2016 IL App (1st) 141845 No. 1-14-1845 Opinion filed November1, 2016 Second Division
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST DISTRICT
SCOTTSDALE INSURANCE COMPANY, ) ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) v. ) ) LAKESIDE COMMUNITY COMMITTEE, ) ROBERT F. HARRIS, COOK COUNTY PUBLIC ) GUARDIAN, as Independent Administrator of the ) Estate of Angel Hill, Deceased, ANGEL GREEN ) AND ANTHONY PRATER, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ) of Cook County. Defendants-Appellants. ) _________________________________________ ) LAKESIDE COMMUNITY COMMITTEE, ) No. 12 CH 23277 ) Counterclaim-Plaintiff, ) v. ) The Honorable ) Sophia Hall, SCOTTSDALE INSURANCE COMPANY, ) Judge, presiding. ) Counterclaim-Defendant. ) __________________________________________ ) LAKESIDE COMMUNITY COMMITTEE, ) ) Third Party-Plaintiff-Appellant, ) v. ) ) W.A. GEORGE INSURANCE AGENCY, ) ) Third Party-Defendant-Appellee. ) 1-14-1845
JUSTICE HYMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Neville and Pierce concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Tragically, two-year old Angel Hill was killed while in the care of her mother, Angel
Green, and her boyfriend, Anthony Prater. At the time of Angel’s death, she and her siblings
were wards of the court with the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services acting as
the children’s guardian due to findings of abuse. DCFS retained Lakeside Community
Committee to monitor the children’s visits to Green’s home. During one visit, Green informed a
Lakeside caseworker of bruises on Angel’s stomach. The caseworker took no action. A few days
later, Angel was dead; Green and Prater were charged with her murder.
¶2 On behalf of Angel’s estate, the Cook County Public Guardian sued Lakeside for
wrongful death. Lakeside agreed to a consent judgment in the amount of $3.5 million and
assigned its claims against its insurer, Scottsdale Insurance Company, and its insurance broker,
W.A. George Insurance Agency, to the Public Guardian. Scottsdale denied coverage and filed a
declaratory judgment action. The Public Guardian then filed a third party complaint against W.A.
George, alleging fraud, negligence, breach of contract, and breach of fiduciary duty in procuring
the insurance policy. The trial court dismissed the third party complaint on statute of limitations
grounds, finding Lakeside knew or should have known that W.A. George obtained the wrong
type of insurance policy when the policy was procured, more than two years before the third
party complaint was filed. We disagree and reverse. Lakeside’s cause of action accrued when it
learned its insurer was denying coverage, not when the policy was procured. Because Lakeside
filed its claim less than two years after learning of the denial of coverage, the statute of
limitations poses no bar to the action.
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¶3 BACKGROUND
¶4 Lakeside, a long-established non-profit corporation, contracts with DCFS to provide
foster care and child welfare services such as supervising foster families and children who have
been made wards of the state, including children victimized by abuse. In early 2009, Lakeside
asked W.A. George, an insurance broker, to obtain an appropriate insurance policy to cover its
services. Lakeside representatives met with W.A. George agents in February 2009 to provide
information about Lakeside’s insurance needs and discuss the nature of the business, including
its role as a DCFS contractor. Lakeside gave W.A. George a brochure describing Lakeside’s
programs and services and its affiliation with DCFS. Based on this information, W.A. George
applied for and obtained insurance from Scottsdale Insurance Company on Lakeside’s behalf.
The policy was a commercial general liability policy, effective until March 2010, and then
renewed for another year, to March 2011. In at least two places—the supplemental declarations
page and the “sexual and/or physical liability coverage form”—the policy erroneously described
Lakeside’s business as a “halfway house.”
¶5 Angel Hill’s Short Life and Tragic Death
¶6 Angel Hill spent her entire life in DCFS custody and foster care. Her mother, Angel
Green, came to the attention of DCFS in October 2006, when her two-month old son presented
with multiple physical injuries, including several broken bones and swelling and bruising to the
back of the head. The circuit court entered an order finding that Green’s two children had been
abused and neglected, made them wards of the court, appointed DCFS as their guardian, and
placed the two children in foster care with their grandmother. In November 2006, DCFS
assigned Lakeside to monitor and provide social services to the children and the family.
