Bothrock, J.
í evidence-partnership, I. The plaintiff was examined as a witness and testified in most positive terms that the corn was purcbased by both Fletcher and Yandusen, that they joined in the contract of purchase. He also testified to a number of transactions previously had with the parties tending to show that they were partners. After detailing the facts and circumstances he was asked this question:
“ Now I will get you to state again, from the manner of their dealings with you prior to the execution of this note, whether or not it was understood by you at the time that they were partners or not?” “Ans. As partners, I sold corn to Yandusen and Fletcher for which this note was given.” *
Objection was made to this evidence as incompetent and immaterial, which objection was overruled. An instruction was asked to be given to the jury to the effect that a partnership could not be proved by the opinions of witnesses, which instruction was refused.
It does not appear that this testimony was in the nature of an opinion. It is rather the expression of a belief, upon the part of the plaintiff, that there was a partnership at and before the date of the note. If the defendant Yandusen’s acts and representations were such as to induce the plaintiff, as a reasonably prudent man, to believe his statements that he was a-partner with Fletcher, we know of no reason why the plaintiff should not be allowed to state to the jury that it was in that belief he acted, when he made the sale and took the note, and it was then for the jury to say whether the facts justified his belief. The word, “ understood,” may not have been, and probably was not, the best word that could have been used to express the idea sought, but’ the error, if any, is too inconsiderable to warrant a reversal upon- that ground. The same may be said of the objection to the testimony of the witness [332]*332Popejoy, where he states that Yandusen “said they were in partnership, in all Yandusen’s business transactions, as I understood him.” The witness had detailed a conversation had with Yandusen, and evidently was not giving an opinion, but merely the import of language as he understood it. Other objections were made to the admission and the exclusion of evidence, which do not seem to us to be well taken. We need not further consider them. A mere statement of them would show that they are without merit.
2. rABTXEitu^of'iiSu-1’ vidual note of partner. II. The court gave to the jury seven instructions. Each and all of them were excepted to by the defendant, and error is assigned upon them, and the alleged errors are argued at length by counsel. The defendant pre- ° . , sented ten instructions and requested that they be given to the jury. They were refused and error assigned and argument is made thereon. We do not deem it necessary to go through with these assignments seriatwn. There are certain controlling considerations arising in the record which lead us to an affirmance of the judgment, which we will briefly consider.
There was but a single question for the jury to determine, and that was whether the defendant Yandusen was, under the evidence, liable as a party in the purchase of the corn, and the execution of the note. The second and third instructions given by the court to the jury, and which embody rules for their guidance in determining the defendant’s liability, are as foiLows:
“ 2. If, from the evidence which is before you, you are satisfied that on or about the 30th day of March, 1875, the defendant Albert Yandusen and J. B. Fletcher were, in fact, together engaged in business in the purchase of grain, and they, or either of them, for Yandusen and Fletcher in the grain business, went on or about that date to the qilaintiff Seekell, and purchased corn, and gave the note in suit therefor, then you should-find for the plaintiff Seekell. If -defendant Yandusen and Fletcher were not, in fact, engaged in partnership [333]*333in the purchase of grain, at or about the time of the sale of the grain in question, still if defendant Yandusen, by his conduct or conversation, or if he by his general manner of doing business with Fletcher, induced the plaintiff, as a reasonable, prudent business man, to believe that Yandusen and Fletcher were engaged together in the purchase of the corn, and plaintiff, by reason thereof, sold the corn and took the individual note of J. B. Fletcher therefor, as and for both Fletcher and Yandusen, then the plaintiff is entitled to recover. If, from the evidence, you are satisfied that Yandusen and Flétcher were not partners, and the corn was sold to J. B. Fletcher alone, and for himself alone, and the note in suit taken as the individual note of said Fletcher, then your verdict should be for the defendant Yandusen.
“ 3. The note in suit, upon its face, is the individual note of J. B. Fletcher, but if from a preponderance of the evidence' you are satisfied that the corn in question was sold to both of the defendants Fletcher and Yandusen, for them, and the note in suit taken as an evidence of indebtedness for said corn, so sold them, though the defendants may not have been partners in any general business, still the defendant Yandusen would be liable, and you should then find for plaintiff.”
