OPINION
CHAPEL, Judge:
1 1 On September 19, 1975, Michael Selsor was charged (along with codefendant Richard Dodson) with: First Degree Murder in violation of 21 0.8. Supp.1978, § 701.1 in Tulsa County District Court Case No. CRF-T5-2181; Shooting with Intent to Kill in violation of 21 0.8.1971, $ 652 in Tulsa County District Court Case No. CRF-75-2182; and Robbery with Firearms in violation of 21 ©.S8.1971, § 801 in Tulsa County District Court Case No. CRF-T5-2188. Selsor was tried by jury and convicted in each case. In accordance with the jury's recommendation, the Honorable William W. Means sentenced Selsor to death for First Degree Murder, twenty (20) years imprisonment for Shooting with Intent to Kill, and twenty-five (25) years imprisonment for Robbery with Firearms. Selsor appealed. On appeal, Selsor's convie-tions were affirmed, but his death sentence was modified to life imprisonment.
12 Selsor filed two consecutive applications for post-conviction relief. The Tulsa County District Court denied each application, and this Court affirmed. Selsor then petitioned for federal habeas relief in the United, States District Court for the Northern District of. Oklahoma. After the petition was denied, Selsor appealed to the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals, which remanded Selsor's petition to the District Court for a hearing.
The district court again denied Selsor's petition, and Selsor again appealed. His petition for habeas corpus was granted by the Tenth Circuit, which provided for his retrial "within a reasonable amount of time."
. 18 Prior to Selsor's retrial, the State filed a Bill of Particulars alleging four aggravating circumstances to support a sentence of death. Selsor filed a Motion to Strike the Bill of Particulars, asserting that the retroactive application of the current death penalty statutes violated prohibitions against ex post fac-to laws. After the trial court denied Selsor's motion, he petitioned this Court for a Writ of Prohibition and/or Mandamus. This Court issued a stay, ordered a response from the district court, then denied Selsor's petition on the merits.
T 4 Selsor was tried by jury and convicted of First Degree Murder in violation of 21 0.S8.S8upp.1973, § 701, Shooting with Intent to Kill in violation of 21 0.8.1971, $ 652, and Robbery with Firearms in violation of 21 ©.8.1971, § 801. The jury found two aggravating cireumstances: i, that Selsor knowing ly created a great risk of death to more than one person; and ii, that Selsor committed the murder to avoid or prevent lawful arrest. In accordance with the jury's recommendation, the Honorable E.R. Turnbull sentenced Sel-sor to death for First Degree Murder, life imprisonment for Shooting with Intent to Kill, and twenty (20) years imprisonment for Robbery with Firearms.
FACTS
15 At approximately 11:00 p.m. on September 15, 1975, Selsor and Richard Eugene Dodson robbed the U-TOTE-M convenience store at 5950 83rd West Avenue in Tulsa. Selsor and Dodson entered the store, each
armed with a .22 caliber handgun. Employee Clayton Chandler was working at the cash register. _- Selsor approached - Chandler, pulled his gun, and demanded the contents of the register. Dodson located employee Ina Morris, who was restocking the walk-in cooler. Dodson pointed his gun at her and ordered her to get down. Morris replied, "You've got to be kidding me." Dodson then fired a shot striking Morris in the shoulder.
T 6 Chandler loaded a sack with money and handed it to Selsor, who then shot Chandler several times in the chest killing him. Upon hearing the shots, Dodson emptied his weapon through the cooler door at Morris. Morris was shot in the head, neck and shoulder, but survived. Selsor and Dodson then fled.
17 On September 22, 1975, Selsor and Dodson were arrested in Santa Barbara, California. Selsor confessed this and other crimes to Detective John Evans of the Santa Barbara Police Department. In his confession, Selsor admitted that before entering the store, he and Dodson had agreed to leave no witnesses.
ISSUES RELATING TO JURY SELECTION
18 Selsor asserts in Proposition VII that he was denied a fair trial and a reliable sentencing determination because the trial court denied his motion for individual voir dire. In overruling the motion at the hearing, the trial court nevertheless stated that it would keep the motion under advisement should a need for individual voir dire arise at trial. Such matters fall within the trial court's discretion.
