Beasley, J.
Plaintiff-appellant, Selective Group, Inc., appeals from a judgment in favor of defendant-appellee, City of Farmington Hills, denying plaintiff an attempted rezoning of a five-acre parcel at the northeast corner of Twelve Mile and Drake Roads from single family residential to local business. We affirm.
On appeal, plaintiff raises two issues, first claiming that the trial court’s decision was against the great weight of the evidence and, second, claiming that the trial court failed to specify precisely the facts upon which its conclusions rested.
The within case was filed in July, 1985, tried in August and September, 1987, and decided in October, 1987. These dates are significant because the subject real property is in a rapidly changing, developing area. For purposes of trial and appeal, we must look to the proofs offered at trial and not speculate as to subsequent events.
Appellate review of a zoning decision is de novo, the standard being whether review of the record convinces the court that it would have reached a different result had it sat as a trial court or a
board of zoning appeals.
In
Kirk v Tyrone Twp,
the Supreme Court stated that the appropriate standard for determining the constitutional validity of municipal zoning determinations is as follows:
The principles and tests to use to determine whether the present zoning of plaintiffs’ property is valid was detailed in
Kropf [v Sterling Heights,
391 Mich 139; 215 NW2d 179 (1974)].
The important principles require that for an ordinance to be successfully challenged plaintiffs prove:
"[F]irst, that there is no reasonable governmental interest being advanced by the present zoning classification itself... or
"[Secondly, that an ordinance may be unreasonable because of the purely arbitrary, capricious and unfounded exclusion of other types of legitimate land use from the area in question.” 391 Mich 139, 158.
The four rules for applying these principles were also outlined in
Kropf
They are:
1. " '[T]he ordinance comes to us clothed with every presumption of validity.’ ” 391 Mich 139, 162, quoting from
Brae Burn, Inc v Bloomfield Hills,
350 Mich 425; 86 NW2d 166 (1957).
2. " '[I]t is the burden of the party attacking to prove affirmatively that the ordinance is an arbitrary and unreasonable restriction upon the owner’s use of his property .... It must appear that the clause attacked is an arbitrary fiat, a whimsical
ipse dixit,
and that there is no room for a legitimate difference of opinion concerning its reasonableness.’ ” 391 Mich 139, 162, quoting
Brae Burn, Inc.
3. "Michigan has adopted the view that to sustain an attack on a zoning ordinance, an aggrieved
property owner must show that if the ordinance is enforced the consequent restrictions on his property preclude its use for any purposes to which it is reasonably adapted.” 391 Mich 139, 162-163.
4. " 'This Court, however, is inclined to give considerable weight to the findings of the trial judge in equity cases.’ ” 391 Mich 139, 163, quoting
Christine Building Co v City of Troy,
367 Mich 508, 518; 116 NW2d 816 (1962).[
]
A plaintiff who attacks a municipal zoning ordinance on the alternate constitutional grounds of reasonableness or confiscation is entitled to relief if he shows either that the classification is unreasonable or that the classification amounts to a confiscation of plaintiff’s property. The plaintiff is not required to succeed on both arguments in order to prevail.
On appeal, a zoning ordinance enjoys every presumption of validity. As stated in
Kropf, supra:
[I]t is the burden of the party attacking to prove affirmatively that the ordinance is an arbitrary and unreasonable restriction upon the owner’s use of his property .... It must appear that the clause attacked is an arbitrary fiat, a whimsical
ipse dixit,
and that there is no room for a legitimate difference of opinion concerning its reasonableness.[
]
In the within case, there was substantial testimony and documentary evidence to support the proposition that the RA-1 (single family residential) classification of plaintiff’s parcel was in con
formity with a comprehensive plan both as developed and as implemented by the City of Farming-ton Hills. Plaintiffs claim that the nonresidential use of adjacent properties of the intersection evidences both the unreasonableness of the current zoning and the reasonableness of plaintiffs proposed commercial enterprise is without merit. The adjacent uses are not "commercial” as defined within the zoning ordinance. Rather, they are "office” uses, which are characteristically less intensive than a commercial use and often are utilized as a buffer between residential districts and commercial districts. This buffer function for light office developments was contemplated by the Farmington Hills zoning ordinance and the Farmington Hills Commercial Areas Plan. Plaintiffs characterization of the entire length of Twelve Mile Road as a "commercial corridor” is unfounded. The proofs seem to indicate that, for at least one mile in either direction, the north side of Twelve Mile Road has been largely zoned and developed residentially, while the south side has been developed for office use.
