HUNT, Circuit. Justice.
The plaintiff, as the assignee in bankruptcy of J. K. Place & Co., files his bill to set aside as void various assignments made by the bankrupts. Many questions were presented to the district court for its decision, which are now brought before this court upon appeal. Although arising out of transactions with one or more of the firm of J. K. Place & Co., and although, in some particulars, dependent upon the same evidence, the questions are distinct, and must be stated and passed upon separately. I will give them, in order, such consideration as may seem necessary.
For many years prior to December 1st, 1865, a large mercantile business had been carried on, in the city of New York, by James K. Place and Ephraim B. Place, as general partners, and James D. Sparkman, as special partner, under the style of J. K. & E. B. Place. On that day the firm was dissolved and a new firm was formed, under the name of J. K. Place & Co., consisting of .Tames K. Place and James D. Sparkman only, both being general partners. This firm continued in business until November 19th, 1807, when it failed.
The title to certain property on the Fifth avenue was acquired by James K. Place in September, 1805, by the delivery to him. on that date, of a permanent lease of the same. This lease was assigned by Mr. Place to A. H. Wallis, for the purpose of being transferred by him to Mrs. Place, the wife of the assignor, and the same was so transferred by Wallis. The transfer to Wallis, and that by him to Mrs. Place, bear date of December 1st, 1805. They were acknowledged April 18th, 180G, and recorded on that day; and it is insisted by the assignee in bankruptcy that, they were not, in fact, executed and delivered until some time in the month of April, 1860.
I. The first question argued is this — was the transfer of the Fifth avenue leasehold lots by James K. Place to Susan A. Place,, his wife, made through the agency of Alexander H. Wallis, fraudulent and void?
While this property was held by Mrs. Susan A. Place, mortgages upon it were executed by her, one to Joseph S. Barker, to wit, in May, 1807, and one to Cross, now held by Phipps & Co., in January. 18liS. The counsel for the assignee concedes, that, if the title of Mrs. Place is good, that of her mortgagees is good also, and hence, he says, her title is the first object of attack. If her title is invalid, it is insisted that the mortgages are also invalid.
The general propositions of the assignee as to the Fifth avenue property are these: (1.) [994]*994That it was partnership property, and has been wrongfully withheld from the payment of the partnership debts of J. K. & E. B. Place and of J. IC Place & Co.; (2.), That, if it was the separate property of James K. Place, it was conveyed by him to his wife in fraud of creditors and of his partner.
(1.) I am not able to concur with the as-signee in his claim that the property in question was the property of the firm of J. K. & E. B. Place, or of the firm of J. K. Place & Co. The purchase was made by Mr. Place individually, for his own account, and not on account of either of the firms named. Neither of the partners was ever consulted about the purchase, so far as the evidence shows, nor did they ever claim any interest in the estate. The title was taken in the name of Mr. Place personally, and was by him personally transferred to Mr. Wallis. I see nothing in the book-keeping of the transaction which contradicts this conclusion. The accounts respecting the property were carried on the books of the firm for the convenience of Mr. Place, as were all his other private affairs, but the entries, taken together, show it to have been a private transaction. It was so deemed by the partners, as well as by the subordinates making the entries, from the beginning.
(2.) Was the conveyance by James IC. Place to his wife, of the Fifth avenue property, fraudulent, within the purview of the bankrupt act [of 1867 (14 Stat. 517)]?
It is impossible, in rendering a decision upon a case containing so great a volume of testimony, received from so many witnesses, and based upon statements contradictory, involved, and confused, to make an argument upon the facts. That duty has been performed by the counsel for the respective parties, with great labor and great skill. I shall content myself generally with a statement of facts, as I find them to be. without attempting to sustain the conclusion of fact by argument or reference.
As already stated, the lease of the Fifth avenue property was assigned to Mr. Place in September, 1805. On the 19tb of that month he paid to J. A. Livingston 84,500, on the purchase of the lease, having previously paid the sum of 8500. Contracts were at once made for building a house on this property, and making other improvements, for which large amounts were paid by Mr. Place from time to time. The amounts thus paid for the improvement of the property, and for the furniture of the house, were made at the rate of from $7,000 to $8,000 a month, from September, 1805. to September, 1866. The books of J. IC. & E. B. Place show that there was paid on this account as follows: Up to November 30th, 1805, $10,028.35; up to December 31st, 1805, $11,774.44; up to December 31st, 1866, $01,627.00; up to April 30th, 1867, $82,547.0S; and up to November 25th, 1867. $95,533.04. Thus, there was paid during 1805, $11,774.44; during 1866, $49,S52.56; in 1807, prior to May 1st, $20,920.08; and between May 1st and November 25th, $12,985.96. It is stated, in the opinion of the court below, and quoted in Mr. Hayward’s brief, that, “by the 1st of December, 1805, $25,000 had been expended on account of the property, although only $10,028.35 had been debited to the account.”