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¶7 Immediately after her birth in August 2008, Angel was placed in DCFS custody due to
the serious and substantial risk her mother posed. Like her two siblings, Angel’s grandmother
cared for her. In April 2010, the juvenile court granted Green overnight visits with her children
in her home, and by October 2010, the children were spending six days a week with Green.
When the juvenile court learned Green was dating Anthony Prater, a convicted murderer, the
court ordered Prater not be present during the children’s visits and required Lakeside to perform
unannounced visits to Green’s home to ensure the children’s safety and well-being.
¶8 Between October 6 and 11, 2010, the children stayed at Green’s home for an
unsupervised visit. On the morning of October 9, Green called a caseworker to check in. Green
told the caseworker Angel had a bruise on her stomach and had been crying overnight. The
Lakeside caseworker did not go to Green’s home to see the bruise, did not instruct Green to take
Angel to the hospital, and did not take any action to ensure Angel’s safety and welfare. On
October 11, Green claims she found Angel dead. An autopsy determined that Angel died from
multiple internal injuries caused by blunt force trauma. Green and Prater were charged with
murder, as well as other lesser offenses, in connection with Angel’s death.
¶9 The Circuit Court Proceedings
¶ 10 On March 22, 2012, the Public Guardian, as independent administrator of Angel Hill’s
estate, filed a complaint in the circuit court against Lakeside, Green, and Prater for wrongful
death. Lakeside settled with the Public Guardian and entered into a consent judgment in the
amount of $3.5 million. On April 6, 2012, Lakeside submitted the Public Guardian suit to
Scottsdale through W.A. George. Scottsdale denied the claim on May 4, 2012, and filed a
declaratory judgment action on June 12, 2012. (While this appeal was pending, the circuit court
granted Scottsdale’s motion for summary judgment, finding no coverage under the policy.)
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¶ 11 On August 10, 2012, Lakeside filed its answer, affirmative defenses, and counterclaim to
Scottsdale’s declaratory judgment action. Lakeside also filed its initial third-party complaint
against W.A. George, alleging fraud, negligence, breach of contract, and breach of fiduciary
duty. Lakeside contended, in short, that it suffered damages because W.A. George failed to
procure the proper type of policy based on the information it provided and thus left Lakeside
without insurance coverage for the claim involving Angel’s death. W.A. George moved to
dismiss alleging, in part, that Lakeside’s third-party complaint was barred by the two year statute
of limitations for claims against an insurance producer under 13-214.4 of the Illinois Code of
Civil Procedure (the Code) (735 ILCS 5/13-214.4 (West 2014). That section states, in part, “[a]ll
causes of action *** against an insurance producer *** concerning the sale, placement,
procurement, renewal, cancellation of, or failure to procure any policy of insurance shall be
brought within 2 years of the date the cause of action accrues.” Id. W.A. George argued that the
cause of action accrued when the insurance policy was issued, which was more than two years
before the cause of action was filed.
¶ 12 After a hearing, the trial court denied the statute of limitations argument but granted
W.A. George leave to file another motion regarding Lakeside’s duty to request a copy of the
insurance policy. W.A. George refiled its motion to dismiss, relying primarily on Hoover v.
Country Mutual Insurance Co., 2012 IL App (1st) 110939, to argue that the statute of limitations
commenced when W.A. George procured the policy for Lakeside in March or April 2009 and the
filing of the August 2012 third party complaint was beyond the two year statute of limitations.
¶ 13 After another hearing, the trial court granted W.A. George’s motion to dismiss, without
prejudice, and gave Lakeside 21 days to refile or amend its third party complaint. The court
stated “in this particular case, and based upon the law that I reviewed, *** the allegations in the
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complaint are not sufficient to allege a circumstance where tolling would occur. *** Lakeside
alleges no facts which would give a reasonable basis for it not knowing the terms of its policy.”