T9 Selsor specifically complains that he was prejudiced by the denial of individual voir dire after four members of the panel, purportedly educated by previous venire persons on how to avoid jury service, were successful in being exeused. Upon learning what was occurring, the trial court admonished prospective jurors to answer questions honestly, because based upon past experience jurors may have answered questions untruthfully to avoid jury service. To Selsor, these facts establish that "one cannot be confident that the jury was picked fairly."
1 10 Selsor's argument is speculative. He has not established that the trial court abused its discretion or that he was prejudiced. The jury was selected fairly. Selsor's attorneys extensively questioned the prospective jurors. - Selsor was presumably satisfied with the selection process and result because he did not renew his request for individual voir dire or exercise all of his peremptory challenges at trial. This proposition is denied.
ISSUES RELATING TO SELSOR'S RETRIAL AND THE EX POST FACTO CLAUSE
{11 In Propositions I-V, Selsor makes several interrelated arguments that he was not eligible to be sentenced to death and that he was tried pursuant to the wrong First Degree Murder statute. Specifically, Selsor argues that his conviction and death sentence violated the State and Federal Constitutions because: i, the retroactive application of the current death penalty statute violated ex post facto laws; ii, the retroactive application of the current death penalty statute violated ex post facto provisions, the multiple punishments provision of the Double Jeopardy Clause, and principles of equal protection and due process; iii, the retroactive application of this Court's decision overruling Riggs v. Branch violated due process; iv, sentencing Selsor to death violated the fundamental fairness doctrine; and v, the Information did not inform Selsor of the homicide theory upon which the State would rely to obtain a conviction, and the jury instructions were defective because they did not identify all the elements of the offense with which he was charged.
12 Selsor has previously litigated some of these issues due to the unique procedural
history of his case. In 1975, Selsor was charged with First Degree Murder, Shooting with Intent to Kill, and Robbery with Firearms. Selsor was tried, convicted of all three charges, and sentenced to death for the murder charge. On appeal, Selsor's conviction was affirmed, but his death sentence was modified to life imprisonment due to the unconstitutionality of the then-existing death penalty statute, 21 O.S.Supp.1978, § T01.3.
Selsor thereafter attacked his convictions and sentences for approximately twenty (20) years in state and federal court and finally won a new trial.
He was held pending retrial on the original Information charging him with First Degree Murder in violation of 21 O.S$.Supp.1978, TOL1(@). - The State sought the death penalty on retrial, Selsor filed a Motion to Strike, asserting that since there was no valid death penalty statute in effect when he allegedly committed First Degree Murder, to expose him to the death penalty on retrial would violate constitutional prohibitions against ex post facto laws. Sel-sor petitioned this Court for relief after the district court denied his Motion to Strike. In denying Selsor's petition,
this Court rejected several issues he once again pursues in this appeal..
113 Precisely as in Selsor v. Turnbull, Selsor here argues in Proposition II that the retroactive application of the current death penalty statute violates ex post facto provisions and equal protection. This Court's analysis in Selsor v. Turnbull is dispositive. First, this Court determined that the retroactive application of the current death penalty statutes did not violate the ex post fucto provisions of the State and Federal Constitutions because the "newly enacted death penalty statutes (1) did not increase the elements of First Degree Murder, (2) did not increase but in fact decreased the conditions and quantum of punishment, and (8) did not decrease but in fact increased the quantity and degree of proof necessary to establish guilt."
114 Second, this Court denied Selsor's equal protection claim, as he was
simply no longer similarly situated to those defendants subject to Oklahoma's unconstitutional - death - penalty - statute, 21 0.8.Supp.1978, § 701.8, or to those defendants whose sentences were modified in accordance with Riggs [Selsor's] Judgment and Sentence has been vacated and he stands before this Court similarly situated to defendants awaiting trial under current murder and death penalty statutes.