The question is not, simply, what was the condition of Mr. Place in September, 1865. when he made the payments to Mr. Livingston for the lot, but what was his condition when he made the various payments, during the residue of the term, for the much larger expenditures for the building and furniture?
The law upon this question of fraud has been elaborately argued by the respective counsel, and numerous authorities are cited in the opinion of the court below. The principles to be applied here are not difficult to discover. There is no act or fact in the ease, that I discover, which stamps the transaction as necessarily and absolutely fraudulent. Fraud or no fraud is generally a question of fact, to be determined by all the circumstances of the case. Under all the facts, as developed by the evidence on this trial, is there a reasonable presumption, that, in buying the lot on Fifth avenue, or in making the subsequent payments, Mr. Place intended to defraud his creditors, existing or future? Were his pecuniary affairs in such a state that he had good reason to believe, and did believe, that he could present, as a gift, to his wife, this amount of property, and still be able to pay the debts due and to become due in the business he was then engaged in and that which he contemplated pursuing? Had he good reason so to believe, and Sid he so believe, during tin-entire period of the time in which he was making the payments? On the other hand, was he weak and unsteady in his pecuniary affairs,' and was this transaction an anchor to windward, by which advantage to himself and family might be secured, in case the storm was too heavy for him to bear? Was this his motive and intent when he made any of these payments? Savage v. Murphy, 34 N. Y. 508: Case v. Phelps, 39 N. Y. 164; Spirett v. Willows, 3 De Gex, J. & S. 293, and 11 .Tur. (N. S.) pt. 1, p. 70; Freeman v. Pope, L. R. 9 Eq. 206; Carpenter v. Roe, 10 N. Y. 227; Babcock v. Eckler, 24 N. Y. 623.
The conveyance to Mrs. Place was a single transaction in form; but, in truth, every payment was a new and separate conveyance of property, to her and for her benefit. When Mr. Wallis assigned the lease to her, the property became hers, and expenditures upon it but gave greater value to her estate. This was known to Mr. Place, and. if any part of his proceedings falls within the censure of the law. we are justified in considering that as reflecting upon all that preceded it. If he was not honest in turning the property of his creditors into the lap of his wife in the summer of 1860, we shall be justified in characterizing in like maimer what took place [995]*995in the autumn of 1865. The subsequent expenditures were, in themselves, distinct and separate acts, but in pursuance of a plan formed when the first step was taken. The whole is to be taken as one transaction, and to be judged of by what was contemplated at the outset, what was afterwards contemplated, and what did occur at various times, in carrying it to perfection.
We are to consider, also, the nature of the business in which Mr. Place was engaged, and in which he expected to be engaged,’ and the society and style in which he lived and expected to live, and its necessary expenses. These all enter into the question we are to determine. A family provision which would still leave the donor in the ownership of an unencumbered estate of $100,000, would, in some parts of the country, and under some circumstances, be deemed to be, and be, in fact, a reasonable transaction. It would be supposed that an ample provision against all contingencies had been retained by the donor. This, however, might be differently decided, where the business of the settlor was extensive and hazardous, or where the family residence should cost $100,000, and where $20,000 or $¿50,000 annually would be required, by the usages of society, to maintain the establishment. The sum named would go but a little ways, either to support the fashion and luxury of a large city, or to meet the fluctuations and necessities of a business in which the existence of millions of debt gave no anxiety to the debtor. The economy of country life is not to furnish a standard for the measure of city life, nor is the enlarged business or private establishment of a city merchant to stand as it would in the simplicity of the country.
The time when the transfer to his wife was made by Mr. Place, with reference to the old and to the new business in which he was concerned, and the practical effect of the conveyance, are. also, to be considered.
In examining the condition of Mr. Place's affairs, a convenient starting point is found, in the dissolution of the old firm of J. Iv. & E. B. Place and the formation of the new firm of J. Iv. Place & Go. This occurred on the 1st of December, 1865. A statement of affairs was then made, for the purpose of a settlement, and it is sufficiently near to the time of the purchase of the Fifth avenue property, to furnish a standard of reasonable accuracy.