Each zoning case is determined on its own facts and circumstances.
Plaintiff attempts to analogize the facts of the within case to the facts of
Frendo v Southfield Twp,
White v Southfield Twp,
and
Troy Campus v
Troy,
all of which are cited for the proposition that a residential zoning classification is characteristically unreasonable for land adjacent to major thoroughfares and nonresidential uses. While there are some similarities, each of the three cases is readily distinguishable from the
within case and, consequently, do not control the result here.
Troy Campus, supra,
involved a residentially zoned lot isolated within a long stretch of land on a major thoroughfare zoned and developed for high- and low-rise offices, for which rezoning to an office classification was sought.
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Beasley, J.
Plaintiff-appellant, Selective Group, Inc., appeals from a judgment in favor of defendant-appellee, City of Farmington Hills, denying plaintiff an attempted rezoning of a five-acre parcel at the northeast corner of Twelve Mile and Drake Roads from single family residential to local business. We affirm.
On appeal, plaintiff raises two issues, first claiming that the trial court’s decision was against the great weight of the evidence and, second, claiming that the trial court failed to specify precisely the facts upon which its conclusions rested.
The within case was filed in July, 1985, tried in August and September, 1987, and decided in October, 1987. These dates are significant because the subject real property is in a rapidly changing, developing area. For purposes of trial and appeal, we must look to the proofs offered at trial and not speculate as to subsequent events.
Appellate review of a zoning decision is de novo, the standard being whether review of the record convinces the court that it would have reached a different result had it sat as a trial court or a
board of zoning appeals.
In
Kirk v Tyrone Twp,
the Supreme Court stated that the appropriate standard for determining the constitutional validity of municipal zoning determinations is as follows:
The principles and tests to use to determine whether the present zoning of plaintiffs’ property is valid was detailed in
Kropf [v Sterling Heights,
391 Mich 139; 215 NW2d 179 (1974)].
The important principles require that for an ordinance to be successfully challenged plaintiffs prove:
"[F]irst, that there is no reasonable governmental interest being advanced by the present zoning classification itself... or
"[Secondly, that an ordinance may be unreasonable because of the purely arbitrary, capricious and unfounded exclusion of other types of legitimate land use from the area in question.” 391 Mich 139, 158.
The four rules for applying these principles were also outlined in
Kropf
They are:
1. " '[T]he ordinance comes to us clothed with every presumption of validity.’ ” 391 Mich 139, 162, quoting from
Brae Burn, Inc v Bloomfield Hills,
350 Mich 425; 86 NW2d 166 (1957).
2. " '[I]t is the burden of the party attacking to prove affirmatively that the ordinance is an arbitrary and unreasonable restriction upon the owner’s use of his property .... It must appear that the clause attacked is an arbitrary fiat, a whimsical
ipse dixit,
and that there is no room for a legitimate difference of opinion concerning its reasonableness.’ ” 391 Mich 139, 162, quoting
Brae Burn, Inc.
3. "Michigan has adopted the view that to sustain an attack on a zoning ordinance, an aggrieved
property owner must show that if the ordinance is enforced the consequent restrictions on his property preclude its use for any purposes to which it is reasonably adapted.” 391 Mich 139, 162-163.