On November 8, 2013, Lakeside filed an amended third-party complaint, and W.A. George again
moved to dismiss. At the hearing, Lakeside’s attorney argued that Lakeside assumed, based on
its meeting with W.A. George representatives and the face of the policy, that it had a commercial
general liability policy with an endorsement that covers physical and sexual abuse claims, but
that W.A. George procured a policy that erroneously describes Lakeside as a “halfway house,”
and that the endorsement only covered physical and sexual abuse by Lakeside employees, both
of which precluded coverage.
¶ 14 The trial court granted the motion to dismiss, with prejudice, under section 2-619(a)(5) of
the Code. The trial court stated, “if you had the policy, that would have put you on notice as to
all these issues that you raised during the argument.” The court granted the motion to dismiss.
(Lakeside settled with the Public Guardian for $3.5 million and in a consent judgment assigned
its claims against W.A. George to the Public Guardian.)
¶ 15 ANALYSIS
¶ 16 As an initial matter, Illinois Supreme Court Rule 342(a) requires an appellant’s brief
include “as an appendix, *** a complete table of contents, with page references, of the record on
appeal.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 342(a) (eff. Jan. 1, 2005). The table of contents to the Public Guardian’s
brief does not comply with Rule 342(a). The brief does not contain a table of contents to the
record on appeal, but instead a one-page table of contents with references to the pages of the
appendix attached to the appellant brief.
¶ 17 If counsel is unsure about how to prepare a formal brief, it is better to seek clarification.
When a brief fails to follow the rules, we may dismiss it. Fender v. Town of Cicero, 347 Ill. App.
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3d 46, 51 (2004). But, the argument section of the Public Guardian’s appellant brief provides
references to the volume and pages of the record, as required by Illinois Supreme Court Rule
341(h)(7) (eff. July 1, 2008), so we are able to assess whether the facts the Public Guardian
presents are accurate and a fair portrayal. Thus, we choose to exercise our discretion and address
the merits.
¶ 18 Statute of Limitations
¶ 19 A motion to dismiss based on section 2-619 admits the legal sufficiency of the complaint,
but asserts that the claim is defeated based on certain defects, defenses, or other affirmative
matter. Mount Mansfield Insurance Group, Inc., v. American International Group, Inc., 372 Ill.
App. 3d 388, 392 (2007). In particular, section 2-619(a)(5) permits the circuit court to dismiss a
cause of action if was not commenced within the time limited by law. We review a section 2-619
order of dismissal de novo. Porter v. Decatur Memorial Hospital, 227 Ill. 2d 343, 352 (2008).
¶ 20 The parties agree that the two-year statute of limitations set forth in section 13-214.4
governs Lakeside’s negligent procurement and breach of contract claims against W.A. George.
(735 ILCS 5/13-214.4 (West 2014)). See State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. v. John J. Rickhoff
Sheet Metal Co., 394 Ill. App. 3d 548, 565 (2009) (Two year statute of limitations in section 13-
214.4 “encompasses [all] claims by an insured against his insurance agent.”). That section
provides that “[a]ll causes of action brought by any person or entity under any statute or any
legal or equitable theory against an insurance producer, registered firm, or limited insurance
representative concerning the sale, placement, procurement, renewal, cancellation of, or failure
to procure any policy of insurance shall be brought within 2 years of the date the cause of action
accrues.” 735 ILCS 5/13-214.4 (West 2014). This encompasses claims by an insured against its
insurance agent or broker. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. v. John J. Rickhoff Sheet Metal Co.,
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394 Ill. App. 3d 548, 565 (2009); United General Title Insurance Co. v. AmeriTitle, Inc., 365 Ill.
App. 3d 142, 152 (2006) (citing AYH Holdings, Inc. v. Avreco, Inc., 357 Ill. App. 3d 17, 32
(2005)), overruled on other grounds by Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Bowman, 229 Ill. 2d
461 (2008).
¶ 21 The parties disagree as to when Lakeside’s causes of action against W.A. George
accrued. W.A. George maintains that both causes of action accrued when it procured the policy
for Lakeside because Lakeside should have reviewed the policy then and could have discovered
the deficiency. Lakeside contends that the discovery rule applies to delay commencement of the
statute of limitations until a plaintiff knows or reasonably should know of its injury and that it
was wrongfully caused. According to Lakeside, the statute of limitations did not begin to run
until, at the earliest, when Scottsdale denied coverage on May 4, 2012. Lakeside further contends
timeliness of its claims, having filed them within a little more than three months after Scottsdale
denied coverage.