It is difficult to say, upon the proofs, whether the transfer from Wallis to Mrs. Place was actually made in December, 1865, or not until April, 1866. The plaintiff’s proofs on that subject consist in the fact that the transfer to Wallis, and from him to Mrs. Place, were not recorded until the month of April, 1866, and in the argument, that a careful lawyer like Mr. Wallis would not be justified in retaining such papers unrecorded, and would not be likely to do so, and in the evidence of the fact that, in the bill for professional services rendered by Mr. Wallis to Mr. Place up to January 1st, 1866, no charge was found for examining the title, or drawing the transfers, respecting this property, while the charges on this subject were contained in a bill presented subsequently to April, 1866. The recollection and statements of Mr. Place, as found in his testimony, are not as positive and distinct as might be wished. The testimony of Mr. Wallis on the point is not taken, and no reason appears in the case why either party should be unwilling to call him. The difference of payments between December 1st. 1865, and January 1st, 1866, appears, by the books, to be $1,746.09. The amount paid between January 1st, 1866, and April 18th of that year, I am not able to discover. I cannot perceive that any important result would be attained by antedating the transfer by Mr. Place to his wife, from April, 1866, to December, 1865. The burden of proof on the point rests upon the party alleging the fraud or the error. I am not prepared to say that this has been proved, and I shall consider the transfer as having been made when it bears date, viz., December, 1805.
The theory of Mr. Place’s counsel is this— that, on the dissolution of the firm of J. K. & E. B. Place, December 1st, 1865, the books of that concern showed him to be worth $227.000: that the merchandise of the firm was sold to their successors for the sum of $1,474,000; that their accounts were transferred to the now firm, to collect and pay the debts of the old firm, the new firm undertaking to liquidate, as it is technically expressed; that, within 00 or 90 days, 98 per cent, of these debts were collected, and enough to pay all the debts of the firm, except $30,000 or $40,000 due to Anderson & Ten Broeck, which debts were after-wards paid by E. B. Place; that the share coming to E. B. Place was about $300,000, and that to Sparkman $202,000; that James Iv. Place's interest in the spice concern of Place & Turlay was about $20,000; that obligations for building the Fifth avenue house, to $50.000 or $60,000, had been incurred by him; and that, after the payment of all his debts, James Iv. Place had an estate of the value of from $150,000 to $200,000. This is Mr. Place’s own estimate, as given in his testimony. It appears, also, from the statements of Mr. Place, that the actual expense of the Fifth avenue building, and his liabilities arising out of it, were much larger than he had anticipated.
The failure of Mr. Place and his new firm, in November, 1807, is explained, first, by losses in the sugar refining business, amounting to $250,-000; a loss of $30,000 of capital in the cork business; a loss by loans to the same concern of $200.000; and a loss in the value of goods, caused by fluctuation in the gold market, the last item amounting to $175,000 in the first thirteen months of the existence of the firm of J. Iv. Place & Go.
This theory is attacked by the assignee's counsel in various modes. 1 ; insisted, that the “trial balance” of November 30th, 1S65, shows an indebtedness of the firm of $3,842,-[996]*996000. anti that tin* bills payable alone amounted to 31.240.777. flic nominal assets, it -is said, amounted to $4,500,000, including tbe Turlay & I’laeu investment at $00,000, and tbe Fifth avenue property at $10,000. Tbe merchandise was valued, it is said, by adding to tbe currency valuation tbe premium of 48 per cent, for gold, while gold fell to 33 by the end of tbe year 1S0U. Tbe brief and tbe argument of tbe assignee’s counsel in relation to tbe details of tbe business of tbe firm, its situation in December. 1805, and its proceedings afterwards, are exhaustive. It is not necessary to follow them. Tbe result of tbe business was, that, at tbe end of tbe first third of the year, 1S00, the condition of tbe firm was greatly altered for tbe worse, 1st, by their loss in gold; 2d. by their unsecured endorsements to a large amount for Place & Turlay; and 3d, by tbe purchase of tbe interest of E. B. Place in the Turlay concern; and, at tbe expiration of tbe year, tbe firm of J. K. Place & Oo. was practically insolvent. It kept up its business by loans and renewals, living on tbe strength of its former good character. There was no technical failure, but it is manifest that tbe substance was being eaten out day by day, and that little more than tbe shell then re- ■ mained. Tbe struggle was maintained until November, 18G7. when it was abandoned. During tbe whole of this year, tbe contest was maintained, doubtless with tbe hope and expectation that tbe firm could overcome tbe difficulties surrounding it, maintain its credit, and retrieve its affairs. Tbe burden, however, was too great, and tbe absolute open failure took place on tbe 19th of November, 1807.