1 15 In Selsor v. Turnbull, this Court also anticipated and resolved two issues Selsor failed specifically to raise then but which he raises now in Propositions II and III, respectively: i, whether the retroactive application of the current death penalty statute violated the multiple punishments provision of the Double Jeopardy Clause; and ii, whether the retroactive application of this Court's decision overruling Riggs v. Branch violated due process. This Court resolved the double jeopardy issue, finding that "if a defendant has not been acquitted of the death penalty and his conviction and sentence are reversed on appeal or collateral proceedings, the slate is wiped clean, and a defendant may be subjected to any punishment authorized by law, including death."
This Court also found that the retroactive application of this Court's decision overruling Riggs v. Branch to this case did not violate due process." We specifically stated: "the change in law by
judicial decision that Riggs should be overturned does not violate due process.
because it does not change the erime for which [Selsor] is charged, increase the punishment prescribed therefore, or increase the quantity, or degree of proof necessary to establish his guilt."
In sum, Selsor's arguments in Propositions II and III were adequately resolved in Selsor v. Turnbull; nothing in his brief is convincing or persuasive enough to change those results.
116 In Proposition I, Selsor argues that the ex post facto provisions of the federal and state constitutions were violated because he was tried in 1998 pursuant to the First Degree Murder statute (21 0.8.1991, § T01.7(A)) in effect then rather than the statute in effect when he allegedly committed the crime (21 O.S8.S8upp.1978, § 701). In Proposition V, he asserts that his jury was mis-instructed on the applicable elements of First Degree Murder and that the Information did not adequately notify him of the charges against which he had to defend. We address these propositions together and conclude that they both lack merit.
117 This Court focuses on the following factors when determining whether there has been an ex post facto violation: i, the elements of the offense; ii, the conditions and quantum of punishment; and ffi, the quantity and degree of proof necessary to establish guilt.
Although the elements of First Degree Murder and the burden of proof contained in the 1978 statute (under which Sel-sor was charged) differ from those contained in the current statute, Selsor's jury was instructed on all the elements of First Degree Murder under the 1973 statute.
T 18 While all elements of First Degree Murder under the 1978 statute were not contained within Instruction 9, they were included within the instructions as a whole.
Instruction 18 correctly informs the jury on the elements of Robbery with Firearms. The essential elements of that offense are the same under the statute applicable at the time of Selsor's crime (21 0.8.1971, § 801) and the current statute (21 0.98.1991, § 801).
Thus, considering Instructions 9 and 18 together indicates that Selsor's jury was instructed upon and found him guilty of all the elements of First Degree Murder under the applicable 1973 statute. As such, the defendant was not convicted under a lesser burden of proof, and under these circumstances, we do not find a violation of the ex post facto provisions of the State and Federal constitutions."
119 Our disposition of Proposition I resolves the arguments Selsor raises in Proposition V. Selsor was charged, tried, and convicted pursuant to the original Information filed in the case, which correctly informed him of the 1978 statute and facts supporting its alleged violation.
'The Information was therefore sufficient. Moreover, Selsor's jury was properly instructed and found all elements of First Degree Murder pursuant to the correct statute.
This proposition is denied.
120 However, as the State concedes, Selsor's Robbery with Firearms conviction must be dismissed based upon double jeopardy because all the elements of Robbery with Firearms are included within the elements of the First Degree Murder pursuant to the 1973 statute.
Thus, Selsor's conviction for Robbery with Firearms is reversed and remanded with instructions to dismiss.
%21 In Proposition IV, Selsor argues that sentencing him to death based upon the "unique situation present in this case" is fundamentally unfair.
To be fundamentally unfair and violate due process, the infraction must "offend those canons of decency and fairness which express the notions of justice of English-speaking peoples toward those charged with the most heinous offenses."
Here, Selsor was on notice and warned of the possibility of a death sentence based upon the original charge. Selsor then availed himself of the appeal process and gained a new trial, where he could have been acquitted and released or convicted and sentenced to death. Selsor knew the risks and benefits before he began the appellate process; he received a fair trial, and his punishment is consistent with the penalties he was warned of when he was charged.