¶ 22 Discovery Rule
¶ 23 The discovery rule was developed to “avoid mechanical application of a statute of
limitations in situations” involving individuals who would be barred from suit before even being
aware of an injury. Hermitage Corp. v. Contractors Adjustment Co., 166 Ill. 2d 72, 77-78 (1995).
The rule tolls the limitations period until a person “knows or reasonably should know of his
injury and also knows or reasonably should know that it was wrongfully caused.” Knox College
v. Celotex Corp., 88 Ill. 2d 407, 415 (1981).
¶ 24 “Wrongfully caused” does not mean knowledge of a specific defendant’s negligent
conduct or knowledge that an actionable wrong was committed. Steinmetz v. Wolgamot, 2013 IL
App (1st) 121375, ¶ 30 (citing Castello v. Kalis, 352 Ill. App. 3d 736, 744-45 (2004)). Rather, a
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plaintiff knows or should know his or her injury was “wrongfully caused” when he or she
“becomes possessed of sufficient information concerning [the] injury and its cause to put a
reasonable person on inquiry to determine whether actionable conduct is involved.” (Internal
quotation marks omitted.) Steinmetz, 2013 IL App (1st) 121375, ¶ 30; see also Knox College, 88
Ill. 2d at 416, and Hanks v. Cotler, 2011 IL App (1st) 101088, ¶ 19 (“the commencement of the
limitations period” is tolled “until the potential plaintiff possesses sufficient information
concerning his or her injury and its cause to put a reasonable person on notice to make further
inquiries”).
¶ 25 Under well-settled law in Illinois, once an injured person knows or reasonably should
have known both of the injury and that it was wrongfully caused, the person carries the burden to
inquire further as to whether a legal remedy exists. Castello, 352 Ill. App. 3d at 745; Mitsias v. I-
Flow Corp., 2011 IL App (1st) 101126, ¶ 23 (“as soon as [the plaintiff] has sufficient
information about her injury and its cause to spark inquiry in a reasonable person as to whether
the conduct of the party who caused her injury might be legally actionable,” plaintiff has burden
to “investigate whether she has a viable cause of action.”). The rule encourages diligent
investigation by potential plaintiffs without foreclosing any claims about which the plaintiffs
could not have been aware. Mitsias, 2011 IL App (1st) 101126, ¶ 21. As our supreme court
explained: “In that way, an injured person is not held to a standard of knowing the inherently
unknowable [citation], yet once it reasonably appears that an injury was wrongfully caused, the
party may not slumber on his [or her] rights.” Nolan v. Johns-Manville Asbestos, 85 Ill. 2d 161,
171 (1981).
¶ 26 Usually, the time a plaintiff knows or reasonably should have known about an injury and
that it was wrongfully caused presents a question of fact. Nair v. Bloom, 383 Ill. App. 3d 867,
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870 (2008) (citing Witherell v. Weimer, 85 Ill. 2d 146, 156 (1981)). But, where “it is apparent
from the undisputed facts *** that only one conclusion can be drawn, the question becomes one
for the court” (Witherell, 85 Ill. 2d at 156), and can be resolved as a matter of law, making a
section 2-619 dismissal on statute of limitations grounds appropriate. See Castello, 352 Ill. App.
3d at 744 (citing Witherell, 85 Ill. 2d at 156); see also Nair, 383 Ill. App. 3d at 870; Saunders v.
Klungboonkrong, 150 Ill. App. 3d 56, 61 (1986) (“If only one conclusion can be drawn from the
undisputed facts, the question of the timeliness of the plaintiff’s complaint is for the court to
decide.”).
¶ 27 Our courts have repeatedly applied the discovery rule to causes of action, such as this
one, brought against an insurance broker or agent, which would otherwise be barred by the two
year statute of limitations in section 13-214.4 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/13-
214.4 (West 2010)). See e.g., Broadnax v. Morrow, 326 Ill. App. 3d 1074 (2002); Indiana
Insurance Co. v. Machon & Machon, Inc., 324 Ill. App. 3d 300 (2001); General Casualty Co. v.