The court also submitted to the jury certain special interrogatories, which with the answers thereto are as follows:
“Int. 1. "Was Albert Yandusen present, and did he take part in the purchase of the corn? Ans. Yes.
“Int. 2. "Was Albert Yandusen jointly interested with Fletcher in the purchase of the corn? Ans. Yes.
“ 'Int. 3. Did Fletcher, at the time of the execution of said note, represent to Seekell that said signature was the firm signature of Yandusen and himself as partners? Ans. No.
“ Int. 4. Did Fletcher, at the time of making said note, represent that it was given on partnership account, in the business of the firm of Yandusen & Fletcher?. Ans. Yes.
“ Int. 5. Did plaintiff receive said note in the belief that [334]*334it was the firm note of Yandnsen & Fletcher, given in business, and for the account of the firm? Ans. Yes.
“ Int. 6. Did Albert Yandusen authorize J. B. Fletcher to execute said note for him? Ans. Yes.”
Substantially the same interrogatories were requested by the defendant to be submitted to the jury. There were also others which the court refused, and we may here say .that we think such refusal was not erroneous. They were for the most part immaterial to the issue to be determined, and there was no abuse of discretion in refusing to submit any of those not submitted.
Eeturning to the question as to the correctness of these instructions, we may concede that they do not impress upon the minds of the jury, with that emphasis which they should, the pivotal question in the case, which is whether this note was taken by the plaintiff as the note of Fletcher and Yandusen, and whether Yandusen authorized Fletcher to execute it for him. And we may go further, and say that the fifth instruction asked by the defendant is more explicit, and the case would have been more clearly presented to the jury if it bad been given.
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Bothrock, J.
í evidence-partnership, I. The plaintiff was examined as a witness and testified in most positive terms that the corn was purcbased by both Fletcher and Yandusen, that they joined in the contract of purchase. He also testified to a number of transactions previously had with the parties tending to show that they were partners. After detailing the facts and circumstances he was asked this question:
“ Now I will get you to state again, from the manner of their dealings with you prior to the execution of this note, whether or not it was understood by you at the time that they were partners or not?” “Ans. As partners, I sold corn to Yandusen and Fletcher for which this note was given.” *
Objection was made to this evidence as incompetent and immaterial, which objection was overruled. An instruction was asked to be given to the jury to the effect that a partnership could not be proved by the opinions of witnesses, which instruction was refused.
It does not appear that this testimony was in the nature of an opinion. It is rather the expression of a belief, upon the part of the plaintiff, that there was a partnership at and before the date of the note. If the defendant Yandusen’s acts and representations were such as to induce the plaintiff, as a reasonably prudent man, to believe his statements that he was a-partner with Fletcher, we know of no reason why the plaintiff should not be allowed to state to the jury that it was in that belief he acted, when he made the sale and took the note, and it was then for the jury to say whether the facts justified his belief. The word, “ understood,” may not have been, and probably was not, the best word that could have been used to express the idea sought, but’ the error, if any, is too inconsiderable to warrant a reversal upon- that ground. The same may be said of the objection to the testimony of the witness [332]*332Popejoy, where he states that Yandusen “said they were in partnership, in all Yandusen’s business transactions, as I understood him.” The witness had detailed a conversation had with Yandusen, and evidently was not giving an opinion, but merely the import of language as he understood it. Other objections were made to the admission and the exclusion of evidence, which do not seem to us to be well taken. We need not further consider them. A mere statement of them would show that they are without merit.
2. rABTXEitu^of'iiSu-1’ vidual note of partner. II. The court gave to the jury seven instructions. Each and all of them were excepted to by the defendant, and error is assigned upon them, and the alleged errors are argued at length by counsel. The defendant pre- ° . , sented ten instructions and requested that they be given to the jury. They were refused and error assigned and argument is made thereon. We do not deem it necessary to go through with these assignments seriatwn. There are certain controlling considerations arising in the record which lead us to an affirmance of the judgment, which we will briefly consider.