122 In Proposition VI, Selsor argues that the state and federal constitutional prohibitions against ex post facto laws were violated when he was sentenced to life imprisonment based upon the punishment provisions of the current Shooting with Intent to Kill statute. The State concedes this error 'in its brief.
1123 Selsor was charged with violating 21 0.8.1971, § 652 ("the 1971 statute"), which was in effect at the time of the offense, The maximum possible punishment pursuant to the 1971 statute was twenty (20) years imprisonment. However, Selsor's jury was instructed that the maximum punishment was life imprisonment based upon 21 0.S.1991, § 652-the current Shooting with Intent to Kill statute. . The jury recommended that Selsor receive the maximum punishment of life imprisonment, and that sentence was imposed by the trial court. Thus, the Ex Post Facto Clause was violated because the sentence imposed exceeded the maximum allowable at the time of the offense.
Accordingly, Selsor's sentence for Shooting with Intent 'to Kill is modified from life imprisonment to twenty (20) years imprisonment.
ISSUES RELATING TO PUNISHMENT
4 24 Selsor argues in Proposition IX that at least three errors occurred in the State's admission of victim impact evidence at trial: i, Ina Morris's testimony was inadmissible because she was not a "family member", and the notice and hearing procedures were not
followed as required by Cargle v. State;
ii, the other victims' testimony was prejudicial because it focused on their emotional loss, and its probative value was substantially outweighed by its undue prejudice; and iii, victim impact evidence is an unconstitutional "super" aggravating circumstance present in every capital case.
125 Selsor argues that Ina Morris's testimony was inadmissible as victim impact evidence because she was not a "family member" of the victim.
Indeed, portions of Morris's testimony were inadmissible for this reason,
such as the psychological and emotional impact the shooting had upon Morris's life.
However, most of her testimony was admissible to support the "knowingly created a great risk of death to more than one person" aggravating circumstance, as disclosed by the State in its notice of evidence in aggravation.
Morris's testimony concerning being shot and the medical attention she received for her injuries was clearly relevant to the "great risk of death to more than one person" aggravating cireumstance.
T26 Selsor did not timely object to this inadmissible evidence, waiving all but plain error.
The inadmissible portions of Morris's testimony did not go to the foundation of Selsor's case or take from him a substantial right.
Since the Court finds all of Morris's testimony either admissible to support the aggravating circumstances or inadmissible victim impact evidence, the Court need not address whether the Cargle notice and hearing procedures were satisfied because Cargle is inapposite.
127 Selsor next argues that a portion of the victim impact - evidence - introduced through Debbie Huggins and Anne Chandler was prejudicial because it focused solely on the emotional impact of the victim's murder on those testifying. Selsor accordingly contends that the evidence should not have been admitted at trial because its prejudicial effect substantially outweighed its probative value. Selsor overstates his case. There was nothing inflammatory or prejudicial about the victim impact evidence introduced through Ms. Huggins and Ms. Chandler. This victim impact evidence, taken as a whole, fairly and concisely encompassed the financial, emotional, psychological, and physical effects of the murder on them and the uniqueness of the victim.
There was no error in its admission.
Selsor concludes by arguing that victim impact evidence is a "super" aggravating cireumstance present in every capital case, and adds that victim impact evidence negates the constitutionally-required narrowing function for Oklahoma's death penalty sentencing scheme. This issue has been addressed and rejected by this Court,
and Selsor's argument fails to persuade us otherwise.
129 Selsor argues in Proposition X that the aggravating circumstance of "knowingly creating a great risk of death to more than one person" is unconstitutionally vague because it does not properly narrow the jury's sentencing decision. This aggravating cireumstance has been found constitutional as defined and applied,
and Selsor offers no new arguments for reconsidering that conclusion. Selsor continues by arguing that even if constitutionally valid, the evidence was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt the applicability of this aggravating cireumstance to his case.
130 This Court views the evidence supporting an aggravating cireumstance in a light most favorable to the State to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the facts necessary to support it beyond a reasonable doubt.