Carrol Tiling Service, Inc., 342 Ill. App. 3d 883, 899-900 (2003).
¶ 28 In Indiana Insurance Co., we held that the discovery rule applies to section 13-214.4,
where an insurance company brought a claim against its agent. But, because the insurance
company failed to meet its burden of pleading sufficient facts to invoke the discovery rule, we
did not rule on the precise time that a claim against an insurance agent begins to run.
¶ 29 The point of accrual of the cause of action was specifically decided in Broadnax, a case
involving a claim against an insurance agent. We held the claim accrued at the time of the denial
of coverage and not after damages were sustained as a result of the denial of coverage.
Broadnax, 326 Ill. App. 3d at 1081. In Broadnax, the plaintiff property owner alleged that the
defendant negligently failed to procure an insurance policy that met its insurance needs on a
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piece of property the plaintiff wanted to renovate and develop. Id. at 1076. When a fire destroyed
the property before it was developed, the plaintiff brought a declaratory judgment action against
the insurance company seeking coverage. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of
the insurer, citing plaintiff’s failure to comply with the vacancy provisions of the policy, which
was affirmed on appeal.
¶ 30 Plaintiff then filed a separate negligence action against the insurance agent. Id. at 1076-
77. Defendant moved to dismiss, arguing that the plaintiff failed to file the negligence claim
within the two year statute of limitations. The trial court granted the motion, which, again, was
affirmed on appeal. After recognizing the fiduciary nature of the relationship between insured
and insurance agent, we applied the discovery rule. Id. at 1080-81. But, because section 2-613 of
the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-613 (West 1998)) permits the pleading of alternative theories of
recovery, we found the plaintiff knew or should have known of the injury when his insurance
claim was first denied and should not have waited until the outcome of declaratory judgment
proceedings to determine whether coverage existed. Broadnax, 326 Ill. App. 3d at 1081. A
dissenting opinion in Broadnax criticized the majority for requiring plaintiffs to file
“anticipatory” lawsuits based on the assumption that the court would rule against them. Id. at
1083 (Cook, J., dissenting).
¶ 31 Broadnax has been followed in several cases to find that a cause of action against an
insurance agent accrues when coverage is denied. State Farm Fire & Casualty, Co. v. John J.
Rickhoff Sheet Metal Co., 394 Ill. App. 3d 548, 566 (2009) (holding cause of action against
insurance broker accrues at “the moment when the coverage is denied” and is extended by the
discovery rule “until the plaintiff learns of the denial of coverage, if the plaintiff was not
immediately aware of it.”); General Casualty Co, 342 Ill. App. 3d at 899-900 (holding that the
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discovery rule tolled applicable statute of limitations to plaintiff’s third-party breach of fiduciary
duty claim against insurance agent until insurer filed claim seeking declaration that plaintiff was
not covered by workers’ compensation policy). See also Commonwealth Insurance Co. v. Stone
Container Corp., 323 F.3d 507, 510-11 (7th Cir. 2003) (compared Broadnax and Indiana
Insurance to the law in other jurisdictions and found nothing “outside the norm”).
¶ 32 W.A. George asserts that if Lakeside had read its policy, as it was obligated to do, it
would have discovered W.A. George’s breach and sought a resolution before Angel was killed
and before the claim was denied. For support, W.A. George relies on Hoover v. Country Mutual
Insurance Co., 2012 IL App (1st) 110939.
¶ 33 The plaintiffs in Hoover built a home on their property and obtained a policy from
Country Mutual insuring against a loss in the event of fire or other casualty. Id. ¶ 4. A few years
later, realizing that they would not be able to rebuild their home with their own labor, as they had
done, the plaintiffs contacted a Country Mutual agent to increase the liability limits to cover the
replacement cost of the home and its contents. Id. ¶ 20. The plaintiffs contended that the Country
Mutual agent did not ascertain the actual replacement cost of the home and did not advise them
that they would not receive the replacement cost unless they purchased a policy with liability
limits of at least 80% of the actual replacement cost. Id. ¶ 21. They also contended the agent led
them to believe that the he had obtained a policy that would cover the actual replacement cost.
Id.