4. " 'This Court, however, is inclined to give considerable weight to the findings of the trial judge in equity cases.’ ” 391 Mich 139, 163, quoting
Christine Building Co v City of Troy,
367 Mich 508, 518; 116 NW2d 816 (1962).[
]
A plaintiff who attacks a municipal zoning ordinance on the alternate constitutional grounds of reasonableness or confiscation is entitled to relief if he shows either that the classification is unreasonable or that the classification amounts to a confiscation of plaintiff’s property. The plaintiff is not required to succeed on both arguments in order to prevail.
On appeal, a zoning ordinance enjoys every presumption of validity. As stated in
Kropf, supra:
[I]t is the burden of the party attacking to prove affirmatively that the ordinance is an arbitrary and unreasonable restriction upon the owner’s use of his property .... It must appear that the clause attacked is an arbitrary fiat, a whimsical
ipse dixit,
and that there is no room for a legitimate difference of opinion concerning its reasonableness.[
]
In the within case, there was substantial testimony and documentary evidence to support the proposition that the RA-1 (single family residential) classification of plaintiff’s parcel was in con
formity with a comprehensive plan both as developed and as implemented by the City of Farming-ton Hills. Plaintiffs claim that the nonresidential use of adjacent properties of the intersection evidences both the unreasonableness of the current zoning and the reasonableness of plaintiffs proposed commercial enterprise is without merit. The adjacent uses are not "commercial” as defined within the zoning ordinance. Rather, they are "office” uses, which are characteristically less intensive than a commercial use and often are utilized as a buffer between residential districts and commercial districts. This buffer function for light office developments was contemplated by the Farmington Hills zoning ordinance and the Farmington Hills Commercial Areas Plan. Plaintiffs characterization of the entire length of Twelve Mile Road as a "commercial corridor” is unfounded. The proofs seem to indicate that, for at least one mile in either direction, the north side of Twelve Mile Road has been largely zoned and developed residentially, while the south side has been developed for office use.
Each zoning case is determined on its own facts and circumstances.
Plaintiff attempts to analogize the facts of the within case to the facts of
Frendo v Southfield Twp,
White v Southfield Twp,
and
Troy Campus v
Troy,
all of which are cited for the proposition that a residential zoning classification is characteristically unreasonable for land adjacent to major thoroughfares and nonresidential uses. While there are some similarities, each of the three cases is readily distinguishable from the
within case and, consequently, do not control the result here.
Troy Campus, supra,
involved a residentially zoned lot isolated within a long stretch of land on a major thoroughfare zoned and developed for high- and low-rise offices, for which rezoning to an office classification was sought. Here, plaintiff seeks to rezone to "commercial” within a long stretch zoned and developed "residential” and "office.” Further, the office buildings in the present case are much smaller than the thirteen-story high-rise office buildings of
Troy Campus,
high-rise buildings being less conducive to development of adjacent single-family homes.
Plaintiffs in
White, supra,
sought to rezone to commercial a two hundred-foot wide strip of a large residentially zoned lot fronting on Telegraph Road within a rapidly developing residential and commercial area experiencing such heavy traffic conditions that witnesses testified that "when the heavy trucks came by, the shaking and vibration I can feel in the kitchen ... so I can hear the windows shake.”
No such testimony was presented in this case.
In
Frendo, supra,
unlike the present case, the plaintiffs sought to defeat a residential classification of a lot fronting on a major thoroughfare where ninety-two percent of the lots fronting on that road were zoned or developed for either industrial or commercial use. The
Frendo
Court noted that the subject lots had not been purchased in the expectation of having the land rezoned. In the within case, plaintiff is not the present landowner, but a party to a preliminary purchase agreement for the subject parcel, expressly contingent upon rezoning. Further, defendant correctly notes that,
in
Frendo,
the plaintiffs claim of unreasonableness of the zoning classification was uncontradicted, as the defendant township presented no evidence whatsoever.
The disparity in value between land developed as zoned and developed for other uses is a permissible factor in determinations of reasonableness of a zoning classification. Here, plaintiff claims, through expert testimony, that the subject parcel is worth in excess of $600,000 if developed commercially and is worthless if developed residentially. Plaintiffs assessments are based upon calculations of development profitability to a developer, rather than land value and possible profit to the landowner and, while potential for developers’ profits may be relevant to economic feasibility, potential developers’ profits are not central to determinations of the reasonableness of a zoning classification where a landowner may profit under that classification.
