewalk,” and the tables and chairs do not comply with disability 10 access laws. Cortez Decl. ¶¶ 2-5. Sepulveda also points to a prior declaration in which he stated 11 that he “saw waiters coming out of the door of Ole’s delivering food to” the tables on the sidewalk 12 in front of Ole’s and the neighboring business, Wine and Waffles. [Docket No. 84-3 (Sepulveda 13 Decl. II, Jan. 25, 2022) ¶ 2; Sepulveda Decl. 3.] 14 Viewing all of the evidence in the light most favorable to Sepulveda and drawing all 15 inferences in his favor, Sepulveda has established a dispute of fact as to the prior existence of the 16 following barriers at Ole’s: structural barriers in the men’s bathroom, a narrow hallway leading to 17 the men’s bathroom, exposed pipes in the accessible all-gender bathroom (previously labeled as 18 the women’s bathroom), a technically deficient sign identifying the accessible bathroom, an 19 inaccessible lunch counter, and an outside dining area with insufficient knee, toe and clear floor 20 space.3 21 As noted, the parties agree that Ole’s presently has no access barriers. To determine 22 whether the ADA claim is moot, the court must analyze Sepulveda’s argument that the claim is 23 not moot under the voluntary cessation doctrine. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable 24 to Sepulveda, the court assumes that the prior barriers identified above existed at one time. The 25 key issue under the voluntary cessation doctrine is whether any of them are reasonably likely to 26 3 By failing to submit evidence of their existence, Sepulveda has conceded on all other barriers 27 alleged in the FAC. These include insufficient signage on the entrance door, barriers regarding 1 recur. 2 Sepulveda concedes that Ole’s made structural modifications to the dining counter and 3 accessible restroom signage; these barriers are unlikely to recur. With respect to the access 4 violations in the men’s restroom and the narrow hallway leading to that restroom, these problems 5 were remedied by converting the accessible restroom formerly labeled for women into a unisex 6 restroom. See Cortez Report at ECF p. 29. As a result, male patrons do not have to travel down a 7 narrow hallway to reach a restroom, nor are they confined to using a restroom with access barriers. 8 This amounts to a structural change that is not likely to recur. 9 Neither side addresses the unwrapped pipes that were in the accessible restroom. Nothing 10 in the record supports a concern that this barrier will reemerge. Accordingly, the modification to 11 the pipes—i.e., wrapping them up—is akin to a structural modification that is unlikely to recur. 12 With respect to the outside dining area, the court finds that the alleged violations (if they 13 existed) are likely to recur. Ole’s retained a CASp to inspect the restaurant and contracted with 14 him to return every year for four years “to perform disabled access inspections . . . to ensure that 15 the existing ADA features and being maintained” and to identify any new access issues. Monize 16 Decl. ¶ 16, Ex. C (contract between Ole’s and Bray); Bray Decl. ¶ 10. The next inspection is 17 scheduled for October 2022. Bray Decl. ¶ 10. 18 Monize, who has managed and operated Ole’s for the past 12 years, states that Ole’s 19 “never had a disabled access concern or complaint” until this case and that he “would be willing to 20 fix anything for the disabled, and Ole’s has always had this policy, practice, procedure and care 21 towards the disabled.” Monize Decl. ¶¶ 11, 14. Monize explains that Ole’s has implemented a 22 written ADA policy “regarding disabled access and to maintain the existing ADA features” that 23 the restaurant has. Id. at ¶ 14, Ex. B. He met with Ole’s employees to review the policy when it 24 was implemented and employees signed acknowledgments that they had read, understood, and 25 received a copy of the policy. Monize Decl. ¶ 14; Monize Decl. II ¶ 9, Ex. A (signed 26 acknowledgments). Monize states that under the policy, “any concerns or questions about ADA 27 disabled access must be immediately reported to the owners and management,” and the policy 1 the policy by Monize. Id. Monize also states that he “fully intend[s] to maintain and keep Ole’s 2 ADA compliant in all respects” under state and federal law. Monize Decl. II ¶ 7. 3 This evidence demonstrates that Ole’s “took affirmative steps to become compliant and 4 prevent future violations,” see Opa Campbell, 2021 WL 3493712, at *4, including by retaining a 5 CASp for several years, remediating barriers to bring the restaurant into compliance, and 6 implementing a written ADA access policy that is communicated to all employees. Additionally, 7 there is no evidence that Ole’s was aware of the alleged barriers prior to Sepulveda filing suit. In 8 fact, Monize states that Sepulveda has been a patron of Ole’s for at least 10 years and that he never 9 informed Monize or any other Ole’s employees that he had difficulty with access at Ole’s. 10 Monize Decl. ¶ 4. 