Two concurrent sets of facts are strikingly significant. They run side by side from September. 18G5, to November, 18G7. The first set arises out of tbe purchase, in September, 1805, of the Fifth avenue lots, and the payment for tbe same, in that month, of $5.000, ■to Mr. Livingston. Up to December 3.1st, 1805. Mr. Place paid $11,774.44 on account of this purchase and its improvement. By December 31st. 180G, the sum of $01,027 bad been thus paid. On tbe 30th of April, 1SG7. 8S2.547.0S, and on tbe 25th of November, in tbe same year, $95.533.04, had been paid on the same account. These sums were all paid by James K. Place. They were voluntary gifts made by him to his wife, at tbe dates mentioned, for the purchase and equipment of a bouse to be occupied by bis wife and family, and by himself as a member of that family. The second set of facts arises out of tbe failing condition of tbe firm at the times these gifts were made. During the year 1800. tbe, firm lost $175.000 in the single item of gold. During the same year tbe difficulty with Tur-lay occurred, by which tbe capital in that firm was lost, and $200.000 was added to their burdens by endorsements for that firm, which Place’s firm knew it would be bound to protect. and by the assumption of E. B. Place’s interest of $30,000 in the same establishment. In the face of these facts, Mr. Place made to his wife the gifts mentioned, to the amount of $50,000, during the year I860. Assuming that he was worth the sum of $175,000 in December, 1805, as he estimates himself to have been, (he gives it, in his deposition as from $150,000 to $200,000,) invested in the manner and subject to the hazards specified, the occurrence of these losses must have admonished him that his situation was a precarious one. With this moderate fortune, thus hourly wasting away, subject to the expenses of a residence in the city of New York, these gifts to his wife cannot be sustained. They must be regarded as gifts of the property of his creditors, made for his own benefit or for that of his family. No principle of law can sustain them, nor do any of the eases to which my attention has been called justify them.
I am of the opinion, and do decide, that, within the provisions of the bankrupt act, the gift by James K. Place to bis wife, of the Fifth avenue lease lot, and the payments thereon made by him, are illegal and void, and that the same must be set aside, and the value thereof applied to the benefit of his creditors, through the assignee in bankruptcy. In this respect, the decree below is erroneous, and must be reversed.
II. As to the Barker mortgage. On the 1st of May, 1807, Mr. and Mrs. Place executed and delivered a mortgage on the Fifth avenue property above described, to Joseph S. Barker, for $30,000. Mrs. Place was, in form, the owner of the property, and the legal title would, perhaps, have been fully passed by the execution of a deed by her alone. It is, however, the practice of prudent men, in such cases, to require the signature of the husband also, to show his assent to the transaction, and to cut off any possible claim, on his part, to the property. Hence, the signature of Mr. Place to the mortgage given by his wife to Barker affords no occasion for criticism.
The title of Mrs. Place, although impeachable by the creditors of her husband, was. in form, perfect, and the law is settled, that a purchaser from her, or a borrower in good faith, and having no knowledge of the weakness of her title, takes a good title. Ledyard v. Butler, 9 Paige, 132; Anderson v. Roberts, 18 Johns. 515; Hall v. Stryker, 27 N. Y. 590.
Mrs. riace was the niece of Mr. Barker. The testimony of the latter shows the transaction to have been an ordinary loan, made on the application of James IC. Place, which, after time taken to consider, was accepted by Mr. Barker, and the full amount in cash paid by him, from moneys belonging to him held by J. K. Place & Oo., subject to Barker’s check. I discover nothing to impeach the good faith of Mr. Barker in making this loan. The decree sustaining this mortgage is right, and must be affirmed.