In this connection, we do not believe that plaintiff has met its burden of proving that the RA-1 zoning classification is unreasonable as applied to this particular parcel.
Plaintiff further claims that the RA-1 zoning of the Selective Group property is confiscatory. To sustain such an attack on a zoning ordinance, an aggrieved property owner must show that if the ordinance is enforced the consequent restrictions on his property preclude its use for any purposes to which it is reasonably adapted.
Plaintiff, however, is not required to positively show that the land could not be reasonably adapted to each and every permitted use.
Property zoned RA-1, single family residential,
may be used as of right only for single family detached dwellings built on site, agricultural uses and public uses such as elementary schools, libraries, parks, recreational buildings and municipal buildings. RA-1 property may also be used for condominiums and townhouses (cluster option), golf courses, secondary schools, single family manufactured housing, and several other uses with planning commission approval upon special condition.
Plaintiffs evidence here addressed only the possibility of development for single family detached dwellings and cluster development. While this is not a fatal flaw,
Troy
Campus,
supra,
appears to be relevant. Plaintiffs calculations are based upon the purchase of the subject property for $400,000 pursuant to the purchase contract which is conditioned upon obtaining the rezoning which is the subject of this suit. Were the calculations based upon the $23,000 originally paid by the current owners of the property, the calculations of plaintiff’s experts would show substantial profits for RA-1 development. Further, plaintiffs determination of profitability is based upon profit to the developer, plaintiff, rather than to the landowner. Although the courts have acknowledged that one who purchases with knowledge of a zoning restriction may nonetheless be heard to challenge the restriction’s constitutionality,
we do not believe that the numerical manipulation afforded a plaintiff through a preliminary sales agreement such as this was contemplated by the Legislature or the courts.
We do not look with favor upon the practice of permitting a plaintiff to possess standing to contest the validity of a zoning ordinance as applied to
real property in which a plaintiffs sole interest is a preliminary sales agreement conditioned upon rezoning. In the within case, however, we need not rest our result upon that proposition because we believe the trial court’s decision on the merits should be affirmed. If value gained or lost is to be determined by a prospective sale price, rather than a price actually paid by an owner, confiscation could nearly always be proved by reference to the proposed purchase price, whether it be economically legitimate or artificially inflated.
Expert testimony on defendant’s behalf established that the land had a value of $73,000, if developed as zoned — a $50,000 increase over the $23,000 paid originally by the present owners. Defendant relies upon
Robyns v Dearborn,
for the proposition that a zoning ordinance which substantially destroys the value of a parcel of property is void. In
White Lake Twp v Amos,
the Court stated:
Mere diminution of value is not confiscation. There will always exist a disparity in values between residential and commercial uses.
We believe that the trial court correctly determined that confiscation was not proved by plaintiff. The diminution of value, however, while not reaching the threshold of confiscation, is a factor to be considered when determining whether a zoning classification is reasonable.
Plaintiff further claims that the RA-1 zoning of the property is not in accordance with a plan. We do not agree. A zoning ordinance must be in accordance with a comprehensive zoning plan in
order to be valid.
The plan must be comprehensive and consistent within the districts it establishes, both as adopted and as implemented.
We believe that the exhibits and testimony established the existence and consistent implementation of a comprehensive plan in accordance with MCL 125.581; MSA 5.2931.
Last, plaintiff argues that the trial court failed to specify with sufficient precision the subsidiary facts on which its ultimate conclusion was based. We do not agree. We do not have difficulty in understanding the basis for the trial court’s decision.
In closing, we would point out that the trial court’s decision was based upon the factual situation that existed in 1987 and before. The real property in question is located in a rapidly changing and constantly developing area. It is possible that future events will support possible reevaluation of this zoning.
Affirmed.