11 In response, Sepulveda attempts to cast doubt on whether Defendants genuinely “intend to 12 follow the law on disabled access in their future.” Opp’n 10. He notes that Douglas F. Durein has 13 admitted that “[a]pproximately 20-25 years ago, there was an ADA complaint about the building” 14 that houses Ole’s. According to Sepulveda, this shows that the Dureins “were on notice about the 15 access laws.” Sepulveda also presents evidence that Ole’s performed work on its accessible 16 restroom in 2002. Id. at 8 (citing Docket No. 14-2, D. Durein Decl., June 17, 2020, ¶ 4); Cortez 17 Decl. ¶ 7 (describing evidence that Ole’s “did ADA remedial work in the restroom” in 2002). 18 Sepulveda notes that Monize admits that there was an issue with the signage on the accessible 19 restroom that he became aware of only after receiving the summons and complaint and suggests 20 that this shows that Monize was not actually paying attention to disability access issues. Opp’n 9. 21 To the contrary, this evidence tends to show that Defendants have taken prompt action over the 22 years when they have learned of access problems. 23 Finally, Sepulveda argues that Defendants’ lawyers have displayed animus towards him 24 throughout this litigation, including calling him a “vexatious litigant.” Nothing in the record 25 suggests that defense counsel’s purported animus towards Sepulveda is attributable to their clients, 26 or that the animus somehow incentivizes Defendants to allow Ole’s to lapse into non-compliance. 27 Sepulveda also contends that Ole’s created new barriers (the allegedly non-compliant sidewalk 1 complaint. Opp’n 8-9. As described above, the parties hotly dispute whether the sidewalk dining 2 area was for Ole’s patrons or for the patrons of the adjacent business. In any event, the evidence is 3 undisputed that Defendants are aware of their accessibility obligations and are clearly on notice 4 that any outdoor dining area must be accessible to disabled patrons. Robust enforcement of the 5 ADA by private litigants like Sepulveda provides additional ample incentive to Ole’s to maintain 6 compliance with the disability access laws. 7 Based on this evidentiary record, “any conclusion that defendants would take action to 8 [resume non-compliant outdoor dining] or otherwise . . . fall into ADA noncompliance would be 9 pure speculation.” See Opa Campbell, 2021 WL 3493712, at *4 (concluding that ADA violations 10 were not likely to recur based on the defendants’ affirmative steps to become compliant and 11 prevent future violations, including hiring a CASp and installing accessible dining tables, as well 12 as a lack of evidence of a history of violations, any intent by the defendants to violate the ADA 13 again, and lack of the defendants’ awareness of violations prior to the filing of the lawsuit); 14 Whitaker, 2021 WL 5937659, at *3 (finding that the alleged violation was not likely to recur based 15 on the defendant’s prompt remediation of the barrier, attestation that it will maintain an accessible 16 dining table as long as it is able to do so, long-standing commitment to provide accessible dining, 17 and the plaintiff’s failure to offer contrary evidence). Ultimately, the court must determine 18 whether “there exists some cognizable danger of recurrent violation, something more than the 19 mere possibility which serves to keep the case alive.” W. T. Grant Co., 345 U.S. at 633. In this 20 case, the evidence demonstrates nothing more than a “mere possibility” of recurrence. 21 Accordingly, injunctive relief is inappropriate and the ADA claims are dismissed as moot. 22 B. Unruh Act Claim 23 The Unruh Act provides that “[a] violation of the right of any individual under the [ADA] 24 shall also constitute a violation of” the Unruh Act. Cal. Civ. Code § 51(f). It authorizes statutory 25 damages of “no less than four thousand dollars ($4,000)” for each occasion on which a plaintiff 26 was denied equal access. Cal. Civ. Code § 52(a). 27 Having dismissed Sepulveda’s ADA claims as moot, his Unruh Act claims remain live 1 No. 16-CV-06181-JCS, 2018 WL 4961637, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 15, 2018). The court declines to 2 || exercise supplemental jurisdiction over his Unruh Act claims. See Arroyo v. Rosas, 19 F.4th 3 1202, 1213 (9th Cir. 2021) (explaining that “retention of supplemental jurisdiction over ADA- 4 || based Unruh Act claims threatens to substantially thwart California’s carefully crafted reforms in 5 this area”); see also Johnson v. JKLM Props., LLC, No. 20-cv-1078-EJD, 2020 WL 5517234, at 6 *7 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 14, 2020) (declining supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims after 7 || dismissing ADA claim). 8 || IV. CONCLUSION 9 For the foregoing reasons, the court grants Defendants’ motion to dismiss the FAC. 10 Sepulveda’s ADA claims are dismissed as moot and the Unruh Act claims are dismissed without 11 prejudice to refiling in state court. The Clerk shall close the case. KS PEG 13 IT IS SO ORDERED. Ky __ 14 || Dated: April 18, 2022 eh ~ J

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