III. As to the mortgage to Phipps & Co., and its transfer to Bernard and Cullen. The position of Phipps & Co. is essentially differ[997]*997ent from that of Barker. They cannot claim the protection of bona fide purchasers with,out notice. Tlieir proceedings were taken after the failure of the firm of J. K. Place & Co., and the judgment in their suit was .entered after the filing of their petition un"der the bankrupt act. It cannot be doubted, that Phipps & Co. were chargeable in law with notice of the defects of Mrs. Place's title. They took their mortgage, not as lenders in good faith upon the security of Mrs. Place's apparent title, but as creditors seeking to save a desperate debt, as creditors of one they charged with fraud in contracting a large debt with them, and whose conviction of that fraud they succeeded in procuring. In prosecuting that proceeding, it is proved by Mr. Place, that the transactions respecting Mrs. Place’s title were fully examined by rhipps’ counsel, and the accounts on that subject sifted, and the book-keepers called upon to explain the condition of things, and all this before the execution of the mortgage by Mrs. Place. They had knowledge of all the facts in the case. Had Mrs. Place's title been perfect, she could have granted or mortgaged as she pleased, without reference to the condition of her husband, to his firm, or to his creditors. Her title, however, was tainted, and nothing could make it good in her grantee, except his ignorance of its defects, and the payment of a good consideration by him. These elements are wanting in the Phipps mortgage, and it cannot-be sustained. The decree sustaining it must be reversed. These observations apply as well to the furniture embraced in the mortgage of rhipps as to the real estate.
IV. Cullen was assignee of Mr. Place in the Phipps proceeding, under the act to abolish imprisonment for debt, already re- ¡ ferred to. by an assignment dated January | 25th. 1S(>S. Under an execution issued on > this judgment, the sheriff sold to Bernard all the right and interest of Place and Spark-man. or either of them, to the property in i question.
There is good reason to hold that all of the proceedings in the Phipps suit., after The giving of Mrs. Place’s mortgage to secure their debt. (January 23d, 18(>S.) including the conviction of fraud, and the assignment to Cullen, and the .purchase by Ber- i nard. were collusively and fraudulently con- i trived and transacted for the benefit of Mr. Place. It is hardly possible to reach a different conclusion, upon a careful reading of the evidence. Bernard's title, was, also, too late, inasmuch as the bankrupt proceeding was commenced before his purchase took place. The decree that Bernard and Cullen have no interest in the property described, should be affirmed. | i I I |
V. Fnder these views, the executors of Mrs. Susan A. Place have no rights or interests. as owners of the equity of redemption of the Fifth avenue estate.
VI. As to the 43d street lots, and the judgment against the executors of Susan A. Place for the value thereof. The decision, that the conveyance to Mrs. Place by her husband, of the Fifth avenue property, was fraudulent, decides the question as to the 43d street lots. These lots were conveyed to Mrs. Place in May, 1SC7, by her husband, through his agent, Mr. Wallis, and the sum of $10,500, was paid as the consideration therefor. This sum, thus paid by Mrs. Place, was obtained upon a mortgage of the Fifth avenue property. It was a part of the amount received from Joseph S. Barker. Her husband received $10.500 of this money, and accounted to Mrs. Tlace therefor, by the transfer of these lots. The money thus paid by Mrs. Place to her husband was the money of the creditors. She held it for the as-signee in bankruptcy; and the fund into which she transferred it, to wit, these lots, by a well settled rule of equity, became the property of the assignee. Had it remained in specie in Mrs. Place's hands, it could have been recovered by the assignee. She, however, sold the 43d street lots to Anthony McBeynolds, in June, ISOS, and, as the master found, received in value therefor the amount of $4,000. The court below raised this sum to $10.000, and ordered judgment for that amount. I think this revaluation is right. The deed from Mrs. Place to Mc-Beynolds recited that the property was sold for $10.000, and that she received that sum therefor. This recital is evidence, although not conclusive. So far as I can ascertain, there is nothing to diminish its force or to impeach it. There is a mysterious transaction with Jane C. Place, by which certain property is conveyed to her by McBeynolds, respecting which, or the real transaction involved, no satisfactory information is given. I am of the opinion, that the decree holding the executors of Mrs. riaee liable should be affirmed; that they are liable, also, for the value of the substituted property received by Mrs. Place; and that such value is properly fixed at $lti,0ii0,
VII. ,4 s to the conveyance of the 42d street property to Mrs. Sparkman. By instruments bearing dale about December, 1305. James D. Sparkman conveyed to his wife, Mary A., certain premises situated on 42d street, in the city of New Vorlt. The property constituted the family residence, and, with the furniture, was valued at $00,000. Mr. Sparkman continued to occupy the premises as a residence. until October, ISOS. In October. ISOS, the ex-eeutor sold this property to Mr. Preble for $00.-000, in part payment for which a mortgage of $40.000 was given, which remains in the hands of the executor. This settlement on the wife. together with $40.000 of government bonds, at the same time, was made because Sparkman was about to embark in business as a general partner, and was well advanced in years, and he desired to secure to her the sum of $1011.-000, by the conveyance of the 42d street prop[998]*998erty and the furniture, carriage and horses used by him, and $40,000 in government bonds.