This Court reviews the record to determine if a defendant created a great risk of death to another in close proximity, in time and intent, to the murder.
Under these standards, the evidence here was sufficient.
131 Selsor and Dodson agreed before entering the store to leave "no witnesses." Store employees Chandler and Morris were the only people present at the time of the robbery. Upon completing the robbery, Sel-sor shot and killed Chandler, and Dodson repeatedly shot Morris. Morris was undoubtedly at risk of death in terms of time, intent and location to Chandler's murder.
132 However, Selsor argues that Dodson's actions cannot be imputed to him in determining the sufficiency of the evidence for this aggravating cireumstance. - Selsor and Dodson aided and abetted each other in this murder, shooting, and robbery. If criminal liability can attach for a codefendant's act that a defendant has aided and abetted, liability for an aggravating cireumstance can also attach for a codefendant's act that a defendant has aided and abetted.
Had Morris died, Selsor could have been convicted of her murder; that fact alone would have established this aggravating cireumstance.
$338 In Proposition XI, Selsor argues that the use of inadmissible and prejudicial evidence to support the "continuing threat" aggravating cireumstance improperly contributed to his death verdict even though the jury did not find this aggravating cireum-stance to exist. Selsor's argument fails. Assuming, as Selsor argues, that his confession to the two uncorroborated robberies was inadmissible and that the evidence concerning the Wilson robbery was cumulative and unnecessarily prejudicial, it did not contribute to his death verdict.
34 Selsor's jury found two aggravating circumstances: i, that Selsor knowingly cere-'ated a great risk of death to more than one person; and ii, that the murder was committed for the purpose of avoiding or preventing a lawful arrest.
The record establishes that both of these aggravating cireumstances were proven by the facts of this murder and robbery and not any of the evidence complained of by Selsor.
Accordingly, we conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury's death verdict was not affected by the admission of the evidence supporting the continuing threat aggravating circumstance.
ISSUES RELATING TO BOTH STAGES OF TRIAL
11 35 In Proposition VIII, Selsor asserts in five sub-propositions that repeated instances
of prosecutorial misconduct denied him a fair trial. However, none of the instances of alleged misconduct were objected to, waiving all but plain error. Additionally, the parties "have wide latitude in closing arguments to discuss the evidence and reasonable inferences and this Court will grant relief only where grossly improper and unwarranted arguments affects the defendant's rights."
136 Selsor first submits that the prosecutor's comment that the first shot (which was fired by Dodson) was only a warning was erroneous. To Selsor, this misled the jury into believing that he was more culpable than Dodson. The record reveals that the comment was a reasonable inference from the evidence. The testimony indicates that Dodson fired the first shot so that Morris would comply with his commands. Thus, Dodson's first shot could fairly be characterized in argument as a "warning."
137 Selsor contends that the prosecutor improperly evoked sympathy for the victims in voir dire and first stage closing argument. The colloquy in voir dire and comment in closing argument were not objected to waiving all but plain error. None of the comments affected Selsor's rights nor went to the foundation of the case; most were proper and were based upon the evidence.
« 38 Selsor also contends that the prosecutor demeaned his mitigation evidence by arguing facts outside the record. The prosecutor's arguments were fair challenges to Selsor's mitigating evidence. Moreover, the comments were not based upon facts outside the record but were reasonable inferences and arguments from the facts adduced at trial. There was no error.
139 Selsor argues that the prosecutor improperly compared the advantages of Selsor's life in prison to the plight of the dead victim. These comments by the prosecutor are not error. Instead, they fairly commented on Selsor's mitigation evidence and merely asked the jury to consider what Selsor's life was like and would be like in prison based upon the evidence at trial in determining the appropriate punishment. This is proper argument.
140 Selsor asserts that the prosecution argued the improperly elicited victim impact testimony from Ina Morris discussed in Proposition IX, supra. The brief argument about which Selsor complains does focus somewhat on the inadmissible portions of Morris's testimony.