¶ 34 Country Mutual delivered a new policy to the plaintiffs in May 2007. Id. ¶ 4. In January
2008, the home was destroyed in an explosion. Id. ¶ 13. After making several payments to the
plaintiffs, the agent informed them that Country Mutual would make no further loss payments.
He also informed them that their policy did not entitle them to full replacement cost coverage
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because they purchased a policy with a liability limit that was less than 80% of the replacement
cost. Id. ¶ 17. The homeowners sued Country Mutual and the agent, alleging breach of contract,
bad faith, and negligence. Id. ¶ 19. Country Mutual and the agent separately moved to dismiss,
arguing, in part, that the statute of limitations barred plaintiffs’ claims. Id. ¶ 24. Plaintiffs argued
that the discovery rule postponed the running of the statute of limitations period until they
learned of their injury, which was when the agent informed them that Country Mutual would not
make any further payments. Id. ¶ 26. The trial court dismissed all claims as time barred. Id. ¶ 27.
¶ 35 We affirmed the trial court, finding, in relevant part, that when the plaintiffs spoke to the
Country Mutual agent, they only sought to increase the liability limits in the policy but did not
seek to change two policy provisions: (1) the provision stating that the liability limit for the
dwelling had to be at least 80% of the replacement cost to satisfy the requirement for
replacement cost coverage and (2) the condition providing that Country Mutual would not be
liable in any one occurrence for more than the applicable limit of liability. Id. ¶ 56. The
declarations page of the policy expressly limited the amount Country Mutual would pay, and the
conditions section stated that Country Mutual would not be liable in any one occurrence for more
than the limit of liability. Id. ¶ 58. The court found that when Country Mutual provided the
plaintiffs with a copy of the policy, they “knew or should have known” of the policy’s
shortcomings. We rejected plaintiffs’ argument that the discovery rule tolled the statute of
limitations and found that because the plaintiffs received the policy more than two years before
they filed their complaint, the statute of limitations precluded their claims. Id. ¶ 61.
¶ 36 W.A. George contends that, as in Hoover, the discovery rule should not be applied to toll
the statute of limitations because Lakeside was put on notice that the policy was inadequate on
the date it was issued. But, Hoover is readily distinguishable. First, the circumstances in which
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Lakeside acquired its policy differ significantly from the circumstances in Hoover. There, the
plaintiffs already had a homeowners’ policy and were negotiating directly with a Country Mutual
agent to amend just one portion—the limits in the event of a complete loss of the home. While
the specific type of loss that could occur—whether by fire, tornado or, as did happen,
explosion—was unknown, the plaintiffs were seeking a specific provision—the full cost of
replacing the house—and could be expected to determine if the provision they sought was there.
¶ 37 Conversely, Lakeside hired W.A. George to procure a policy that would cover multiple
types of claims it might file in the course of its business as a social services agency and DCFS
contactor. Even if representatives from Lakeside had read the policy, they would not know in
advance that a claim involving the murder of a child in DCFS custody was not covered until the
claim was denied. If, like the plaintiffs in Hoover, Lakeside had sought to renegotiate its policy
to specifically request coverage for claims involving the murder of a child in its care and then
failed to read the policy, the holding in Hoover might apply. But that is not what occurred.
Moreover, under W.A. George’s argument, Lakeside would have to know all possible claims at
the time the policy was issued and read the policy to determine if the policy covered them.
¶ 38 Indiana Insurance and Broadnax and similar cases point to the same moment for the
accrual of a claim against an insurance producer—when coverage is denied. Broadnax, 326 Ill.
App. 3d at 1081; Indiana Insurance, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 304. But as Indiana Insurance explains,
if the plaintiff was not immediately aware of the denial of coverage, the “discovery rule” may
nevertheless delay the commencement of the statute of limitations period until the plaintiff learns
of the denial. Id. Lakeside became aware of the denial of coverage on May 4, 2016, when
Scottsdale denied the coverage. Because Lakeside filed its third party complaint against W.A.
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George only three months later, the statute of limitations had not expired. Thus, we reverse the
dismissal of Lakeside’s third-party causes of action and remand for further proceedings.
¶ 39 Reversed and remanded.
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