It is alleged and conceded, in the briefs of the counsel respectively on this question, that the lirm of 3. K. & E. B. Place owed $3,480,-000. Their assets on paper were $4,500,000. They were succeeded by the firm of J. K. Place & Co., of which Arm Mr. Sparkman was a general partner. It is claimed, on the part of Mr Sparkman, that he was worth $200,000, independently of his interest in the lirm. The statements heretofore made respecting the affairs of James K. Place bear upon the present point, and the principles of law there stated are also applicable to it. They need not be recapitulated. Each member of the Arm took the same occasion to make a settlement upon his wife, and apparently governed by the same principles. At the time of the dissolution of the Arm of J. K. & E. B. Place, Sparkman was indebted individually in about the amount of $20,000. The debts and assets of the new Arm have beeen stated. The career of the new Arm, of which Sparkman was a general partner, until its Anal failure in November, 1807, has also been stated. The other concerns in which he was interested, and which were, in fact, bound up in, and dependent upon, J. K. Place & Co., soon went down together. The Arms of Sparkman, Truslow & Co., and of Sparkman, Place & King, no longer existed. His interest in the Manufacturers’ Bank stock was diminished one-half by these occurrences. The rest of his property was entirely swept away, and he was left a bankrupt. The conveyance in question to his wife, and the alleged transfer of the government bonds, were made to his wife while she was quite ill; and her will was immediately made, giving the beneAt of the whole property to Mr. Spark-man during his life, and after his death to his children, who were not her children, and she died in June, 186G. The evidence shows that Mr. Sparkman occupied the house and furniture after the conveyance to his wife, as before. It fails to show that the bonds were delivered to Mrs. Sparkman, or to any one in her behalf, before her death. It appears that they were kept in the safe of her husband’s Arm: that they were used by the Arm as their own property; that they were repeatedly pledged by them for loans for their Arm; and that no actual possession was taken of them by Mrs. Sparkman’s executor until the failure ■of the Arm, in November, 1SG7. It is evident that the intent of Mr. Sparkman was to secure himself and family against the fiuctua-tions of the large enterprises in which he was engaged and was about to engage. He owed very large sums. He expected to owe still larger sums, as he then became a general partner. He was about to embark in a new business. He was advanced in years. He intended to appropriate a portion of his property to provide a refuge for himself and family in the event of an unfortunate result to his enterprises. He incurs a new indebtedness of several millions of dollars by his general partnership, he unites in a sugar reAning speculation, he carries on a boot and shoe business, he carries on a large and embarrassed cork factory, and he becomes a partner in business with Taylor and Young. He was in very deep water. His enterprises, in fact, were unsound, and all of them came to disastrous ends. At the moment of embarking in the most hazardous of these enterprises, he sets aside $100,000 for his wife. The wife then has a fatal sickness upon her, from which she soon dies. She makes a will giving to him for life the use of the property, and the remainder to his children after his death. The property conveyed is occupied by him as before. The bonds forming a part of the gift are used by the donor’s Arm as their own, are repeatedly hy-pothecated for their beneAt, and are not claimed by, or delivered to, the executor until the failure of the Arm, in November, 1867, when the Arm borrows money to take them out of pledge and deliver them to the executor. These acts and doings of the donor and those representing him, furnish pregnant evidence of the intent of the donor. Allen v. Massey, 17 Wall. [84 U. S.] 351. Unless the authority of Case v. Phelps, Savage v. Murphy, Carpenter v. Roe, and Robinson v. Stewart (10 N. Y. 190), be denied, the transaction must, in all its parts, be adjudged to be fraudulent. I have no difficulty in concurring with the court below in vacating these transfers to Mrs. Sparkman by her husband, and declaring the title to be in the plaintiff, and that Mrs. Sparkman’s executors must account to the assignee. The decree on this point is affirmed. Miller v. O’Brien [Case No. 9,586]; Case v. Phelps, 39 N. Y. 164; Carpenter v. Roe, 10 N. Y. 227; Savage v. Murphy, 34 N. Y. 508; Robinson v. Stewart, 10 N. Y. 190; Parish v. Murphree, 13 How. [54 U. S.] 92; and cases supra.
As the court of appeals of the state of New York now holds, it was error to fix the rule of damages at the highest market price of the bonds up to the time of the trial. Baker v. Drake. 53 N. Y. 211. It should have been their value when sold. This must be the principle to govern the rule of damages, and to this extent the decree is modified.