There was but a single question for the jury to determine, and that was whether the defendant Yandusen was, under the evidence, liable as a party in the purchase of the corn, and the execution of the note. The second and third instructions given by the court to the jury, and which embody rules for their guidance in determining the defendant’s liability, are as foiLows:
“ 2. If, from the evidence which is before you, you are satisfied that on or about the 30th day of March, 1875, the defendant Albert Yandusen and J. B. Fletcher were, in fact, together engaged in business in the purchase of grain, and they, or either of them, for Yandusen and Fletcher in the grain business, went on or about that date to the qilaintiff Seekell, and purchased corn, and gave the note in suit therefor, then you should-find for the plaintiff Seekell. If -defendant Yandusen and Fletcher were not, in fact, engaged in partnership [333]*333in the purchase of grain, at or about the time of the sale of the grain in question, still if defendant Yandusen, by his conduct or conversation, or if he by his general manner of doing business with Fletcher, induced the plaintiff, as a reasonable, prudent business man, to believe that Yandusen and Fletcher were engaged together in the purchase of the corn, and plaintiff, by reason thereof, sold the corn and took the individual note of J. B. Fletcher therefor, as and for both Fletcher and Yandusen, then the plaintiff is entitled to recover. If, from the evidence, you are satisfied that Yandusen and Flétcher were not partners, and the corn was sold to J. B. Fletcher alone, and for himself alone, and the note in suit taken as the individual note of said Fletcher, then your verdict should be for the defendant Yandusen.
“ 3. The note in suit, upon its face, is the individual note of J. B. Fletcher, but if from a preponderance of the evidence' you are satisfied that the corn in question was sold to both of the defendants Fletcher and Yandusen, for them, and the note in suit taken as an evidence of indebtedness for said corn, so sold them, though the defendants may not have been partners in any general business, still the defendant Yandusen would be liable, and you should then find for plaintiff.”
The court also submitted to the jury certain special interrogatories, which with the answers thereto are as follows:
“Int. 1. "Was Albert Yandusen present, and did he take part in the purchase of the corn? Ans. Yes.
“Int. 2. "Was Albert Yandusen jointly interested with Fletcher in the purchase of the corn? Ans. Yes.
“ 'Int. 3. Did Fletcher, at the time of the execution of said note, represent to Seekell that said signature was the firm signature of Yandusen and himself as partners? Ans. No.
“ Int. 4. Did Fletcher, at the time of making said note, represent that it was given on partnership account, in the business of the firm of Yandusen & Fletcher?. Ans. Yes.
“ Int. 5. Did plaintiff receive said note in the belief that [334]*334it was the firm note of Yandnsen & Fletcher, given in business, and for the account of the firm? Ans. Yes.
“ Int. 6. Did Albert Yandusen authorize J. B. Fletcher to execute said note for him? Ans. Yes.”
Substantially the same interrogatories were requested by the defendant to be submitted to the jury. There were also others which the court refused, and we may here say .that we think such refusal was not erroneous. They were for the most part immaterial to the issue to be determined, and there was no abuse of discretion in refusing to submit any of those not submitted.
Eeturning to the question as to the correctness of these instructions, we may concede that they do not impress upon the minds of the jury, with that emphasis which they should, the pivotal question in the case, which is whether this note was taken by the plaintiff as the note of Fletcher and Yandusen, and whether Yandusen authorized Fletcher to execute it for him. And we may go further, and say that the fifth instruction asked by the defendant is more explicit, and the case would have been more clearly presented to the jury if it bad been given. But the special interrogatories which were submitted and answered put the very questions of fact to the jury which they were required to find, to determine whether or not the defendant was liable. Taking these in connection with the instructions given; and the minds of the jury were correctly and pointedly directed to the very question to be determined.
There was direct evidence to sustain the answer to all of these interrogatories excepting the last, which was that Yandusen authorized Fletcher to execute the note for him. As to that question the jury were fully warranted in finding from his repeated admissions as to his liability upon the note, coupled with his joint liability upon the contract for the corn, that he authorized the note given as binding upon him. It is true there is a conflict in the evidence as to these admissions, but the jury may well have found that they were made. [335]*335That all the persons jointly interested in a written contract may he liable where one or move sign the same, if it was intended to hind all, and was so accepted, see Bancroft, George & Co. v. Haworth, 29 Iowa, 462. We find no error in this record.
Affirmed.