However, the prosecutor cannot be condemned for arguing the evidence as admitted at trial. Moreover, as found in Proposition IX, this evidence did not deny Selsor a fair trial or contribute to the jury's sentencing decision. The same can be said for the prosecutor's argument concerning this evidence.
1 41 Selsor concludes by arguing that the combined effect of the prosecutor's misconduct denied him a fair trial. Having found none of the comments were made in error or prejudicial, their combination did not prejudice Selsor or deny him a fair trial. This proposition is denied.
142 Selsor claims in Proposition XII that he was denied effective assistance of trial counsel. Selsor must show that counsel's performance was deficient and that he was prejudiced as a result.
To prove deficient performance, Selsor must overcome the strong presumption that counsel's representation "fell within a wide range of reasonable professional assistance and equaled sound trial strategy."
This Court views counsel's challenged conduct on the facts of the case as seen at the time to determine if it was professionally unreasonable, and if so, will determine whether the result of the proceeding was fundamentally unfair or unreliable.
{ 43 Selsor first asserts that if this Court finds that trial counsel waived the allegations of errors raised in Propositions I and V, then trial counsel was ineffective. This Court denied the asserted errors in Propositions I and V on their merits. Thus, trial counsel's
performance was not deficient, and Selsor was not prejudiced.
T44 Selsor next complains that counsel was ineffective for failing to object to several instances of prosecutorial misconduct and inadmissible victim impact evidence. In Proposition VIII, we determined that the prosecutor's comments were not error. In Proposition IX, we noted that portions of Ina Morris's testimony were inadmissible but did not affect the jury's sentencing decision. Thus, Selsor's counsel's failure to object to the prosecutor's arguments or to nonprejudicial victim impact evidence does not constitute ineffective assistance.
T45 Selsor next asserts counsel's performance was deficient for failing to object to the constitutionality and applicability of the "great risk of death" aggravating cireum-stance. As discussed in reviewing Proposition X, this aggravating cireumstance is constitutional. Since there was sufficient evidence to support it in this case, counsel was not ineffective. ,
T46 Selsor concludes by arguing counsel was ineffective for failing to specifically object at trial to inadmissible and prejudicial evidence offered in support of the "continuing threat" aggravating cireumstance.
Sel-sor asserted that the admission of this evidence was error in Proposition XI. For the reasons asserted in Proposition XI, assuming Selsor could establish that his counsel's performance was deficient, he was not prejudiced. Accordingly, this proposition is denied.
T47 In Proposition XIII, Selsor argues that he is entitled to relief due to the accumulation of error in the case. While we have determined that Selsor's Robbery with Firearms conviction must be reversed and remanded with instructions to dismiss and that Selsor's sentence for Shooting with Intent to Kill must be modified to twenty (20) years, none of the other individual errors affected a substantial right, went to the foundation of the case, or contributed to the jury's verdicts. Further, when these errors are considered cumulatively, they do not require relief.
This proposition is denied.
MANDATORY SENTENCE REVIEW
148 In accordance with 21 0.S.1991, § 701.13(C), we must determine: i, whether the sentence of death was imposed under the influence of passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor; and ii, whether the evidence supports the jury's finding of aggravating circumstances. Based upon the record, we cannot say Selsor's death sentence was imposed because the jury was influenced by passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor contrary to 21 0.98.1991, $ 701.183(C).
149 The jury was instructed on four aggravating circumstances and found the existence of two: i, that Selsor knowingly cere-ated a great risk of death to more than one person; and ii, that Selsor committed the murder to avoid or prevent lawful arrest. Selsor presented evidence that he had been a model prisoner during his twenty-plus years in the prison system. Several Department of Correction employees testified that despite their belief in the death penalty, Selsor did not deserve it, was involved in various prison programs, and was honest and hardworking. The jury was also instructed on twelve (12) mitigating factors. Upon our review of the record, we find the sentence of death to be factually substantiated and appropriate.
STRUBHAR, P.J., LUMPKIN, V.P.J., and JOHNSON, J., concur.
LILE, J., concurs in results.